Skip to main content

Alternative Defence — Answer to the Bundeswehr’s Post-INF Problems?

  • Chapter
Book cover The Bundeswehr and Western Security
  • 32 Accesses

Abstract

In the early 1980s, intense controversy over deployment of new American intermediate-range nuclear missiles brought insistent questioning in Western Europe of the existing NATO defence posture and a steady stream of proposals calling for its radical reorganization. These ideas have been most numerous in Federal Germany, where the bulk of NATO ground forces face the main Warsaw Pact standing forces, and where opposition to missile deployment was most intense. The resultant debate between proponents of new approaches and supporters of the current NATO force posture has focused essentially on two main themes: the feasibility of non-nuclear defence; and the merits of static defence based on high-tech microelectronics — sensors, and rocket launchers using precision-guided munitions — versus mobile defence based on tanks and other armoured platforms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Moch cited in Edward Fursdon, The European Defence Community: A History (London: Macmillan, 1980), p. 91

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Nicole Gnesotto, ‘Le dialogue franco-allemand depuis 1954: patience et longueur de temps’, in Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche, (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), pp. 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  3. The details of these negotiations have not been made fully public. A most authoritative discussion is Catherine McArdle Kelleher, Germany and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1975), pp. 104, 132, 146–51.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Steven Baker, Italy and the Nuclear Option (Santa Monica, Ca.: California Arms Control and Foreign Policy Seminar, 1974), p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. See also Lothar Ruehl, La politique militaire de la cinquième république (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1976), p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  6. and the statement by Pierre Guillaumat in L’aventure de la bombe: De Gaulle et la dissuasion nucléaire (1958–1969) (Paris: Plon, 1985), p. 68.

    Google Scholar 

  7. See Roger Morgan, West European Politics Since 1945: The Shaping of the European Community (London: Batsford, 1972), p. 201.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Alessandro Silj, Europe’s Political Puzzle: A Study of the Fouchet Negotiations and the 1963 Veto (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, December 1967), pp. 60–4.

    Google Scholar 

  9. The text of the Elysée Treaty and the Bundestag’s preamble are reproduced as an appendix to Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), pp. 329–33.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pascal Boniface and François Heisbourg, La puce, les hommes et la bombe: l’Europe face aux nouveaux défis technologiques et militaires (Paris: Hachette, 1986), pp. 238–9.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Michael Harrison, The Reluctant Ally: France and Atlantic Security (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), pp. 129–30.

    Google Scholar 

  12. General de Gaulle’s speech of 15 February 1963, in his Discours et messages, vol. 4 (Paris: Plon, 1970), pp. 86–7.

    Google Scholar 

  13. For a more detailed discussion, see David S. Yost, France’s Deterrent Posture and Security in Europe, Part I: Capabilities and Doctrine, Adelphi Paper No. 194 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Winter 1984/5), pp. 4–13.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ruehl, ‘Franco-German Military Cooperation: An Insurance Policy for the Alliance’, Strategic Review, vol. 16, Summer 1988, p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Marc Ullmann, ‘Security Aspects in French Foreign Policy’, Survival, November–December 1973, p. 263.

    Google Scholar 

  16. For background on French MBFR policy, see David S. Yost, France’s Deterrent Posture and Security in Europe, Part II: Strategic and Arms Control Implications, Adelphi Paper No. 195 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Winter 1984/5), pp. 42–6.

    Google Scholar 

  17. For details and sources, see Jean Klein, ‘Mythes et réalités de la défense de l’Europe’, Politique Etrangère, 1983, no. 2, pp. 320–1.

    Google Scholar 

  18. André Adrets, ‘Les relations franco-allemandes et le fait nucléaire dans une Europe divisée’, Politique Etrangère, vol. 49, Autumn 1984, p. 651.

    Google Scholar 

  19. See Michael Tatu, ‘La France propose de lever les dernières restrictions imposées à la RFA en matière d’armements classiques’, Le Monde, 25 February 1984, p. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Charles Hernu, ‘Face à la logique des blocs, une France indépendante et solidaire’, Défense Nationale, December 1982, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  21. For detailed discussions, see David S. Yost, France and Conventional Defense in Central Europe (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Diego Ruiz Palmer, ‘Between the Rhine and the Elbe: France and the Conventional Defense of Central Europe’, Comparative Strategy, vol. 6, no. 4, 1987, pp. 471–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Gustav A. Bittner, ‘La coopération franco-allemande en matière d’armement classique’, in Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), p. 132.

