Abstract
The global food economy has undergone major transformations over the past two decades. These transformations have been rooted in part in agriculture and agricultural policies, but have reflected other forces as well: the ebb and flow of demand in developing countries and oil exporting nations, the growing impact of macroeconomics on global trade patterns, and the increasing economic interdependence among major nations and regions. The global food system of the 1980s continues to change. The basis for these changes, as well as their implications for the future, are the main focus of Section I.
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Notes
Huddleston, Barbara, Closing the Cereals Gap with Trade and Food Aid (Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute) January 1984.
United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, ‘Grains’, Foreign Agricultural Circular, various issues.
For a good discussion of these changes see ‘Effects of Changes in the Domestic and International Environment on U.S. Agriculture’, in United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Embargos, Surplus Disposal and U.S. Agriculture, Staff Report AGES860910 (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) November 1986, pp. 5.1–5.27.
United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, World Agriculture, various issues.
Op. cit.
For a discussion of changes in land values, and the 1988 upturn, see United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agricultural Resources, April 1988.
United States Department of Agriculture, 1988 Agricultural Chartbook (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) April 1988.
Estimates of producer and consumer agricultural subsidies are provided in United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Government Intervention in Agriculture: Measurement, Evaluation and Implications for Trade Negotiations (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) April 1987.
Ibid.
For a discussion of the provisions of the 1985 farm bill, see Lewrene Glaser, Provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985 AIB, 498 (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) 1986.
For a discussion of the factors underlying Africa’s food situation, see Cheryl Christensen et al., Food Problems and Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) 1981.
Shahla Shapouri, A.J. Dommen and Stacy Rosen, Food Aid and the African Food Crisis, FAER, 221 (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) 1986.
Ibid.
For the classic statement of these policy biases, see Robert Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: the Political Basis of Agricultural Policies (Los Angeles: University of California Press), 1981.
Shapouri et al., Food Aid.
Huddleston, Closing the Cereals Gap.
For a general discussion of IMF lending, see John Williamson (ed.), IMF Conditionality (Washington DC: Institute for International Economics, distributed by MIT Press) 1983. For a discussion specifically on sub-Saharan Africa, see Gerald Helleiner (ed.), Africa and the International Monetary Fund (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund) 1986.
For a more extensive discussion of policy reforms, see United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Sub-Saharan Africa Situation and Outlook Report, RS-86–9 (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) July 1986.
Shapouri et al., Food Aid.
Shahla Shapouri and Stacy Rosen, Effect of Fiscal Austerity on African Food Imports, FAER 230 (Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture) May 1987.
Kennedy, Eileen and Bruce Cogill, Income and Nutritional Effects of the Commercialization of Agriculture in Southeastern Kenya, Research Report 63 (Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute) November 1987.
United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Developing Economies Branch.
Ibid.
For the importance of external resource flows to policy implementation, see Cheryl Christensen, ‘Food Security in sub-Saharan Africa’, in Ladd Hollist and LaMond Tullis (eds), Pursuing Food Security: Strategies and Obstacles in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East (Boulder: Lynne Rienner) 1987, pp. 67–99.
Shapouri and Rosen, Effect of Fiscal Austerity.
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, 1986.
Kermani, N., L. Molpajoni and T. Mayer, ‘Effect of Increased Market Access on Exports of Developing Countries’, IMF Staff Papers, December 1984.
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Agriculture Toward 2000 (Rome: FAO) 1983.
World Bank, ‘Price Prospects for Major Commodity Prices’ (unpublished) 1988.
United Nations, Financing Africa’s Recovery: Report and Recommendations of the Advisory Group on Financial Flows for Africa (New York: United Nations) February 1988.
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© 1990 Dennis C. Pirages and Christine Sylvester
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Christensen, C., Shapouri, S. (1990). Adjusting to Global Transformation: Sub-Saharan Africa and the Global Food System. In: Pirages, D.C., Sylvester, C. (eds) Transformations in the Global Political Economy. Macmillan International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10373-7_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10373-7_3
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