Conclusions

Abstract

In this final chapter Pilati combines findings from previous chapters. Supporting prior evidence she confirms patterns of political exclusion of individual migrants from various forms of conventional and unconventional political activities, and the exclusion of migrant organizations from various types of political actions. In addition however, Pilati illustrates three different modalities of facing an exclusionary context by migrant communities: political exclusion may engender the ethnic social closure of migrant groups into political subcultures characterized by social closure towards the majority as well as towards other migrant groups; it may also lead to externally-driven participation, namely, to modalities of reaching the political sphere by engaging in political actions through their links to mainstream actors; finally. Pilati explores a third possible modality of facing political exclusion through the radicalization of the repertoires of actions.