    Google Scholar 

  24. François Puaux, ‘La France, l’Allemagne et l’atome: discorde improbable, accord impossible’, Défense Nationale, December 1985, pp. 11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lars Benecke, Ulrich Krafft, and Friedhelm Mayer zu Natrup, ‘Franco-West German Technological Cooperation’, Survival, vol. 28, May–June 1986, p. 234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Testimony of 26 June 1986, by André Giraud, in François Fillon, Rapport fait au nom de la Commission de la Défense Nationale et des Forces Armées sur le projet de loi de programme (no. 432) relatif à l’équipement militaire pour les années 1987–1991, no. 622 (Paris: Assemblée Nationale, April 1987), pp. 222–3. It appears that the 120 mm gun on the Lederc will be compatible with the 120 mm guns on the US M-1 and West German Leopard tanks.

    Google Scholar 

  27. For a detailed chronology, see Henri Louet, Rapport d’information déposé en application de l’article 145 de règlement par la Commission de la Défense Nationale et des Forces Armées sur la coopération industrielle franco-allemande en matière d’hélicoptère de combat, no. 249 (Paris: Assemblée Nationale, July 1986), pp. 20–3.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Jacques Isnard, ‘Paris et Bonn s’engagent à construire en commun un hélicoptère de combat’, Le Monde, 18 July 1987, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Jacques Isnard, ‘Un hélicoptère de combat commun à 140 millions de francs l’exemplaire’, Le Monde, 13 November 1987, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  30. David Marsh, ‘Costs Double in Bonn-Paris Helicopter Deal’, Financial Times, 22 May 1987, pp. 1, 28.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Michael Feazel, ‘Germany Agrees to Development of European Avionics for PAH-2/HAP’, Aviation Week and Space Technology, 28 July 1986, pp. 21–2.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Ibid., pp. 244–6. Some of these French perspectives are worded more emphatically in François Heisbourg, ‘Coopération en matière d’armements: rien n’est jamais acquis’, in Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), pp. 122–3.

    Google Scholar 

  33. See Jean-Marc Gonin, ‘Grands projets, petits pas’, in L’Express, 22 January 1988, pp. 42–3.

    Google Scholar 

  34. For recent discussions, see Jacques Isnard, ‘Des sourires tous azimuts’, Le Monde, 12 September 1987, p. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  35. F. Clifton Berry, ‘Turning Point in French Industrial Cooperation’, National Defense, December 1987, pp. 31–2.

    Google Scholar 

  36. François Heisbourg, ‘Défense française: l’impossible statu quo’, Politique Internationale, no. 36, Summer 1987, p. 151.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lacaze, ‘La politique militaire’, Défense Nationale, November 1981, pp. 9–10.

    Google Scholar 

  38. François Gorand, ‘La politique de sécurité européenne de la France de 1981 à 1985 et après’, Commentaire, no. 33, Spring 1986, p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hernu cited in Le Monde, 5 November 1983, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hernu and Woerner cited in Le Monde, 22 June 1985, pp. 1, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Jacques Chirac, speech on 12 December 1987, at the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale, ‘La France et les enjeux de la sécurité européenne’, Défense Nationale, February 1988, p. 16.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Jacques Chirac, ‘La politique de défense de la France’, Défense Nationale, November 1986, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Elie Marcuse, ‘Paris-Bonn: les ratés du dialogue’, L’Express, 6 June 1986, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  44. see Pierre Lellouche, ‘“Moineau Hardi” envol difficile’, Le Point, 5 October 1987, p. 29.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Karl Feldmeyer, ‘Viel Wirbel um die Übung “Kecker Spatz”’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 23 September 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Karl Feldmeyer, ‘Beim Manöver “Kecker Spatz” klappt fast nichts’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 24 September 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  47. see Lt-Col Christian Millotat, ‘Deutsch-Französische Truppenübung Kecker Spatz’, Soldat und Technik, vol. 30, November 1987, pp. 666–8.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Diego A. Ruiz Palmer, ‘France’, in Jeffrey Simon (ed), NATO-Warsaw Pact Force Mobilization (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1988), pp. 269–316.

    Google Scholar 

  49. General Furcy Houdet cited in Le Quotidien de Paris, 20 March 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  50. See also General Voinot, cited in Le Monde, 21 November 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lothar Ruehl cited in indirect discourse in Le Monde, 25 September 1987, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  52. NATO command centres using standard alliance procedures’ (‘FAR from perfect’, The Economist, 26 September 1987, p. 63).

