Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Protective Mechanism

  • Chapter
Physiology of the Eye

  • 113 Accesses

Abstract

The eyes are protected from mechanical insults by two mechanisms—blinking and the secretion of tears; by the latter process irritating particles and fumes are washed away from the sensitive cornea, and the surface of the globe is maintained in a normally moist condition. Blinking, besides its obvious protective function, also operates to prevent dazzle by a blinding light, to maintain the exposed surface of the globe moist by spreading the lacrimal secretions and, during sleep, by preventing evaporation. Finally the act of blinking assists in the drainage of tears. The pathological condition of keratitis sicca may thus result from either defective lid closure or defective lacrimal secretion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, M., Wright, P. & Reid, L. (1972) The human lacrimal gland. Arch. Ophthal. 88, 493–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allik, J., Rauk, M. & Leuk, A. (1981) Control and sense of eye movement behind closed eye lids. Perception 10, 39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, J. S. (1970) Human tear film lipids. I. Composition of the principal non-polar component. Exp. Eye Res. 10, 223–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, R. R., Cole, M. F. & McGhee, J. R. (1977) A bactericidal effect for human lactoferrin. Science 197, 263–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, R. R., Russell, J. E., Champion, W. J., Brewer, M. & Gauthier, J. J. (1982) Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: differentiation from the stasis of iron deprivation. Inf. and Immun. 35, 792–799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballow, M., Donshik, P. C., Rapacz, P. & Samarino, L. (1987) Tear lactoferrin levels in patients with external inflammatory ocular disease. Invest. Ophthal. 28, 543–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J. L. (1973) Systemic disease associated with tear deficiencies. Int. Ophthal. Clinics 13, 169–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. (1823) On the motions of the eye, an illustration of the uses of muscles and nerves of the orbit. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 111, 166–186. (Quoted by Evinger et al., 1984.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Björk, A. & Kugelberg, E. (1953) The electrical activity of the muscles of the eye and eyelids in various positions and during movements. E.E.G. Clin. Neurophysiol. 5, 595–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonavida, B., Sapse, A. T. & Sercarz, E. E. (1969) Specific tear prealbumin: a unique lachrymal protein absent from serum and other secretions. Nature 221, 375–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boonstra, A. & Kijlstra, A. (1984) The identification of transferrin, an iron-binding protein in rabbit tears. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 561–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botelho, S. Y., Goldstein, A. M. & Martinez, E. V. (1973) Norepinephrine-responsive beta-adrenergic receptors in rabbit lacrimal gland. Amer. J. Physiol. 224, 1119–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botelho, S. Y., Martinez, E. V., Pholpramool, C., Van Prooyen, H. C., Janssen, J. T. & de Palau, A. (1976) Modification of stimulation lacrimal gland flow by sympathetic nerve impulses in the rabbit. Amer. J. Physiol. 230, 80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brienen, J. A. & Snell, C. A. R. D. (1969) The mechanism of the lacrimal flow. Ophthalmologica, Basel 159, 223–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broekhuyse, R. N. (1974) Tear lactoferrin: a bacteriostatic and complexing protein. Invest. Ophthal. 13, 550–554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromberg, A. B. (1981) Autonomic control of lacrimal protein secretion. Invest. Ophthal. 20, 110–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. I. (1973) Dry spots and corneal erosions. Int. Ophthal. Clin. 13(1), 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, S. F. & Martinez, R. J. (1979) Role of rabbit lysozyme in in vitro serum bactericidal reactions against Bacterium subtilis. Inf. & Immun. 25, 810–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, C. C. W., Vergnes, J. P. & Brown, S. I. (1983a) Fractionation and partial characterization of macromolecular components from human ocular mucus. Exp. Eye. Res. 36, 139–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, C. C. W., Vergnes, J. P. & Brown, S. I. (1983b) O-Glycosidic linkage in glycoprotein isolates from human ocular mucus. Exp. Eye Res. 37, 533–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, C.-C. W., Vergnes, J.