On the early colonisation of Cisalpine Gaul see U. Ewins, PBSR 1952, 54 ff. On the Roman conquest see A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal’s Legacy, ii. 252 ff., and for its population and resources see Brunt, Manpower, ch. xiii.
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On the early colonisation of Cisalpine Gaul see U. Ewins, PBSR 1952, 54 ff. On the Roman conquest see A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal’s Legacy, ii. 252 ff., and for its population and resources see Brunt, Manpower, ch. xiii.
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The main sources for the Spanish Wars are Polybius, xxxv. 1–5; Livy (various passages in xxxii, xxxv, xxxix, xl, xli); and Appian, Iberica, viii. 39—xvi. 98, depending in part on the lost books of Polybius, who also wrote a monograph on the Numantine War; Diodorus, xxxi. ff., with fragments from Poseidonius. The sources are collected in Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae, iii (1935), iv (1937), edited by A. Schulten. For modern accounts see A. Schulten, Numantia, ii. 261 ff., Geschichte von Numantia (1933); H. Simon, Roms Kriege in Spanien, 154–133 v. Chr. (1962); and (for 154–133) A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus (1967), 35 ff., 137 ff. It is interesting that many Roman camps of these campaigns survive, especially in and around Numantia: see Schulten, op. cit.
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The main sources for the Spanish Wars are Polybius, xxxv. 1–5; Livy (various passages in xxxii, xxxv, xxxix, xl, xli); and Appian, Iberica, viii. 39—xvi. 98, depending in part on the lost books of Polybius, who also wrote a monograph on the Numantine War; Diodorus, xxxi. ff., with fragments from Poseidonius. The sources are collected in Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae, iii (1935), iv (1937), edited by A. Schulten. For modern accounts see A. Schulten, Numantia, ii. 261 ff., Geschichte von Numantia (1933); H. Simon, Roms Kriege in Spanien, 154–133 v. Chr. (1962); and (for 154–133) A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus (1967), 35 ff., 137 ff. It is interesting that many Roman camps of these campaigns survive, especially in and around Numantia: see Schulten, op. cit.
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The main sources for the Spanish Wars are Polybius, xxxv. 1–5; Livy (various passages in xxxii, xxxv, xxxix, xl, xli); and Appian, Iberica, viii. 39—xvi. 98, depending in part on the lost books of Polybius, who also wrote a monograph on the Numantine War; Diodorus, xxxi. ff., with fragments from Poseidonius. The sources are collected in Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae, iii (1935), iv (1937), edited by A. Schulten. For modern accounts see A. Schulten, Numantia, ii. 261 ff., Geschichte von Numantia (1933); H. Simon, Roms Kriege in Spanien, 154–133 v. Chr. (1962); and (for 154–133) A. E. Astin, Scipio Aemilianus (1967), 35 ff., 137 ff. It is interesting that many Roman camps of these campaigns survive, especially in and around Numantia: see Schulten, op. cit.
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The only extant specimen of Punic literature is an account of an exploration of the coast of West Africa by one Hanno, part of which survives in a Greek translation (C. Müller, Geographi Graeci Minores, i. 1 ff.). See M. Cary and E. H. Warmington, The Ancient Explorers (1929), 47 ff., with translation. For a history of the wars with Rome the Carthaginians had to rely on contemporary Greek authors (Philinus and Silenus).
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