    Google Scholar 

  53. (See Jacques Isnard, ‘Le coureur de fond de la “Fataquie”’, Le Monde, 23 April 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  54. and Isnard, ‘Les manoeuvres franco-allemandes “Moineau hardi” permettront de tester la capacité de la FAR à secourir la Bundeswehr’, Le Monde, 11 September 1987, p. 9.)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Georges Vincent, ‘Défense en France’, Défense Nationale, August-September 1985, p. 169.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Konrad Seitz, ‘Deutsch-französische sicherheitspolitische Zusammenarbeit’, Europa-Archiv, vol. 37, 25 November 1982, p. 660.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Schmitt cited in Le Monde, 3 March 1988, p. 13).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Elie Marcuse, ‘L’Europe oui, mais lentement’, L’Express, 17 July 1987, pp. 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Jacques Isnard in Le Monde, 27–8 September 1987, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  60. General René Imbot, ‘The French Rapid Action Force’, NATO’s Sixteen Nations, Special No. 1, 1983, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  61. See the interviews with Phillip Karber in Armed Forces Journal International, May 1987, pp. 42–60, and June 1987, pp. 112–37.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Jacques Isnard in Le Monde, 11 September 1987, p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Jerôme Dumoulins and Dominique de Montvalon, ‘Europe: la brigade du Rhin’, L’Express, 3 July 1987, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Woerner cited in Jacques Isnard, ‘La brigade franco-allemande aurait pour mission d’aider l’armée française à s’engager outre-Rhin’, Le Monde, 19–20 July 1987, p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Jacques Isnard, ‘La brigade mixte sera basée au sud de Stuttgart’, Le Monde, 23 January 1988, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jacques Isnard, ‘Quatre garnisons outre-Rhin pour la brigade franco-allemande’, Le Monde, 12 October 1988, p. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Georges Vincent, ‘Défense en France’, Défense Nationale, November 1986, p. 174.

    Google Scholar 

  68. See Wilfred L. Kohl, French Nuclear Diplomacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 90–1.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Hernu cited in Le Monde, 8 October 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hernu, ‘La politique et la volonté de défense’, Politique Internationale, no. 16, Summer 1982, pp. 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Schmidt cited in Atlantic News, 27 June 1975, p. 4).

    Google Scholar 

  72. (Sauvagnargues cited in Le Monde, 29–30 June 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Wimmer in ARD television broadcast of 16 July 1985, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service — Western Europe, Daily Report, 18 July 1985, pp. J1–J2.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hernu cited in Le Monde, 7 December 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Cf. Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche, ‘Le couple franco-allemand et la sécurité de l’Europe: synthèses et recommendations’, in Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), p. 325.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mitterrand cited in Le Monde, 27–8 September 1987, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Pierre Lellonche, L’avenir de la guerre (Paris: Editions Mazarine, 1985), p. 283.

    Google Scholar 

  78. In August 1985, President Mitterrand and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl agreed to install a secure Paris-Bonn ‘hot line’ or ‘red telephone’. Le Monde, 27 August 1985, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Jacques Isnard, ‘Le missile Hadès aurait une portée accrue’, Le Monde, 22 January 1988, p. 34.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Mitterrand cited in Le Monde, 21 October 1987, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  81. In October 1988, Mitterrand added that this ‘ultimate and unique warning’ strike would be delivered only against ‘strictly military targets’. (Speech of 11 October 1988, reported in Le Monde, 13 October 1988, p. 9.)

    Google Scholar 

  82. Chirac cited in Le Monde, 9 March 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  83. (See Jacques Isnard, ‘Un sous-marin en Haute-Provence’, Le Monde, 16–17 October 1988, p. 9.)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Mitterrand cited in indirect discourse in Le Monde, 22 October 1987, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Ruehl, Die Welt, 29 December 1987, op. cit. in n. 65, pp. 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  86. For background, see David S. Yost, ‘French Nuclear Targeting’, in Desmond Ball and Jeffrey Richelson (eds), Strategic Nuclear Targeting (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 127–56.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Karl Kaiser, Cesare Merlini, Thierry de Montbrial, William Wallace, and Edmund Wellenstein, The European Community: Progress or Decline? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1983), p. 36.

    Google Scholar 

  88. According to Jacques Isnard (Le Monde, 30 November 1982, p. 10).

    Google Scholar 

  89. Raymond Barre, ‘De la sécurité en Europe’, Défense Nationale, June 1987, p. 26.

    Google Scholar 

  90. General Guy Lewin, ‘Réflexions sur la défense de la France et l’avenir de la dissuasion nucléaire’, Stratégique, no. 2, 1987, p. 58.

