Abstract
All changes in society, whether they be social, economic, or political in nature, involve changes in the values, attitudes, or behaviors of at least some of the individuals who comprise that society. Post World War II history has seen fundamental and pervasive changes in social, political, and economic relations both between and within nations. Africa has been no exception to this phenomenon. In particular, as African nations have shed their colonial ties, leaders of these nations have established two fundamental goals: (1) the development of their economies, usually on the model of an industrial state, and (2) the development of the political capabilities of the new nation-states and the socialization of its citizens to view the new nation as the primary political and social grouping to which they owe their allegiance and with which they identify.
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Notes
Structural-functionalism involves the basic proposition that social systems can be compared in terms of functions which are performed by structures which vary. This is described for political systems in developing nations by Gabriel Almond and G.B. Powell, Comparative Politics, A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1966) Chapter 2, pp. 16–41.
Clignet and Foster in a work on secondary education in the Ivory Coast, state: “The school in Africa is inevitably an agent of change... Schools in Africa can never become agencies of simple culture transmission facilitating consensus and stability whether the content of instruction is African or European.” Remi Clignet and Philip Foster, The Fortunate Few, A Study of Secondary Schools and Students in the Ivory Coast (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1966), p. 201.
A composite index of human resource development is employed in Frederick Harbison and Charles A. Myers, Education, Manpower and Economic Growth (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).
Irma Adelman and C.T. Morris, Society, Politics and Economic Development (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967)
R. de L. Loken, Manpower Development in Africa (New York: Praeger, 1969)
F. Harbison, A Human Resource Approach to the Development of African Nations (Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1971)
F.B. Waisanen and H. Kumata, “Education, Functional Literacy and Participation in Development,” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, XIII, 1 (1972), pp. 21–35.
Others include literacy, voting, media consumption, and media production. Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society. (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1958), p. 86.
D.R. Evans, Teachers as Agents of National Development (New York: Praeger, 1972)
K. Prewitt, Education and Political Values (Nairobi: East African Pub. House, 1973).
S.N. Eisenstadt, Modernization: Protest and Change (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966), pp. 16–18.
L. Aran, S.N. Eisenstadt, C. Adler, “The Effectiveness of Educational Systems in the Process of Modernization,” Comparative Education Review, 16, 1, (Feb. 1972), pp. 30–43.
Also see Lucian W. Pye, Politics, Personality, and Nation Building; Burma’s Search for Identity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962)
Robert E. Schott, “Mexico, The Established Revolution,” in Political Culture and Political Development, eds. L.W. Pye and Sydney Verba (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. 330–395.
C. Arnold Anderson, “Patterns and Variability in the Distribution and Diffusion of Schooling,” in Education and Economic Development, eds. C. Arnold Anderson and Mary Jean Bowman (Chicago: Aldine Co., 1965)
Remi Clignet, “Ethnicity, Social Differentiation and Secondary Schooling in West Africa,” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines, 7 (1967): 360–378
Philip Foster, “Secondary Schooling and Social Mobility in a West African Nation,” Sociology of Education, 37 (1963): 159
Philip Foster, Education and Social Change in Ghana (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965)
M. Peil, “The Influence of Formal Education on Occupational Choice,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, VII, 2 (1973), pp. 199–214
For works on political socialization relating to the early acquisition of national identification, the first resulting from case studies, the second from the quantitative analysis of data from a large sample, see Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd printing rev. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1963)
Robert D. Hess and Judith V. Torney, The Development of Political Attitudes in Children (New York: Double-day & Co., 1968).
Robert A. LeVine, “Political Socialization and Culture Change,” in Old Societies and New States, ed. Clifford Geertz (New York: The Free Press, 1963), pp. 280–303.
Penelope Roach, Political Socialization in the New Nations of Africa (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1967).
James S. Coleman, ed., Education and Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965), p. 30.
Jerry B. Bolibaugh and Paul R. Hanna, Education as an Instrument of National Policy in Selected Newly Developing Nations (Stanford Calif.: Comparative Education Center, School of Education; Stanford University, 1964), p. 96.
However, much of the descriptive material is especially useful for general familiarization with the variety of educational systems and their unique problems. Important works of this type are L. Gray Cowan, James O’Connell, and David G. Scanlon, eds., Education and Nation Building in Africa (New York: Praeger, 1965)
John W. Hanson and Cole S. Brembeds, eds., Education and the Development of Nations (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966)
David G. Scanlon, ed., Church, State and Education in Africa (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1966)
David G. Scanlon, ed., Traditions of African Education (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University 1964)
John Wilson, Education and Changing West African Culture (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1963)
D. Abernethy, The Political Dilemma of Popular Education—An African Case (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1969)
Pierre L. Van Den Berghe, Power and Privilege at An African University, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973)
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Thomas Jesse Jones, Education in Africa (New York: The Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1922)
Thomas Jesse Jones, ed., Education in East Africa (London: Edinburgh House Press, 1925).
