Abstract
Turkey’s determined efforts to forge modernity by building up the iron and steel industry date back over fifty years but Ataturk’s vision has only partially been realized. Turkey has emerged as a major Third World producer but each of its integrated plants, Karabük, ERDEMIR and ISDEMIR, were typical technology transfer projects — they encountered numerous problems which have been only partially resolved. And, though one can discern differences in the levels of mastery achieved, none could operate its technologies at internationally accepted levels of productivity and quality.
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Notes
O. Baykal, I. Gülmez and G. Incir, Demir Çelik Endüstrisinde Dağitim (Ankara: Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi, 1981), pp. 13–14. Between 1972 and 1978 prices rose by 1,111 per cent as compared to 56 per cent for the world price; idem. According to T. Atamer, ‘Choix des partenaires et modalités de transfert international de technologie, Thèse doctorat de 3ème cycle, Université des Sciences Sociales de Grenoble, 1980, p. 314, Turkish consumers were paying double the world price for iron and steel.
Peter W. G. Morris and George H. Hough, The Anatomy of Major Projects (New York: John Wiley, 1987), Table 1.1, pp. 8–11.
Particularly significant are the studies by I. Çelebi, Türkiye’de Demir-Çelik Sanayiĭnin Yapĭsĭ ve Sorunlarĭ (Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatĭ, 1979),
S. Tan, Demir-Çelik Sanayiĭnde Verimlilik (Ankara: Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi, 1983),
and Devlet Planlama Teşkilatĭ, Demir-Çelik Özel Ihtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Son Taslak (Ankara: DPT, 1983).
World Bank, Turkey: Prospects and Problems of an Expanding Economy (Washington, DC: IBRD, 1975) p. 255.
Bertil Walstedt, State Manufacturing Enterprises in Mixed Economies: The Turkish Case (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p., 44.
O. Guvemci, Yatĭrĭm Projelerinin (Istanbul: Çağlayan Kitabevi, 1979), p. 17.
M. D. Rivkin, Area Development for National Growth (New York: Praeger, 1965), p. 177.
Asĭm Erdilek, Direct Foreign Investment in Turkish Manufacturing (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, Kieler Studien, 169, 1982), p. 15.
Ergun Türkcan, Teknolojinin Ekonomi Politiği (Ankara, Ankara Iktisadi ve Ticari Ilimler Akademisi, 1981), pp. 219–40.
M. Oral et al., Araştĭrma Geliştirme Projeleri Demir Çelik Entegre Tesisleri (Gebze, Kocaeli: Marmara Bilimsel ve Endüstryel Araştĭrma Enstitusu, May 1977).
For a thoughtful essay which analyzes the significance of this view for Turkish political development, see M. Heper, The State Tradition in Turkey (Hull, UK: Eothen Press, 1985).
A similar situation seems to have characterized agriculture. As one scholar has noted, ‘…there have been dominant economic motives behind support policies. At the root is the goal of developing agriculture…. Short term electoral considerations, emphasized by many researchers, were actually subservient to the realization of this long term policy.’ K. Samel, ‘Agricultural support policies in Turkey, 1950–1980: an overview’, in Alan Richards (ed.), Food, States and Peasants (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1986), p. 118.
Merih Celasun, Sources of Industrial Growth and Structural Change: The Case of Turkey (Washington, DC: World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 614, 1983), pp. 111 ff., also discusses why Turkish policy-makers remained so dedicated to their development strategy.
J. D. Lewis and S. Unata, Turkey: Economic Performance and Medium Term Prospects, 1978–1990 (Washington, DC: World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 602 1983), p. 1.
World Bank, Turkey: Policies and Prospects for Growth (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1980), pp. 164 ff.
Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 24–8.
Particularly promising is the work now being done on the development of mathematical models designed to analyze operational problems and assess investment strategies at the sectoral and industry level rather than as individual projects. D. A. Kendrick, A. Meerous and J. Alatorre, The Planning of Investment Programs in the Steel Industry (Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press for the World Bank, 1984).
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© 1991 Joseph S. Szyliowicz
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Szyliowicz, J.S. (1991). Projects and Politics. In: Politics, Technology and Development. St Antony’s. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09099-0_7
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