-P. Freeman, I. L. & Brown, S. I. (1980) Biosynthesis and partial characterization of tear film glycoproteins. Incorporation of radioactive precursors by human lacrimal gland explants. Exp. Eye Res. 30, 411–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collewijn, H., Van den Steen, J. & Steinman, R. M. (1985) Human eye movements associated with blinks and prolonged eye closure. J. Neurophysiol. 54, 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covey, W., Perillie, P. & Finch, S. C. (1971) The origin of tear lysozyme. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 137, 1362–1363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dartt, D. A., Baker, A. K., Vaillant, C. & Rose, P. E. (1984) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulation of protein secretion from rat lacrimal gland acini. Amer. J. Physiol. 247G, 502–509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doane, M. G. (1980) Interaction of eyelids and tears in corneal wetting and the dynamics of the normal human eyeblink. Amer. J. Ophthal. 89, 507–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doane, M. G. (1981) Blinking and the mechanics of the lacrimal drainage system. Ophthalmology 88, 844–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohlman, C. H. (1978) Punctal occlusion in keratoconjunctivitis sicca Ophthalmology 85, 1277–1281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dohlman, C. H., Friend, J., Kalevar, V., Yagoda, D. & Balazs, E. (1976) The glycoprotein (mucus) content of tears from normals and dry eye patients. Exp. Eye Res. 22, 359–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, N. (1965) The precorneal film. Acta Ophthal., Kbh. Suppl. 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, N., Kessing, S. V. & Norn, M. S. (1972) Quantitative amounts of conjunctival mucous secretion and tears. Acta Ophthal. 50, 210–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteban, A. & Salinero, E. (1979) Reciprocal reflex activity in ocular muscle implications in spontaneous blinking and Bell’s phenomenon. Eur. Neurol. 18, 157–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evinger, C., Shaw, M. D., Pech, C. K., Manning, K. A. & Baker, R. (1984) Blinking and associated eye movements in human, guinea pigs and rabbits. J. Neurophysiol. 52, 323–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falbe-Hansen, E., Jensen, O. A. & Degn, J. K. (1969) Mucosubstances of the acini of the human lacrimal gland (orbital portion). II. Biochemical identification. Acta Ophthal. 47, 620–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, A. (1922) On a remarkable bacteriolytic element found in tissues and secretions. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 93, 306–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, L. C., De Lange, R. J. & Petty, R. W. (1976) Identification of a nonlysozymal bactericide factor (beta lysin) in human tears and aqueous humor. Amer. J. Ophthal. 81, 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, R. M., Kenyon, K. R. & Tomasi, T. B. (1973) Immunohistologic studies of human lacrimal gland: localization of immunoglobulins, secretory component and lactoferrin. J. Immunol. 110, 984–992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieberg, T. (1951) Uber den Anteil des Tränensackes und der Caruncula lacrimalis am Tränenabflussmechanismus. Ophthalmologica 122, 193–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, B. R., Anderson, D. R. & Forster, R. K. (1972) Nonlysozyme antibacterial factor in human tears. Amer. J. Ophthal. 74, 52–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gachon, A. M., Verrelle, P., Betail, G. & Dastugue, B. (1979) Immunological and electrophoretic studies of human tear proteins. Exp. Eye Res. 29, 539–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giardini, A. & Roberts, J. R. E. (1950) Concentration of glucose and total chloride in tears. Br. J. Ophthal. 34, 737–743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbard, J. P. & Darth, D. A. (1982) Changes in rabbit lacrimal fluid osmolarity with flow rate. Invest. Ophthal. 23, 804–806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, T. E., Allansmith, M. R., Greiner, J. V. & Janusz, M. (1980) Histologic and immunohistologic comparison of main and accessory lacrimal tissue. Amer. J. Ophthal. 89, 724–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsborg, B. L. & Maurice, D. M. (1959) Involuntary movements of the eye during fixation and blinking. Brit. J. Ophthal. 43, 435–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golding-Wood, P. H. (1963) Crocodile tears. Br. med. J. (i), 1518–1521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A. M., de Palau, A. & Botelho, S. Y. (1967) Inhibition and facilitation of pilocarpine-induced lacrimal flow by noradrenaline. Invest. Ophthal. 6, 498–511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R. L. & Allansmith, M. R. (1986) Naturally occurring IgA antibodies to ocular and oral microorganisms in tears, saliva and colostrum: evidence for a common mucosal immune system and local immnune response. Exp. Eye Res. 43, 739–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. J. (1936) Some observations on the acts of closing and opening the eyes. Brit. J. Ophthal. 20, 257–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly, F. J. (1973) Formation and rupture of the tear film. Exp. Eye Res. 15, 515–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holly, F. J. & Lemp, M. A. (1977) Tear physiology and dry eyes. Survey Ophthal. 22, 69–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, S. & Kabasawa, I. (1971) Fractionation and chemical properties of tear mucoids. Exp. Eye Res. 12, 360–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, P. T. & Van Bijsterveld, O. P. (1981) Comparison of electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of human tear fluid proteins. Clin. Chim. Acta 114, 207–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, P. T. & Van Bijsterveld, O. P. (1983) Origin and biosynthesis of human tear fluid proteins. Invest. Ophthal. 24, 623–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, O. A., Falbe-Hansen, I., Jacobsen, T. & Michelsen, A. (1969) Mucosubstances in the acini of the human lacrimal gland (orbital portion). I. Histochemical identification. Acta Ophthal. 47, 605–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. T. (1957) Epiphora. II. Its relation to the anatomie structures and surgery of the medial canthal region. Amer. J. Ophthal. 43, 203–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. T. (1958) Practical fundamental anatomy and physiology (of lacrimal apparatus). Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthal. 62, 669–678.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, A. & Baum, J. (1980) Basic tear-flow. Does it exist? Ophthalmology 87, 920–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahan, I.-L. & Ottovay, E. (1975) The significance of tears’ lactate dehydrogenase in health and external eye diseases. v. Graefes Arch. Ophthal. 194, 267–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennard, D. W. & Smyth, G. L. (1963) The causes of downward eyelid movement with changes of gaze, a study of the physical factors concerned. J. Physiol. 166, 178–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kijlstra, A., Jeenssen, S. H. M. & Koning, K. M. (1983). Lactoferrin levels in normal human tears. Brit. J. Ophthal. 67, 199–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kijlstra, A., Jeenssen, S. H. M. & Koning, K. M. (1984) Complement inhibitors in tears of different species. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kijlstra, A. & Veerhuis, R. (1981) The effect of an anticomplementary factor on normal human tears. Amer. J. Ophthal. 92, 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitaoka, M., Nakazawa, M. & Hayasaka, S. (1985) Lysosomal enzymes in human tear fluid collected by filter paper strips. Exp. Eye Res. 41, 259–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreuger, J., Sokoloff, N. & Botelho, S. Y. (1976) Sialic acid in rabbit lacrimal gland fluid. Invest. Ophthal. 15, 479–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh, A., Lund, C. G. & Pedersen-Bjergaard, (1945) The osmotic concentration of human lacrymal fluid. Acta physiol. Scand. 10, 88–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühnel, W. (1968) Menschliche Tränendrüse. Z. Zellforsch. 89, 550–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemp, M. A., Holley, F. J., Iwata, S. & Dohlman, C. H. (1970) The precorneal tear film. I. Factors in spreading and maintaining a continuous tear film over the corneal surface. Arch. Ophthal. 83, 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemp, M. A. & Weiler, H. H. (1983) How do tears exit? Invest. Ophthal. 24, 619–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liakos, G. M., Goulding, N. & Seal, D. V. (1984) Normal tear protein profiles and age-related changes. Brit. J. Ophthal. 68, 316–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, J. M., Ånggård, A., Emson, P., Fahrenkrug, J. & Hökfelt, T. (1981) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholinergic mechanisms in cat nasal mucosa: studies on choline acetyltransferase and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 78, 5255–5259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masson, P. L., Heremans, J. F. & Dive, C. (1964) An iron-binding protein common to many external secretions. Clin. Chim. Acta 14, 735–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masson, P. L., Heremans, J. F. & Schonne, E. (1969) Lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein in neutrophilic leukocytes. J. Exp. Med. 130, 643–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurice, D. M. (1973) The dynamics and drainage of tears. Int. Ophthal. Clinics 13, 103–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClellan, B. H., Whitney, C. R., Newman, L. P. & Allansmith, M. R. (1973) Immunoglobulin in tears. Amer. J. Ophthal. 76, 89–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, J. E. & Brubaker, S. (1971) Meniscus-induced thinning of tear films. Amer. J. Ophthal. 72, 139–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, W. R. (1931) Elevation of the eye-balls on winking. J. Exp. Psychol. 14, 311–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishima, S., Gasset, A., Klyce, S. D. & Baum, J. L. (1966) Determination of tear volume and tear flow. Invest. Ophthal. 5, 264–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishima, S. & Maurice, D. M. (1961) The oily layer of the tear film and evaporation from the conical surface. Exp. Eye Res. 1, 39–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. C. & Tiffany, J. M. (1979) Human ocular mucin. Origins and preliminary characterization. Exp. Eye Res. 29, 291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. C. & Tiffany, J. M. (1981) Human ocular mucus. Chemical studies. Exp. Eye Res. 33, 203–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutch, J. R. (1944) The lacrimation reflex. Br. J. Ophthal. 28, 317–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, B. A., Chiappino, M. L. & Dawson, C. R. (1985) Demonstration of the mucous layer of the tear film by electron microscopy. Invest. Ophthal. 26, 464–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, B., Dawson, C. R. & Togni, B. (1983) Surface features of the conjunctiva and cornea. Invest. Ophthal. 24, 570–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikkinen, A., Lehtsalo, J. I., Uusitalo, H., Palkama, A. & Panula, P. (1984) The lacrimal glands of the rat and the guinea pig are innervated by nerve fibers containing immunoreactivities for substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Histochemistry 81, 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikkinen, A., Uusitalo, H., Lehtosalo, J. I. & Palkama, A. (1985) Distribution of adrenergic nerves in the lacrimal glands of guinea-pig and rat. Exp. Eye Res. 40, 751–756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponder, E. & Kennedy, W. P. (1928) On the act of blinking. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 18, 89–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pullard, R. J. & Carney, L. G. (1984) Diurnal variation in human tear enzymes. Exp. Eye Res. 38, 15–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, L. & Clamp, J. R. (1978) The biochemical and histological nomenclature of mucus. Brit. Med. Bull. 34, 5–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, L. A., Kelly, J. P., Manning, K. A. & Moore, R. K. (1987) Blink-related eye movements. Invest. Ophthal. 28, 334–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosengren, B. (1973) On lacrimal drainage. Ophthalmologica 164, 409–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rushworth, G. (1962) Observations on blink reflexes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 25, 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruskell, G. L. (1968) The fine structure of nerve terminations in the lacrimal glands of monkeys. J. Anat. 103, 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruskell, G. L. (1969) Changes in nerve terminals and acini of the lacrimal gland and changes in secretion induced by autonomic denervation. Z. Zellforsch. 94, 261–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruskell, G. L. (1975) Nerve terminals and epithelial cell variety in the human lacrimal gland. Cell Tiss. Res. 158, 121–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapse, A. T., Bonavida, B., Stone, W. & Secarz, E. E. (1969) Immunoelectrophoresis in human tears. I. Immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Arch. Ophthal. 81, 815–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schirmer, O. (1903) Studien zur Physiologie und Pathologie der Tränenabsonderung und Tränenabfuhr. v. Graefes’ Arch. Ophthal. 56, 197–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, B. L. & Pease, D. C. (1959) Electron microscopy of the salivary and lacrimal glands of the rat. Amer. J. Anat. 104, 115–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selsted, M. E. & Martinez, R. J. (1982) Isolation and purification of bactericides from human tears. Exp. Eye Res. 34, 305–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewall, E. C. (1933) Decompression of the facial nerve. Arch. Otolaryngol. 18, 746–752.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M. D. & Baker, R. (1983) Direct projections from vestibular nuclei to facial nucleus in cats. J. Neurophysiol. 50, 1265–1280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjögren, H. (1955) The lacrimal secretion in newborn, premature and fully developed children. Acta ophthal. Kbh. 33, 557–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, M. & Sørensen, S. P. L. (1939) The proteins in whey. C. R. Trans. Lab. Carlsberg 23, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tada, H. (1978) Spontaneous blinking during a visual tracking performance. Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 25, 91–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, J. M. (1978) Individual variations in human meibomian lipid composition. Exp. Eye Res. 27, 289–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, J. M. (1979) The Meibomiait lipids of the rabbit. I. Overall composition. Exp. Eye Res. 29, 195–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, J. M. & Marsden, R. G. (1982) The Meibomian lipids of the rabbit. II. Detailed composition of the principal esters. Exp. Eye Res. 34, 601–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsukahara, S. & Tanishima, T. (1974) Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the human lacrimal gland. Jap. J. Ophthal. 18, 70–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubels, J. L., Foley, K. M. & Rismondo, V. (1986) Retinol secretion by the lacrimal gland. Invest. Ophthal. 27, 1261–1268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubels, J. L. & MacRae, S. M. (1984). Vitamin A is present as retinol in the tears of rabbits and humans. Curr. Eye Res. 3, 815–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uddman, R., Alumets, J., Ehinger, B., Hakanson, R., Loren, I. & Sundler, F. (1980) Vasoactive intestinal peptide nerves in ocular and orbital structures of the cat. Invest. Ophthal. 19, 878–885.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Bijsterveld, O. P. & Janssen, P. T. (1981) The effect of calcium dobesilate on albumin leakage of the conjunctival vessels. Curr. Eye Res. 1, 425. (Quoted by Janssen & Van Bijsterveld, 1983.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haeringen, N. J. (1981) Clinical biochemistry of tears. Survey Ophthal. 26, 84–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haeringen, N. J. & Glasius, E. (1974) Lactate dehydrogenase in tear fluid. Exp. Eye Res. 18, 345–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haeringen, N. J. & Glasius, E. (1975) Cholesterol in human tear fluid. Exp. Eye Res. 20, 271–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haeringen, N. J. & Glasius, E. (1976a) The origin of some enzymes in tear fluid, determined by comparative investigation with two collection methods. Exp. Eye Res. 22, 267–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haeringen, N. J. & Glasius, E. (1976b) Characteristics of acid hydrolases in human tear fluid. Ophthalmic Res. 8, 367–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hoof, F., Libert, J., Aubert-Tulkens, G. & Serra, M. V. (1977) The assay of lacrimal enzymes and the ultrastructural analysis of conjunctival biopsies. Metab. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. 1, 165–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Horn, D. L., Schutten, W. H., Hyndiuk, R. A. & Kurz, P. (1980) Xerophthalmia in vitamin-deficient rabbits. Invest. Ophthal. 19, 1067–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veerhuis, R. & Kijlstra, A. (1982) Inhibition of hemolytic complement activity by lactoferrin in tears. Exp. Eye Res. 34, 257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkmann, F. C., Riggs, L. A., Ellicott, A. G. & Moore, R. K. (1982) Measurement of visual suppression during opening, closing and blinking of the eye. Vision Res. 22, 991–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkmann, F. C., Riggs, L. A. & Moore, R. K. (1980) Eye blinks and visual suppression. Science 207, 900–902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitwell, J. (1961) Role of the sympathetic in lacrimal secretion. Br. J. Ophthal. 45, 439–445.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, G. K. & Allansmith, M. R. (1979) Complement in tears from normal humans. Amer. J. Ophthal. 88, 758–763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchii, A. & Burnstock, G. (1967) Nerve-myoepithelium and nerve-glandular epithelium contacts in the lacrimal gland of the sheep. J. Cell Biol. 34, 917–919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zee, D. S., et al. (1983) Blink-saccade synkinesis. Neurology 33, 1233–1236.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. St. Thomas’s Hospital, Southampton University Medical Schools, London, UK

    Hugh Davson DSc (Lond) (Visiting Professor of Physiology, Honorary Research Fellow, Fellow)

  2. King’s College, London, UK

    Hugh Davson DSc (Lond) (Visiting Professor of Physiology, Honorary Research Fellow, Fellow)

  3. University College, London, UK

    Hugh Davson DSc (Lond) (Visiting Professor of Physiology, Honorary Research Fellow, Fellow)

Authors
  1. Hugh Davson DSc (Lond)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 1990 Hugh Davson

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davson, H. (1990). The Protective Mechanism. In: Physiology of the Eye. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09997-9_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09997-9_29

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-09999-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-09997-9

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation