Abstract
The development of political discontent amongst school-students is a severe embarrassment not only to the school authorities but also to those theorists who hold that the school forms part of a harmonious learning experience producing largely harmonious results. Ironically, this group includes both bourgeois political scientists and Marxist sociologists. On the one hand, political socialisation theorists maintain that the school reinforces the learning of supportive attitudes already begun in the family and on the other hand, many Marxist sociologists argue that the school is an instrument of social control perpetuating the hegemony of the ruling class. Both assume the socialisation experience to be an integrated process in which the various component parts interlink without too much difficulty. Yet as we have shown in Chapter 5, political opposition has emerged within the school itself and among those who should be passing without complaint along the socialisation conveyor belt — the school-students. It is a clear example of the inadequacies of integrated models of socialisation which do not allow for diversity and discontinuity at both the individual and system levels of analysis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes and References
For a summary of the explanations of student revolt see B. Salter, ‘Explanations of Student Revolt: An Exercise in Devaluation’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 24 (1973) pp. 329–40.
The only directly relevant work is American and concerned mainly with particular subcultures. See P. Ritterband and R. Silverstein, ‘Group Disorders in the Public Schools’, American Sociological Review, vol. 38 (1973) pp. 461–7;
A. M. Orum and R. S. Cohen, ‘The Development of Political Orientations among Black and White Children’, American Sociological Review, vol. 38 (1973) pp. 62–74;
and J. W. Clarke, ‘Family Structure and Political Socialization among Urban Black Children’, American Journal of Political Science, vol. 17 (1973) pp. 302–15.
M. K. Maykovich, ‘Political Activism of Japanese American Youth’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 29 (1973) pp. 167–85. His typology is as follows:
See also, J. Block et al. ‘Activism and Apathy in Contemporary Adolescents’, in Understanding Adolescence: Current Developments in Adolescent Psychology ed. J. F. Adams (Allyn and Bacon, 1968) pp. 198–231. Their categories are:(a) Politically apathetic youth — low involvement, high acceptance of social values; (b) Alienated youth — uninvolved, rejection of social values; (c) Individualist youth involved in politics, accepts the status quo; (d) Activist youth — involved in politics, rejects traditional values; (e) Constructivist youth — similar to those in category (d) except that the rejection of the traditional values is not as pronounced (e.g. Peace Corps volunteers).
F. Greenstein, ‘The Benevolent Leader: Children’s Images of Political Authority’, American Political Science Review, vol. 54 (1960) pp. 934–43;
F. Greenstein, ‘More on Children’s Images of the President’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 25 (1961) pp. 648–54;
and R. D. Hess and D. Easton, ‘The Child’s Changing Image of the President’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 24 (1960) pp. 632–44.
D. Jaros et al., ‘The Malevolent Leader: Political Socialization in an American Subculture’, American Political Science Review vol. 57 (1968) p. 574.
E. Greenberg, ‘Children in the Political Community: A Comparison Across Racial Lines’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 2 (1969) pp. 471–92;
E. Greenberg, ‘Black Children and the Political System’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 34 (1970) pp. 333–45;
E. Greenberg, ‘Children and Government: A Comparison Across Racial Lines’, Midwest Journal of Political Science, vol. 14 (1970) pp. 249–75; and S. R. Lyons, Journal of Politics.
R. Flacks, ‘The Liberated Generation: An Exploration of the Roots of Student Protest’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 23 (1967) pp. 52–75.
For a selection of ideas on this explanatory theme see R. Coles, ‘Serpents and Doves: Non-Violent Youth in the South’, in Challenge of Youth, ed. E. Erikson (Basic Books, 1963 ) pp. 188–216;
J. Ehle, The Free Men (Harper and Row, 1965 );
H. Draper, Berkeley: The New Student Revolt (Grove Press, 1965 );
J. R. Fishman and F. Soloman, ‘Youth and Social Action: An Introduction’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 20 (1964) pp. 1–28;
P. Heist, Intellect and Commitment: The Faces of Discontent ( Berkeley, Centre for the Study of Higher Education, 1965 );
K. Keniston, The Young Radicals ( Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968 );
F. Soloman and J. R. Fishman, ‘Youth and Peace: A Psycho-Social Study of Student Peace Demonstrators in Washington D.C.’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 20 (1964) pp. 54–73;
D. L. Westby and R. G. Braungart, ‘Class and Politics in the Family Background of Student Political Activists’, American Sociological Review, vol. 31 (1966) pp. 690–2;
and H. Zinn, S.N.C.C., The New Abolitionists (Beacon, 1965).
Social class is measured by the Hall-Jones scale. See J. Hall and D. C. Jones, ‘Social Grading of Occupations’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 1 (1950) pp. 31–55.