L.J. Lewis, ed., Phelps-Stokes Reports on Education in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).
Donald G. Burns, African Education, An Introductory Survey of Education in Commonwealth Countries (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
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Guy Hunter, “Education in Africa,” African Affairs, 66 (April 1967): 127–139.
Enrollment by class, age, or number of years of education completed is available in certain of the more detailed reports from Commonwealth nations and territories. A general discussion of measuring enrollment is found (in addition to the World Survey volumes), in Manual of Education Statistics (Paris: UNESCO, 1961); and W.L. Kendall, Statistics of Education in Developing Countries, an Introduction to their Collection and Presentation (Paris: UNESCO, 1968).
For example, comparing attendance rates for seven districts in Tanzania in 1964 and 1965, Jane King reports a range of variation between 11 percent and 79 percent. Jane King, Planning Non-Formal Education in Tanzania, African Research Monography 16 (Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, 1967), p. 23.
Daniel Blot and Michel Debeauvais, “Educational Expenditure in Developing Areas: Some Statistical Aspects,” in Financing of Education for Economic Growth, ed. Lucille Reifman (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1964).
A detailed outline and comparison of African educational structures is found in Mawtena Sasnett and Inez Sepmeyer, Educational Systems of Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966).
Data used to construct this figure were taken from L. Pechoux, Le Mandat Francais sur le Togo (Paris: A. Pedone, 1939), pp. 344–347.
See, for example: Lucian Pye, ed., Communications and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962)
Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communications: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Nationalism (New York: The Technology Press of M.I.T. and John Wiley, 1953)
Philip Jacob and James V. Toscano, eds., The Integration of Political Communities (New York: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1964)
Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1958)
Everett Rogers, Modernization Among Peasants: The Impact of Communication (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969).
For a discussion of the importance of communications in the development of labor commitment in developing countries see Peter B. Hammond, “Management in Economic Transition,” in Wilbert E. Moore and Arnold S. Feldman, eds., Labor Commitment and Social Change in Developing Areas (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1960), pp. 109–122
For a discussion of social overhead capital, see Stephen Enke, Economics for Development (London: Dennis Dobson, 1963).
Everett E. Hagen, The Economics of Development (Homewood, Illinois: Irwin, 1968), 129.
Karl W. Deutsch, “Social Mobilization and Political Development,” American Political Science Review, 55 (September 1961): 494.
Gabriel A. Almond and G. B. Powell, Jr., Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), p. 177.
Philips Cutwright, “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis,” American Sociological Review, 28 (1963): 253–264.
Deane N. Neubauer, “Some Conditions of Democracy,” American Political Science Review, 61 (1967): 1002–1009
Marvin E. Olsen, “Multivariate Analysis of National Political Development,” American Sociological Review, 33 (1968): 699–712
For the importance of communications in the development of political rationality, see, for example, Lucian Pye, Aspects of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), Chapter 8.
See Edward W. Soja, “Communication and Territorial Integration in East Africa: An Introduction to Transaction Flow Analysis,” in The Structure of Political Geography, eds. Roger E. Kasperson and Julain V. Menghi (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), p. 231–242.
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B. Riddell, The Spatial Dynamics of Modernization in Sierra Leone (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970).
See Karl W. Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968), pp, 101–110.
Annual compendia such as Europa Yearbook, Africa South of the Sahara, and the Statesman’s Yearbook contain detailed information on radio and the press in African countries. See also The Commercial Radio in Africa (German African Society, October 1969); Fritz Feuereisen and Ernst Schmacke, eds., Africa: A Guide to Newspapers and Magazines (New York: Africana, 1970)
W.A. Hatchon, Muffled Drums: The News Media in Africa (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1971)
S. Olav, ed., Reporting Africa in African and International Mass Media (Upsala: Scandanavian Institute of African Studies, 1971)
D.L. Wilcox Mass Media in Black Africa: Philosophy and Control (New York: Praeger, 1975)
S.W. Head, ed., Broadcasting in Africa: A Continental Survey of Radio and Televison (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974)
A. Ogunbi “A Current Bibliography on African Communication in Africa” A Current Bibliography on Africa Affairs 8, 1 (1975): 2–43
A.E. Opubor and M.K. Hobbs “Development Communication: A Selected Annotated Bibliography” Rural Africana 27 Spring 1975: 127–56.
For the “two-step flow” hypothesis that “ideas often flow from radio and print to opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of the population” see Paul F. Lazarsfeld, et al., The People’s Choice (New York: Meredith Press, 1944)
Elihu Katz, “The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-To-Date Report on an Hypothesis,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 21 (1957): 61–78.
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Morrison, D.G., Mitchell, R.C., Paden, J.N. (1989). Social Mobilization. In: Black Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11023-0_5
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