Abstract
For most of the post-war period, East-West economic relations have been considered uniquely oriented to political and security policies and divorced from normal practices in the world market and international economic community.2) While political and security factors may continue to be present in trade, significant economic changes in both the East and the West, and in the international economy, suggest that we may see in the decades ahead a trend toward greater East-West commercial normalisation and expanded economic interchange.
Associate Director for Research Coordination, Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C This paper represents the views of the author and not necessarily those of the Congressional Research Service or the US Congress.
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Notes
See John P. Hardt and Donna L Gold, “Soviet Behavior with Western Industrial Nations”, in Dan Caldwell, ed., Soviet International Behavior and U.S. Policy Options (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985).
Angela Stent, From Embargo to Ost Politik: The Political Economy of West German-Soviet Relations, 1955–1980 (New York: Cambridge Press, 1981).
John P. Hardt and George D. Holliday, U.S.-Soviet Commercial Relations: The Interplay of Economics, Technology Transfer, and Diplomacy (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, June 1973).
John P. Hardt, George D. Holliday, and Young C. Kim, Western Investment in Communist Economies, A Selected Survey on Economic Interdependence (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, August 1974).
John P. Hardt, “United States-Soviet Trade Policy”, in Issues in East-West Commercial Relations (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), pp. 267–286.
John P. Hardt and Kate Tomlinson, An Assessment of the Afghanistan Sanctions: Implications for Trade and Diplomacy in the 1980s (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, April 1981).
John P. Hardt, “Agricultural Trade: USA and USSR”, in Christopher T. Saunders, ed., East-West Trade and Finance in the World Economy: A New Look for the 1980s (London: Macmillan Press, 1985).
John P. Hardt and Donna L Gold in U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, The Premises of East-West Commercial Relations, A Workshop sponsored by the Committee on Foreign Relations (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, December 1982), pp. 83–111.
Gary K. Bertsch, ed., Controlling East-West Trade and Technology Transfer: Power, Politics and Policy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988), pp. 241–279
The President’s Competitiveness Initiative, White House press release, January 27, 1987, page 8, part 31. Statement by Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Baldrige, February 9, 1987, US Department of Commerce News. Balancing the National Interest: US National Security Export Controls and Global Competition (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1987). John P. Hardt, “Long-Term Agreement [LTA], Some Considerations for Agricultural Trade”, in Gordon B. Smith, ed., The Politics of East-West Trade (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), pp. 143–158.
See John P. Hardt, “Gorbachev’s Domestic Economic Strategy and East-West Commercial Connections: An Interpretative Essay”, in Charles M. Perry and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., eds., Selling the Rope to Hang Capitalism? The Debate on West-East Trade and Technology Transfer (Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Brassey’s International Defense Publishers, 1987).
Lionel Olmer, “National Security Export Controls in the Reagan Administration” in Charles M. Perry and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., eds, Selling the Rope to Hang Capitalism? The Debate on West-East Trade and Technology Transfer (Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Brassey’s International Defense Publishers, 1987).
John P. Hardt and Jean F. Boone, “United States-Soviet Exchanges: Perspectives and Prospects”, Hearing before Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 1986).
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© 1989 Wiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche (WIIW) (The Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies)
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Hardt, J.P. (1989). A Perspective on the Normalisation Of East-West Commerce. In: Bertsch, G., Saunders, C.T. (eds) East-West Economic Relations in the 1990s. Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11465-8_18
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