Abstract
Between the 1920s and the 1950s, disarray and dispute in matrilineal families affected the lives of hundreds of thousands of people in Malabar, Cochin and Travancore. Intense and widespread, the problem drove people to try to change laws relating to inheritance and marriage. It thereby drew a larger proportion of people into public political activity than occurred elsewhere in India where family structures did not break down so completely. Women in matrilineal families could do little to preserve the advantages of their forebears; yet even in the emerging patrilocal, patrilineal society, they created a place for themselves that was unique in India.
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Notes
Mannath Padmanabhan, Ente Jivitasmaranakal (Changanacherry: NSS Press, n.d. [c. 1957]) p. 93.
Ibid., p. 38.
Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Birth of the Nation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968) p. 26.
[James Henry Lawrence], Essay on the Nair System of Gallantry and Inheritance, Shewing Its Superiority Over Marriage … (London: J. Ridgeway, 1793) p. 8. I have modernized spelling.
Melinda A. Moore, ‘A New Look at the Nayar Taravad’, Man, New Series, vol. XX (September 1985) pp. 523–41, argues that the taravad was ‘a unit of locality rather than descent’ (p. 541) — a miniature version, in some ways, of Kerala’s little kingdoms.
Louis Dumont, Homo Hierarchicus (London: Paladin, 1972) p. 162. Kathleen Gough, ‘Female Initiation Rites in the Malabar Coast’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (hereafter JRAI), vol. LXXXV, no. 2 (1955) pp. 45–80.
Kathleen Gough, ‘Female Initiation Rites in the Malabar Coast’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (hereafter JRAI), vol. LXXXV, no. 2 (1955) pp. 45–80.
Irawati Karve, Kinship Organization in India (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965) p. 298.
Puthenkalam, Marriage, p. 84. Kathleen Gough, ‘The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage’, JRAI, vol. LXXXIX (1959) p. 26.
See, for example, Joan Mencher, ‘The Nayars of South Malabar’, in M. F. Nimkoff (ed.), Comparative Family Systems (Boston: n.p., 1965) pp. 163–91, especially, p. 177. MM, 22 February 1890, p. 8.
A. K. Gopalan, In the Cause of the People (Madras: Orient Longman, 1973) p. 1.
Logan, Malabar, vol. I, p. 81 estimates Malabar’s population at 908,000 in 1820. Lieutenants Ward and Conner, Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin State (Trivandrum: Government Press, 1898; first pubd 1863) pp. 128–9, put Travancore’s population at 905,000 in 1820. A census of Cochin in 1858 counted 399000 people. William Cullen, Resident, to the Chief Secretary to the Madras Government, 20 July 1858, Madras Residency Records, Madras Political Proceedings, G. O. no. 491, 3 August 1858 (NAI).
Lieutenants Ward and Conner, Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin State (Trivandrum: Government Press, 1898; first pubd 1863) pp. 128–9, put Travancore’s population at 905,000 in 1820. A census of Cochin in 1858 counted 399000 people. William Cullen, Resident, to the Chief Secretary to the Madras Government, 20 July 1858, Madras Residency Records, Madras Political Proceedings, G. O. no. 491, 3 August 1858 (NAI).
U. C. Subrahmanya Bhatt, Madras Legislative Council Proceedings, vol. LXIII (7 November 1932) p. 564.
The author was Karat Achyutha Menon (1866–1913), a lawyer of Trichur and Ernakulam. Sahityakara Dayaraktari (Trichur: Kerala Sahitya Akademi, 1976) p. 24. See also Ratnamayi Devi, ‘Scholar, Fighter, Mother’, pp. 2–3.
O. Chandu Menon, lndulekha, trans. William Dumergue (Ernakulam: Mathrubhumi Press, 1965; first pubd in English 1890) p. 1.
See, for example, Christine Oppong, Marriage among a Matrilineal Elite: a Family Study of Ghanaian Senior Civil Servants (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
Jill Nash, Matriliny and Modernisation: The Nagovisi of South Bougainville, New Guinea Research Bulletin no. 55 (Canberra: Australian National University, 1974). Tsuyoshi Kato, Matriliny and Migration: Evolving Minangkabau Traditions in Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982).
Tsuyoshi Kato, Matriliny and Migration: Evolving Minangkabau Traditions in Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982).
Puthenkalam, Marriage, pp. 156–7. H, 21 July 1957, p. 6.
Robin Jeffrey, ‘Matriliny and Marxism: The Birth of the Communist Party in Kerala, 1930–40’, Journal of Asian Studies, vol. XXXVIII, no. 1 (November 1978) pp. 77–98.
L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, The Cochin Tribes and Castes, vol. I(Madras: Higginbotham, 1912) p. 281.
A. Aiyappan, ‘Fraternal Polyandry in Malabar’, Man in India, vol. XV (1935) pp. 111–12. Thurston, Castes, vol. II pp. 396–7.
C. Kesavan, Jivitasamaram (life struggle) (Kottayam: National Book Stall, 1968) p. 41. See also, Logan, Malabar, vol. I , p. 144.
MM, 6 January 1916, p. 5. E. K. Krishnan, ‘A Brief Account of the Life of the Late Mr Churia Canaran, Deputy Collector of Malabar’, Malabar Quarterly Review, vol. III no. 3 (September 1904) pp. 209–20. Humphrey Trevelyan, The India We Left (London: Macmillan, 1973) pp. 132–3.
Humphrey Trevelyan, The India We Left (London: Macmillan, 1973) pp. 132–3.
This was N. Krishnan Vaidyar. SNDP Yogam Who Is Who (Quilon: SNDP Yogam, 1953) p. 69. Interview, N. K. Bhaskaran, Quilon, 22 August 1975. Mr Bhaskaran, a university professor, is Krishnan Vaidyar’s son.
Para. 11, ‘Irava Law Commission Report of 1919’, in Regulations and Proclamations of’ Travancore, vol. v, p. 775 (Regulation III of 1100). K. M. George, Kumaran Asan (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1972) p. 47.
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© 1992 Robin Jeffrey
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Jeffrey, R. (1992). Family. In: Politics, Women and Well-Being. Cambridge Commonwealth Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3_4
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