Skip to main content

The Structuring of Party Systems in Post-communism

The Roles of Political Process and Social Cleavage

  • Chapter
The Experience of Democratization in Eastern Europe

Abstract

Political parties are viewed as essential institutions for the functioning of modern, stable democracies.1 Parties allow for the expression of individual preferences, for the collective representation of such interests, for the accommodation of competitive interests in society, for the selection of alternative policy programmes, and for monitoring of accountable government. In short, parties enable an effective system of choice that is a foundation of democratic politics. For that very reason, the establishment of strong party systems has been perceived as a requirement for the consolidation of democracy in the post-communist states of Central and Eastern Europe.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Geoffrey Evans and Stephen Whitefield, ‘Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern Europe’, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1993, pp. 521–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Peter Mair, ‘Electoral Markets and Stable States’, in Michael Moran and Maurice Wright (eds), The Market and the State: Studies in Interdependence (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  3. András Bózóki, ‘Party Formation and Constitutional Change in Hungary’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1994, pp. 35–55;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Andrzej Friszke, ‘The Polish Political Scene’, East European Politics and Society, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1990, pp. 305–41;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dobrinka Kostova, ‘Political Actors in Bulgaria: Challenges and Risks in Parliamentary Elections’, paper presented at the IREX conference on Elections and Political Stability in Eastern Europe (Princeton, NJ, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Valerie Bunce and Maria Csanadi, ‘Uncertainty in the Transition: Post-communism in Hungary’, East European Politics and Society, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1993, pp. 240–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jack Bielasiak, ‘The Dilemma of Political Interests in the Postcommunist Transition’, in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Ploszajski (eds), Escape from Socialism: The Polish Route (Warsaw: IFIS, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Claus Offe, ‘Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe’, Social Research, Vol. 58, No. 4, 1991, pp. 865–902.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Andrzej Rychard, Reforms, Adaptation, and Breakthrough (Warsaw: IFTS, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Elizabeth Kiss, ‘Democracy without Parties?’, Dissent, 1992, pp. 226–31;

    Google Scholar 

  11. David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, ‘Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction’, in Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan (eds), Party Systems and Voter Alignments (New York: Free Press, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Stephen Whitefield and Geoffrey Evans, ‘The Ideological Bases of Political Competition in Eastern Europe’, paper presented at the American Political Science Association convention, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Herbert Kitschelt, ‘Party Systems in East-Central Europe: Consolidation or Fluidity?’, paper presented at the APSA convention, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Robert H. Dix, ‘Cleavage Structures and Party Systems in Latin America’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1989, pp. 3–37.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Attila Ágh, ‘The Hungarian Party System and Party Theory in the Transition of Central Europe’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1994, pp. 217–38, at p. 232;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Paul G. Lewis, ‘Democratization and Party Development in Eastern Europe’, Democratization, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1994, pp. 391–405;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Paul G. Lewis, ‘Political Institutionalisation and Party Development in Post-communist Poland’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 5, 1994, pp. 779–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Herbert Kitschelt, ‘The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe’, Politics and Society, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1992, pp. 7–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zora Butorová and Martin Butora, ‘Political Parties, Value Orientations and Slovakia’s Road to Independence’, in Gordon Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe (Aldershot, and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1993);

    Google Scholar 

  22. Krzysztof Zagorski, ‘Hope Factor, Inequality, and the Legitimacy of Systemic Transformations’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1994, pp. 357–76;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Arthur H. Miller, Vicki Hesli and William M. Reisinger, ‘Conceptions of Democracy among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies’, paper presented at workshop on Public Opinion and Party Formation in Post-Communist Democracies, Duke University, 1995;

    Google Scholar 

  24. Stephen Whitefield and Geoffrey Evans, ‘Mass Ideology and Political Competition in Post-Communist Societies’, paper presented at workshop on Public Opinion and Party Formation in Post-Communist Democracies, Duke University, 1995; Crowther, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Frances Millard, ‘The Polish Parliamentary Election of September 1993’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1994, pp. 295–314;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Barnabas Racz and Istvan Kukorelli, ‘The “Second-generation” Post-communist Elections in Hungary in 1994’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1995, pp. 251–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. See Attila Ágh, ‘The Emerging Party Systems in East Central Europe’, Aula: Society and Economy, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1993, pp. 26–51; Lewis, ‘Political Institutionalization…’.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kitschelt, 1994; Evans and Whitefield, 1993; Richard Rose, ‘Mobilizing Demobilized Voters in Post-Communist Societies’, paper presented at workshop on Public Opinion and Party Formation in Post-Communist Democracies, Duke University, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ivan Szelenyi and Szonja Szeleny, ‘Classes and Parties in the Transition to Postcommunism: The Case of Hungary, 1989–1990’, in Christiane Lemke and Gary Marks (eds), The Crisis of Socialism in Europe (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Michael D. Kennedy, ‘An Introduction to East European Ideology and Identity in Transformation’, in Michael D. Kennedy (ed.), Envisioning Eastern Europe (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1995), pp. 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jack Bielasiak and Barbara Hicks, ‘Solidarity’s Self-Organization: The Crisis of Rationality and Legitimacy in Poland, 1980–1981’, East European Politics and Society, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1990, pp. 489–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Miroslawa Marody, ‘The Political Attitudes of Polish Society in the Period of Systemic Transformationz’, in Walter D. Connor and Piotr Ploszajski (eds), Escape from Socialism (Warsaw: IFIS, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wladyslaw Adamski and Krzysztof Jasiewicz, ‘Dynamika Postaw Kontestacyjnych’, in Wladyslaw Adamski et al., Polacy ’88: Dynamika Konfliktu a Szanse Reform (Warsaw: CPBP, 1989), pp. 250–55.

    Google Scholar 

  34. James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Robert K. Furtak (ed.), Elections in Socialist States (New York: St. Martin’s, 1990); Ágh, 1994, pp. 220–22.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Guillermo O’Donnnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Zoltan D. Barany and Louisa Vinton, ‘Breakthrough to Democracy: Elections in Poland and Hungary’, Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1990, pp. 191–212;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Krysztof Jasziewicz, ‘From Solidarity to Fragmentation’, Journal of Democracy, Vol.3, No. 2, 1992, pp. 55–69; Tomas Kostelecky, ‘Changing Party Allegiances in a Changing Party System: The 1990 and 1992 Parliamentary Elections in the Czech Republic’, in Wightman (ed.), Party Formation in East-Central Europe.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Stephen Ashley, ‘Bulgaria’, Electoral Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1990, pp. 312–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Vojtek Zubek, ‘The Threshold of Poland’s Transition: 1989 Electoral Campaign as the Last Act of a United Solidarity’, Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1991, pp. 355–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Marek Bankowicz, ‘Czechoslovakia — From Masaryk to Havel’, in Sten Berglund and Jan Åke Dellenbrant (eds), The New Democracies in Eastern Europe (Aldershot, and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Dimitrina Petrova and Krassimir Kanev, ‘Bulgaria between The Red and the Blue: Two Years of Permanent Revolution’, New Politics, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1992, pp. 88–102.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Barnabas Racz, ‘Political Pluralisation in Hungary: The 1990 Elections’, Soviet Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, 1991, pp. 107–36;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. András Bózóki, ‘Post-Communist Transition: Political Tendencies in Hungary’, East European Politics and Society, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1990, pp. 211–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. John Ishiyama, ‘Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1995, pp. 147–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Jack Bielasiak, ‘Regime Transition, Founding Elections, and Political Fields in Post-Communist States’, paper presented at the conference on Elections and Political Stability in Eastern Europe, Princeton, NJ, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  47. David M. Olson, ‘Compartmentalized Competition: The Managed Transitional Election System in Poland’, Journal of Politics, Vol. 55, 1993, pp. 415–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Gordon Wightman, ‘The Collapse of Communist Rule in Czechoslovakia and the June 1990 Parliamentary Elections’, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1991, pp. 94–113; Racz, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tsocho Zlatkov, ‘Specific Features of the Electoral Process in Post-Communist Bulgaria’, paper presented at the IREX conference on Elections and Political Stability in Eastern Europe, Princeton, NJ, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Tom Gallagher, ‘Romania: The Disputed Election of 1990’, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1991, pp. 79–93;

    Google Scholar 

  51. Steven D. Roper, ‘The Romanian Party System and the Catch-All Party Phenomenon’, East European Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1994, pp. 519–32.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Krzysztof Jasiewicz, ‘Political Cleavages and Voting Behavior in Poland’, paper presented at the conference on Parties in Transition, Indiana University, 1993;

    Google Scholar 

  53. Andras Korosenyi, ‘Stable or Fragile Democracy? Political Cleavages and Party System in Hungary’, Government and Opposition, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1993, pp. 87–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Paul G. Lewis, ‘Poland and Eastern Europe: Perspectives on Party Factions and Factionalism’, Democratization, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1995, pp. 102–24;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Petr Kopecky, ‘Factionalism in Parliamentary Parties in the Czech Republic: A Concept and Some Empirical Findings’, ibid., pp. 138–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Jack Bielasiak, ‘Regime Transition, Founding Elections…’, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  57. See Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Olson, ‘Political Parties and Party Systems…’, 1993, pp. 630–31.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Stanislaw Gebethner (ed.), Polska Scena Polityczna a Wybory (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Inicjatyw Spotecznych, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  60. David S. Mason, ‘Attitudes towards the Market and Political Participation in the Postcommunist States’, Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1995, pp. 385–406;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Radoslaw Markowski and Gabor Toka, ‘Left Turn in Poland and Hungary Five Years after the Collapse of Communism’, Sisyphus, Vol. 1 (IX), 1993, pp. 75–100.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Michael Shafir, ‘The Inheritors: The Romanian Radical Right Since 1989’, East European Jewish Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1994, pp. 71–89;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Sharon Wolchik, ‘The Politics of Ethnicity in Post-Communist Czechoslovakia’, East European Politics and Society, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1994, pp. 153–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Richard Rose, ‘Mobilizing Demobilized Voters…’, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  65. See Robert H. Dix, ‘Democratization and the Institutionalization of Latin American Political Parties’, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1992, pp. 488–511;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, ‘Formation of Political Parties in Post-communist Poland’, Sisyphus, Vol. 1 (IX), 1993, pp. 9–32.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1999 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bielasiak, J. (1999). The Structuring of Party Systems in Post-communism. In: Sakwa, R. (eds) The Experience of Democratization in Eastern Europe. International Council for Central and East European Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14511-9_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics