Abstract
Gorbachev’s arms-control diplomacy is distinguished by a number of new themes or sets of aspirations which to a greater or lesser extent have been reflected in the strategies and tactics adopted in bilateral and multilateral negotiations on arms control. The conceptual basis to these new themes is drawn from the ‘new thinking’ on international security professed by Soviet officials. However, many of the new ideas which the Gorbachev leadership has attached to arms control and disarmament remain aspirational or declaratory and they are linked to a broader vision of a desirable future international security system which would demand a fundamental restructuring of inter-state relations. Such visionary appeals may appeal to a broad international — especially Third World — audience, but they cannot easily be packaged into practical arms-control proposals.
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Notes
See speech on 16 February 1987 in the Soviet-sponsored international forum ‘For a Nuclear-Free World, for the Survival of Humanity’, Mikhail Gorbachev: For the Sake of Preserving Human Civilisatio?, Moscow, Novosti, 1987, pp. 8–9, 12–13.
For example, in talk broadcast by Viktor Karpov on Moscow home service, 10 February 1987, in BBC Summary of World Broadcasts: Soviet Unio? (henceforth SU) 8494/A1/11–14. See also Marshal Akhromeyev in Krasnaya Zvezd?, 17 January 1988.
See, for example, F. Griffiths, ‘Current Soviet Military Doctrine’, in M. Feshbach (ed.) National Security Issues of the USS?, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1987, pp. 243–6.
For example, address by Vadim Zagladin, first deputy chief of the international department of the CPSU Central Committee, in Tass, 13 May 1987, in SU/8568/A1/1.
For example, interview cited in Pravd?, 23 May 1988.
Political Report of the Congress, 25 February 1986, in M. Gorbachev, For a Nuclear-Free Worl?, Moscow, Novosti, 1987, pp. 42–3.
A. B. Sherr, The Other Side of Arms Control: Soviet Objectives in the Gorbachev Er?, London, Unwin Hyman, 1988, pp. 261–2.
Letter reported in Tass, 10 June 1988, in SU/0176 A1/3.
See Tass report of the Soviet delegation at the UN conference, 26 August 1987, in SU/8658/A1/3.
Speech in Pravd?, 17 September 1987.
See V. Petrovsky, ‘Bezopasnost’ cherez razoruzhenie’, Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodye otnosheniy?, 1 (1987) pp. 11–12.
For example, ibid, p. 11.
Speech to UN General Assembly, Tass, 27 September 1988, in SU/0269 A1/6. See also The Time?, 28 September 1988.
For these changes, see Sherr, The Other Side of Arms Contro?, pp. 127–9.
V. Zagladin in speech on 13 May 1987, Tass, 13 May 1987, in SU/8568/ A1/1.
Deputy Foreign Minister V. Petrovskiy on Soviet television, 30 July 1988, in SU/0221 A1/6.
See Petrovsky, ‘Bezopasnost’ cherez razoruzhenie’, p. 7.
See reports in Krasnaya Zvezd?, 25 February 1986; 13 April 1986. Cited in D. R. Herspring, ‘Gorbachev and the Soviet Military’, in R. Laird (ed.) Soviet Foreign Polic?, New York, Academy of Political Science, 1987, p. 46.
Soviet Government statement, in Pravd?, 19 December 1986.
Cited in Izvestiy?, 17 June 1988; for statement by Deputy Foreign Minister V. Petrovskiy on this document see SU/8591/A1/5–6.
Moscow home service, 11 June 1987, in SU/8594/A1/1–2.
Joint Soviet—American Statement, Pravd?, 19 September 1987.
Text of report on Soviet television, 29 February 1988, in SU/0093/A1/3.
Report by Tass 31 May 1988, in SU/0167/A1/5; and see the Guardia?, 1 June 1988.
See Pravd?, 17 September 1987.
Pravd?, 16 September 1987.
Pravd?, 1 March 1987.
On this crucial issue see Sherr, The Other Side of Arms Contro?, pp. 146–60.
Press conference in Soviet foreign ministry, Pravd?, 3 March 1987.
M. Gorbachev, ‘For ? “Common European Home”; For a New Way of Thinking’, speech in Prague, 10 April 198?, Moscow, Novosti, 1987, p. 22.
See, for example, Pravd?, 24 May 1987.
These considerations are advanced by Viktor Karpov in an assessment of the Soviet draft INF treaty at Geneva, in Pravd?, 19 May 1987.
Press conference on 23 July 1987, in SU/8630/A1/3.
The Soviet press admitted that inspectors would make spot checks on 133 facilities in the Soviet Union, the GDR and Czechoslovakia, but on only 26 facilities in the United States and Western Europe. Stroitelnaya Gazet?, 22 July 1988.
See speech by Shevardnadze in Pravd?, 13 May 1987.
For a detailed Soviet breakdown of the conditions of the treaty see V. Baranovskiy, ‘Kommentariy k Dogovoru’, Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniy?, 2 (1988).
See interview of Col-General Chervov, in Krasnaya Zvezd?, 19 December 1987; and statement by Marshal Akhromeyev at Preparatory Commission on the Treaty, Soviet television, 19 February 1988, in SU/0084/A4–7.
Izvestiy?, 10 December 1987.
Speeches in Presidium, on Soviet television, 28 May 1988, in SU/0168/C/ 4–5.
Military observer V. Bogachev, Tass, 26 February 1988, in SU/0088/ A1/8.
For an assessment of these proposals see S. Boysen, ‘Gorbachev’s Disarmament Proposals’, Aussenpoliti?, English language version, no. 1, 1987, pp. 13–15.
Statement on 15 January 1986; cited in Gorbachev, ‘For a Nuclear-Free World’, pp. 10–13.
For a concise Soviet account of the course of the negotiations at Reykjavik see the statement by Shevardnadze in Pravd?, 11 November 1986.
For the Soviet view of the American draft START treaty submitted at Geneva on 8 May 1987 see Tass, 12 May 1987, in SU/8567/A1/1; and Pravd?, 11 November 1986. For a description of the Soviet draft treaty submitted on 30 July see A. Obukhov in Pravd?, 31 July 1987; and Tass, 29 July 1987, in SU/8634/A1/8–9.
See H. Cooper, ‘US—Soviet Defence and Space Treaty Negotiations — Important Differences Still to be Overcome’, NATO Revie?, 6 December 1987, Guardia?, 26 October 1987.
See Pravd?, 23 October 1987; and interview of Deputy Foreign Minister A. Bessmertnykh, in New Time? (Moscow), no. 46, 1987, p. 8.
Joint Soviet—US Statement, Pravd?, 12 December 1987.
Ibid, and see also USSR—US Summit, Washington, December 7–10, 1987: Documents and Material?, Moscow, Novosti, 1987, pp. 80–2. See also confirmation of the ABM Treaty—START linkage by Marshal Akhromeyev in Pravd?, 16 December 1987.
For this controversy see H. F. Cooper, ‘Defence and Space Talks: Two Steps Forwards, One Step Back’, NATO Revie?, 1 February 1988, editorial in Pravd?, 25 January 1988.
See interview of Karpov, 16 July 1988, in SU/0208 A1/3.
See report by A. Obukhov, in Pravd?, 21 March 1988; and interview of V. Karpov, Tass, 24 April 1988, in SU/0135 A1/4–5.
Deputy Foreign Minister A. Bessmertnykh, New Time? Moscow, no. 46, 1987, p. 8.
USSR—USA Summit, Moscow, May 29—June 2, 1988: Documents and Material?, Moscow, Novosti, 1988, pp. 82–4.
Interview of V. Karpov in lzvestiy?, 14 June 1988. Karpov specifies the main outstanding areas of difference with the USA on START at this stage.
Message of greetings, Moscow World Service 19 June 1988, in SU/0183 A1/1.
See Documents of the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty Member States, Berlin, May 28–29198?, Moscow, Novosti, 1987, pp. 9–10.
Speech to Indian Parliament on 27 November 1986, in Stability and Security — A Common Concern: Visit of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev to Indi?, Moscow, Novosti, 1986, p. 29.
See Tass text of Soviet Government statement on 3 July 1987, in SU/ 8612/A4/1.
Speech in Krasnoyarsk, Moscow Home Service, 16 September 1988, in SU/0260 C/14.
See Pravd?, 27 March 1986.
See interview of Admiral Chernavin, Tass, 25 April 1988, in SU/0136 A1/1.
See J. Borawski, S. Weeks, and C. E. Thompson, ‘The Stockholm Agreement of September 1986’, Orbi?, vol. 30, no 4 (winter 1987) pp. 649–59.
Report of session of Foreign Minister’s Committee of the Warsaw Treaty member-states, BTA 30 March 1988, in SU EE/0115 C/6.
See briefing in USSR Foreign Ministry press centre on theme ‘New Political Thinking and Soviet Military Doctrine’, Moscow Home Service, 23 February 1988, in SU/0085 A1/3.
Pravd?, 12 June 1986.
Pravd?, 8 July 1986.
Documents of the Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee of the Warsaw Treaty Member States, Berlin, May 28–29, 198?, Moscow, Novosti, 1987, pp. 9–10, 17–21.
See R. Allison, ‘Current Soviet Views on Conventional Arms Control in Europe’, Arms Contro?, September 1988.
See Tatarnikov in Krasnaya Zvezd?, 5 January 1988.
See statement by Shevardnadze in Tass, 8 June 1988, in SU/0174 A1/3.
Warsaw Pact statement in Tass, 16 July 1988, in SU EE/0206 C/8.
See speech by Shevardnadze at third special session on disarmament of the UN General Assembly, Tass, 8 June 1988, in SU/0174 A1/3–4.
Gorbachev, ‘For a Nuclear-Free World’, p. 17.
Pravd?, 25 August 1987.
Statement in Tass, 26 December 1987, in SU/0035 A1/3.
Speech on foreign policy reform on 25 July 1988, cited in SU/0254 A 1/3–4.
For example, Tass, 5 May 1988, in SU/0146 A1/2.
Article by G. Tsagolov and A. Kireyev, Pravd?, 4 January 1988.
A. Kireyev, in Pravd?, 20 August 1988.
See report in The Guardia?, 28 July 1988.
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© 1989 Carl G. Jacobsen
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Allison, R. (1989). Gorbachev’s Arms-Control Offensive: Unilateral, Bilateral and Multilateral Initiatives. In: Jacobsen, C.G. (eds) Soviet Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11341-5_5
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