See for example, R. Lane, Political Life (Glencoe Free Press, 1959 ) pp. 220–34.
J. Katz and N. Sandford, ‘Causes of the Student Revolution’, Saturday Review, 18 Dec 1965, pp. 64–6.
See also. R. Middleton and S. Putney, ‘Student Rebellion against Parental Political Beliefs’, Social Forces, vol. 41 (1963) pp. 377–83.
See for example, S. M. Lipset and S. S. Wolin (eds), The Berkeley Student Revolt ( Anchor Books, 1965 ) Part II;
J. W. Scott and M. El-Assal, ‘Multiversity, University Size, University Quality, and Student Protest, An Empirical Study’, American Sociological Review, vol. 34 (1969) pp. 702–9;
D. R. Brown, ‘Student Stress and Institutional Environment’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 23 (1967) pp. 92–107;
and E. E. Sampson, ‘Student Activism and the Decade of Protest’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 23 (1967) pp. 1–23.
R. Flacks, Psychology Today (Oct 1967) p. 62.
See B. G. Salter, ‘Student Militants and Counter Culture’, Universities Quarterly, vol. 28 (1974) pp. 455–69;
R. Dunlap, ‘Radical and Conservative Student Activists; A Comparison of Family Backgrounds’, Pacific Sociological Review, vol. 13 (1970) pp. 171–81;
J. W. Clarke and J. Egan, ‘Social and Political Dimensions of Campus Protest Activity’, The Journal of Politics, vol. 34 (1972) pp. 500–21;
H. C. Finney, ‘Political Libertarianism at Berkeley; An Application of Perspectives from the New Student Left’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 27 (1971) pp. 35–62;
R. Kann, ‘Rank and File Student Activism: A Contextual Test of Three Hypotheses’, paper presented at a meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, August 1969;
D. Kirby, ‘A Counter-Culture Explanation of Student Activism and Family Socio-Economic Status’, Pacific Sociological Review, vol. 14 (1971) pp. 121–8.
See D. Horowitz, N. Lerner, C. Pyes (eds), Counterculture and Revolution (Random House, 1972 );
T. Roszak, The Making of a Counterculture (Anchor Books, 1969);
J. M. Yinger, ‘Counter-Culture and Sub-Culture’, American Sociological Review, vol. 25 (1960) pp. 625–35.
Keniston, Young Radicals p. 341. See also K. Keniston, The Uncommitted: Alienated Youth in American Society (Dell Publishing Co., 1965).
J. S. Coleman, The Adolescent Society (The Free Press, 1961 ) p. 4.
L. Stenhouse,Culture and Education (Nelson, 1967) pp. 18–19.
G. Murdock and G. Phelps, ‘Youth Culture and the School Revisited’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 23 (1972) pp. 478–9.
J. Bernard, ‘Teen-Age Culture: An Overview’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 338 (1961) pp. 2–12.
See for example, W. F. Whyte, Street Corner Society (University of Chicago Press, 1943 );
S. M. Miller and F. Riessman, ‘The Working Class Subculture’, Social Problems, vol. 9 (1961) pp. 86–97;
R. Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, (Chatto and Windus, 1957 );
A. K. Cohen and H. M. Hodges, ‘Characteristics of the Lower-Blue-Collar-Class’, Social Problems, vol. 10 (1962) pp. 303–34;
H. Gans, The Urban Villagers (The Free Press of Glencoe, 1962 );
S. M. Lipset, ‘Working Class Authoritarianism’ in Social Controversy, ed. W. Petersen and D. Matza (Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1963 ) pp. 242–55.
B. M. Berger, ‘On the Youthfulness of Youth Cultures’, Social Problems, vol. 11 (1963) p. 342.
K. Polk and D. S. Halferty, ‘Adolescence, Commitment, and Delinquency’, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, vol. 3 (1966) pp. 84–95.
B. Sugarman, ‘Involvement in Youth Culture, Academic Achievement and Conformity in School’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 18 (1967) pp. 151–64. See also his ‘Social Norms in Teenage Boys Peer Groups’, Human Relations, vol. 21 (1968) pp. 41–58.
The findings of Polk and Pink are very similar. See K. Polk and W. T. Pink, ‘Youth Culture and the School, a Replication’, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 22 (1971) pp. 160–71.
F. Musgrove, Ecstasy and Holiness: Counter Culture and the Open Society (Methuen and Co. 1974) p. 22.
Copyright information
© 1978 Ted Tapper and Brian Salter
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tapper, T., Salter, B. (1978). Youth Culture and Political Discontent. In: Education and the Political Order. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15873-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15873-7_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-22692-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-15873-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)