Abstract
Nation-states have long employed tariffs, non-tariff trade barriers, exchange rates, and other trade incentives and disincentives in pursuit of various national objectives. Governmental interventions in the otherwise ‘free’ flow of goods and services across international boundaries have been rationalised in terms of both economic and political objectives. Among the arguments most frequently heard among economists are those couched in terms of the theory of the second-best, the possibility of exercising market power in order to improve the terms of trade, the infant industry argument, and the pursuit of structural changes which are believed to ‘dynamise’ entire economies in the longer run. Indeed, the qualifications to the general economic case for ‘free’ international trade are so many that, as a recent survey has observed:
by now, any bright graduate student, by choosing his assumptions regarding distortions and policy instruments carefully, can produce a consistent model yielding just about any policy conclusion he favoured at the start. To reach his conclusion, moreover, he need not introduce development targets additional to static efficiency. (Diaz-Alejandro, 1975, p. 97)
The author is grateful to Réal Lavergne, Alf Maizels, Hans Singer and Jan Tumlir, for comments on an earlier draft; the responsibility for the contents of this version is nevertheless entirely my own.
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© 1980 Gerald K. Helleiner
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Helleiner, G.K. (1980). The New Industrial Protectionism and the Developing Countries. In: International Economic Disorder. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05075-8_3
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