    Google Scholar 

  91. See Jacques Isnard, ‘Des armes nucléaires préstrategiques le plus à l’est possible’, Le Monde, 24 October 1987, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Jacques Amalric, ‘Les tentations stratégiques de M. Mitterrand’, Le Monde, 22 October 1987, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  93. see Frédéric Tiberghien, ‘Puissance et rôle de l’armement préstratégique français’, Le Monde diplomatique, February 1987, pp. 14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  94. For background, see David S. Yost and Thomas C. Glad, ‘West German Party Politics and Theater Nuclear Modernization Since 1977’, Armed Forces and Society, vol. 8, Summer 1982, pp. 525–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. See Pierre Lellouche, ‘Paris: deux logiques pour une stratégie’, Le Point, 7 March 1988, p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  96. André Glucksmann, La force du vertige (Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1983), pp. 137–8.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Mitterrand’s speech in Hamburg, 14 May 1982, in Le Nouvel Observateur, 12 June 1982, p. 109.

    Google Scholar 

  98. K-Peter Stratmann, Aspekte der Sicherheitspolitischen und Militärstrategischen Entwicklung in den 90er Jahren, SWP-AP 2474 (Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, June 1986), p. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Michel Tatu, ‘Une suggestion: le Hadès sous ‘double-clé’ franco-allemande’, Le Monde, 4–5 December 1983, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  100. For Bahr, see Der Spiegel, 20 May 1985, pp. 126–7.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Schmidt, Deutscher Bundestag, Stenographischer Bericht, Plenarprotokoll 10/77, 28 June 1984, pp. 5596–5603.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Dregger, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 19 June 1987, p. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  103. for Fabius, Le Monde, 17 June 1987, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Chevènement, Le Monde, 18 June 1987, p. 13.

    Google Scholar 

  105. for Giscard d’Estaing, Le Monde, 15 June 1985, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Ruehl cited in DPA dispatch of 4 October 1985 in FBIS-Western Europe, 8 October 1985, p. J4.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Woerner interview in International Defense Review, vol. 18, no. 9, 1985, p. 1393.

    Google Scholar 

  108. for the UDF, Le Monde, 15 June 1985, p. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Poll, see ‘Un Français sur deux est partisan d’une garantie nucléaire à l’Allemagne fédérale’, Le Monde, 9 February 1988, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  110. François de Rose, ‘La force de dissuasion nucléaire française et la sécurité de la République fédérale d’Allemagne’, in Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), pp. 191–5.

    Google Scholar 

  111. François Gorand, ‘Le consensus français sur la politique étrangère est-il menacé?’ Commentaire, no. 31, Autumn 1985, pp. 948–9.

    Google Scholar 

  112. General Georges Fricaud-Chagnaud, ‘L’Europe de la dissuasion et des solidarités actives’, Stratégique, no. 1, 1986, p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Among other sources, see Luc Rosenzweig, ‘Le scepticisme ouest-allemand demeure’, Le Monde, 27–28 September 1987, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hans-Peter Schwarz, ‘Atlantic Security Policy in an Era without Great Alternatives’, in Karl Kaiser and Hans-Peter Schwarz (eds), America and Western Europe (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1977), p. 194.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Pierre Hassner, ‘La coopération franco-allemande: Achille immobile à grand pas?’ in Karl Kaiser and Pierre Lellouche (eds), Le couple franco-allemand et la défense de l’Europe (Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales, 1986), p. 173.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Helmut Schmidt, ‘Deutsch-französische Zusammenarbeit in der Sicherheitspolitik’, Europa-Archiv, vol. 42, 10 June 1987, p. 311.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Luc Rosenzweig, ‘Les “réserves” de la Bundesbank à l’égard du conseil économique et financier’, Le Monde, 23 January 1988, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  118. See Daniel Vernet, ‘Paradoxes franco-allemandes’, Le Monde, 25 June 1987, pp. 1, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Luc Rosenzweig, ‘En termes d’image, l’Ostpolitik est plus “rentable” que le dialogue avec Paris’, Le Monde, 22 January 1988, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Hernu cited in Le Monde, 17 March 1987, p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  121. see Michel Jobert, ‘Now Comes a German Swing to the East’, International Herald Tribune, 8 July 1987, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Gabriel Robin, La diplomatie de Mitterrand ou le triomphe des apparences, 1981–1985 (Paris: Editions de la Bièvre, 1985), pp. 226–7.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Thatcher interview in Financial Times, 23 November 1987, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Ruehl, Die Welt, 29 December 1987, op. cit. in n. 65, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 1990 Stephen F. Szabo

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dean, J. (1990). Alternative Defence — Answer to the Bundeswehr’s Post-INF Problems?. In: Szabo, S.F. (eds) The Bundeswehr and Western Security. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11032-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11032-2_10

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-11034-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-11032-2

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics