Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vaccine Strategies against the Human Retroviruses Associated with AIDS

  • Chapter
Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-Induced Tumours

  • 85 Accesses

Abstract

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is, in general, a blood-borne disorder which is transmitted by a human retrovirus usually termed HTLV-III but also lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) or combinations of the two designations (HTLV-III/LAV or LAV/HTLV-III)1. By 1982, 3 years after the disease was recognised, the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta (USA) officially declared AIDS an epidemic2. To date, more than 16 000 cases have been reported and one-half of these have been fatal. Equally important is the overwhelming number of individuals, as many as 2 000000 in the USA, who have been infected with HTLV-III and remain asymptomatic but can transmit the virus as effectively as their diseased counterparts. A healthy virus carrier state which is, for the most part, unrecognised creates the alarming possibility that there will be no obvious barriers between the infected and uninfected population. As would be expected, both the virus and the disease are steadily finding their way into the general population3, and, in spite of the acute public awareness of this problem, we are faced with a rapidly spreading infectious agent which requires the development of strict countermeasures. These include improved detection of the virus, prevention of further spread and ultimately its elimination from the population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Broder S, Gallo RC (1984) A pathogenic retrovirus (HTLV-IH) linked to AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine 311:1292–1297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Curran JW, Morgan WM, Hardy AM, Jafe HW, Darrow WW, Dowdle WR (1985) The epidemiology of AIDS: current status and future prospects. Science 229:1352–1357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC (1985) Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature 317: 395–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Blumberg BS, London WT (1985) Hepatitis B virus and the prevention of primary cancer of the liver. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 71:267–273

    Google Scholar 

  5. Epstein MA, Achong BG (1979) In: Epstein MA, Achong BG (eds) The Epstein-Barr virus. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rapp F, Howett MK (1983) Involvement of herpes simplex virus in cervical carcinoma. In: Chandra P (ed) Biochemical and biological markers of neoplastic transformation. Plenum, New York, 555–572

    Google Scholar 

  7. zur Hausen H, Gissmann L, de Villiers EM (1983) Papillomaviruses. In: Chandra P (ed) Biochemical and biological markers of neoplastic transformation. Plenum, New York, p 595–602

    Google Scholar 

  8. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC (1980) Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 77:7415–7419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Blaynay D, Golde F, Gallo RC (1982) Natural antibodies to human retrovirus HTLV in a cluster of Japanese patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Science 215:975–978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Clark J, Saxinger C, Gibbs WN, Lofters W, Lagranade L, Deceulaer K, Ensroth A, Robert-Guroff M, Gallo RC, Blattner W (1985) Seroepidemilogic studies of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I in Jamaica. International Journal of Cancer 36:37–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Popovic M, Flomenberg N, Volkman DJ, Mann D, Fauci AS, Du Pont B, Gallo RC (1984) Alteration of T-cell function by infection with HTLV-I or HTLV-II. Science 226: 459–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Schafer W, Bolognesi DP (1977) Mammalian C type oncornaviruses: relationship between viral structural and cell surface antigens and their possible significance in immunological defense mechanisms. Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology 6:127–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bolognesi DP, Montelaro RC, Frank H (1978) Assembly of type C oncornaviruses: a model. Science 199:183–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fischinger PJ, Schafer W, Bolognesi DP (1976) Neutralisation of homologous and heterologous oncornaviruses by antisera against the pl5(E) and gp71 polypeptides of Friend murine leukemia virus. Virology 71:169–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schwarz H, Hunsmann G, Moennig V, Schafer W (1976) Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. XII. Immunoelectron microscopic studies on viral structural antigens on the cell surface. Virology 69:169–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hunsmann G, Claviez M, Moennig V, Schwarz H, Schafer W (1976) Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. X. Occurrence of viral structural antigens on the cell surface as revealed by a cytotoxicity test. Virology 69: 157–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ihle JN, Lee JC, Hanna MG Jr (1976) Characterization of natural antibodies in mice to endogenous leukaemia virus. In: Yuhan JM, Tennant RW, Regan JD (eds) The biology of radiation carcinogenesis. Raven Press, New York, p 261–273

    Google Scholar 

  18. Thiel HJ, Broughton EM, Matthews TJ, Schafer W, Bolognesi DP (1981) Interspecies reactivity of type C and D retroviruses pl5E and pl5C proteins. Virology 111: 270–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hunsmann G, Moennig V, Schafer W (1975) Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. IX. Active and passive immunization of mice against Friend leukemia with isolated viral GP71 glycoprotein and its corresponding antiserum. Virology 66:327–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hunsmann G, Schneider J, and Schulz A (1981) Immunoprevention of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia by vaccination with viral envelope glycoprotein complexes. Virology 113:602–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hunsmann G, Pedersen NC, Theilen GH, Bayer H (1983) Active immunization with feline leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein suppresses growth of virus-induced feline sarcoma. Immunology 171:233–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lewis MG, Matties LE, Olson RG (1981) Protection against feline leukaemia by vaccination with a subunit vaccine. Infection and Immunity 34:888–894

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Morein B, Sundquist B, Hoglund S, Dalsgaard K, Osterhaus S (1984) Iscom a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from envelope viruses. Nature 308: 457–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Osterhaus A, Weijer K, Uytdehaag F, Jarrett O, Sundquist B, Morein BJ (1985) Induction of protective immune response in cats by vaccination with feline leukemia virus iscom. Journal of Immunology 135:591–596

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hahn BH, Gonda MA, Shaw GM, Popovic M, Hoxie JA, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F (1985) Genomic diversity of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus HTLV-III: Different viruses exhibit greatest divergence in their envelope genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82:4813–4817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Starcich BR, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, et al. (1986) Identification and characterization of conserved and divergent regions in the envelope genes of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus of AIDS. Cell (in preparation)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Robert-Guroff M, Brown M, Gallo RC (1985) HTLV-IH-neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Nature 316:72–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kono Y, Kobayasi K, Fukunaga Y (1973) Antigenic drift of equine infectious anaemia virus in chronically infected horses. Archiv Gesamte Virusforschung 41:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Scott JV, Stowring L, Haase AT (1979) Antigenic variation in visna virus. Cell 18: 321–327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gonda MA, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Clements JW, Marayan O, Gilden RV (1985) Sequence of homologous and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 227: 173–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sonigo P, Alizon M, Staskus K, Dlatzman D, Cole S, Danos O, Retzel E, Tiollais P, Haase A, Wain-Hobson S (1985) Nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus: Relationships to the AIDS virus. Cell 42:369–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Iglehart JD, Weinhold KJ, Ward EC, Matthews TJ, Langlois AJ, Schafer W, Bolognesi DP (1983) Prospects for the immunological management of lethal tumors. Cancer Investigation 1: 409–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yewdell JW, Bennink JR, Smith GL, Moss B (1985) Influenza A virus nucleoprotein is a major target antigen for cross-reactive anti-influenza A virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82:178–1789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Townsend ARM, Gotch FM, Davey J (1985) Cytotoxic T cells recognize fragments of the influenza nucleoprotein. Cell 42: 457–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kitchen LW, Bann F, Sullivan JL, McLane MF, Brettler DB, Levince PH, Essex M (1984) Aetiology of AIDS — antibodies to human T-cell leukaemia virus (type HI) in haemophiliacs. Nature 312:367

    Google Scholar 

  36. Robey WG, Safai B, Oroszlan S, Arthur LO, Gonda MA, Gallo RC, Fischinger PJ (1985) Characterization of envelope and core structural gene products of HTLV-III with sera from AIDS patients. Science 228:593–595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ratner L, Haseltine W, Patarca R, Livak KJ, Starcich B, Josephs SF, Doran ER, Rafaliski JA, Whitehorn EA, Baumeister K, Ivanoff L, Petteway SR Jr, Pearson ML, Lautenberger JA, Papas TS, Ghrayeb J, Chang NT, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F (1985) Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus HTL-III. Nature 313:277–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Elder JH, McGee JS, Alexander S (1985) Carbohydrate side chains of Rauscher leukaemia virus envelope glycoproteins are not required to elicit a neutralizing antibody response. Journal of Virology 57:340–342

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schafer W, Fischinger PJ, Collins JJ, Bolognesi DP (1977) Role of carbohydrate in biological functions of Friend murine leukaemia virus gp71. Journal of Virology 22:35–40

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pierotti M, DeLeo AB, Pinter A, et al. (1981) The GIX antigen of murine leukemia virus: an analysis with monoclonal antibodies. Virology 112:450

    Google Scholar 

  41. Valenzuela P, Coit D, Kuo CH (1985) Synthesis and assembly in yeast of hepatitis B surface antigen particles containing the polyalbumin receptor. Biotechnology 3: 317–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Valenzuela P, Coit D, Medina-Selby MA, Kuo CH, VanNest G, Burke RL, Bull P, Urdea MS, Graves PV (1985) Antigen engineering in yeast: Synthesis and assembly of hybrid hepatitis B surface antigen-herpes simplex 1 gD particles. Biotechnology 3:323–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Berman PW, Gregory T, Crase D, Lasky LA (1985) Protection from genital herpes simplex Type 2 infection by vaccination with Type 1 glycoprotein D. Science 227: 1490–1492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tainer JA, Getzoff ED, Alexander H, Houghton RA, Olson AJ, Lerner RA (1984) The reactivity of anti-pep tide antibodies is a function of the atomic mobility of sites in a protein. Nature 312:127–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Paoletti E, Lipinskas BR, Samsonoff C, Mercer S, Panicali D (1984) Construction of live vaccines using genetically engineered poxviruses. Biological activity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen and the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 81:193–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mackett M, Smith GL, Moss B (1982) Vaccinia virus — a selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79:7415–7419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Perkus ME, Piccini A, Lipinskas BR, Paoletti E (1985) Recombinant vaccinia virus: immunization against multiple pathogens. Science 229:981–984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. McNamara M, Gleason K, Kohler H (1984) T-cell helper circuits. Immunological Review 79:87–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Alter HJ, Eichberg JW, Masur H, Saxinger WC, Gallo R, Macher AM, Lane HC, Fauci AS (1984) Transmission of HTLV-III infection from human plasma to chimpanzees: an animal model for AIDS. Science 226:549–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Daniel MD, Letvin NL, King NW, Kannagi M, Sehgal PK, Hunt RD, Kanki PJ, Essex M, Desrosiers RC (1985) Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retroviruses from macaques. Science 228:1201–1204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kanki PJ, McLane MF, King NW Jr, Let-in NL, Hunt RD, Sehgal P, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC (1985) Serologic identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus closely related to HTLV-IIL Science 228: 1199–1201

    Google Scholar 

  52. Chanock RM (1971) In: Dayton DH, Small PA, Chanock RM, Kaufman HE, Tomasi TB (eds) The secretory immunologic system. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  53. Bolognesi DP, Bauer H, Gelderblom H, Huper G (1972) Polypeptides of avian RNA tumor viruses. IV. Components of the viral envelope. Virology 47:551–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert C. Gallo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter J. Fischinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dani P. Bolognesi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, W12 0HS, London, UK

    J. M. Goldman (Consultant Physician) (Consultant Physician)

  2. University of Bristol Medical School, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK

    M. A. Epstein (Professor of Pathology) (Professor of Pathology)

Copyright information

© 1986 The Leukaemia Research Fund

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gallo, R.C., Fischinger, P.J., Bolognesi, D.P. (1986). Vaccine Strategies against the Human Retroviruses Associated with AIDS. In: Goldman, J.M., Epstein, M.A. (eds) Vaccine Intervention Against Virus-Induced Tumours. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08243-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08243-8_6

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-08245-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-08243-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation