Abstract
This chapter explores how hate against Gypsies and Travellers in contemporary society can be better understood by using a critical hate studies perspective. The chapter initially outlines the general theory provided by a critical hate studies approach before applying its central tenets to appreciate the impacts of hate harms on Gypsies’ and Travellers’ social and personal identities. In doing so the chapter demonstrates how all aspects of hate, from physical violence to everyday microaggressions, produce harms that negatively impact Gypsies and Travellers socially and psychologically.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Achim, V. (2004). Roma in Romanian History. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Alliance Against Anti-Gypsyism. (2016). Anti-Gypsyism – A Reference Paper. Available at: www.antigysyism.eu. Accessed on: 17/04/17.
Andrews, K. (2018). Back to Black: Retelling Black Radicalism for the 21st Century. London: Zed Books.
Appiah, K. A. (2010). The Ethics of Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Aradau, C. (2004). The Perverse Politics of Four-Letter Words: Risk and Pity in the Securitisation of Human Trafficking. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(2), 251–277.
Badiou, A. (2001). Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso.
Bahn, J. (2015, August 17). Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Has the European Union’s Human Rights Preservation Initiative(s) Failed the Roma Population? A Look Back on the Last Fifteen Years of Directives, Declarations, and Human Rights Treaties. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645800. Accessed on: 23/06/20.
Bancroft, A. (2005). Roma and Gypsy-Travellers in Europe: Modernity, Race, Space and Exclusion. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Bauman, Z. (2004). Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Belton, B. (2013). ‘Weak Power’: Community and Identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(2), 282–297.
Beluschi-Fabeni, G., Leggio, D. V., & Matras, Y. (2019). A Lost Generation? Racialization and Stalled Social Mobility in a Group of Roma Migrants in the UK. Migration Studies, 7(2), 180–200.
Bernier, K. (2017). The Harms of Hate: Comparing the Neighbouring Practices and Interactions of Hate Crime Victims, Non-Hate Crime Victims and Non-Victims. International Review of Victimology, 23(2), 179–201.
Bowling, B. (1999). Violent Racism: Victimisation, Policing and Social Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, W. (2015). Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. New York: Zone Books.
Brown, P., Scullion, L., & Martin, P. (2013). Migrant Roma in the United Kingdom: Population Size and Experiences of Local Authorities and Partners: Final Report. Manchester: University of Salford.
Burke, M. (2009). ‘Tinkers’ Synge and the Cultural History of the Irish Traveller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cemlyn, S., Greenfields, M., Burnett, S., Matthews, Z., & Whitwell, C. (2009). Inequalities Experienced by Gypsy and Traveller Communities: A Review. London: EHRC.
Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2012). Reconceptualizing Hate Crime Victimization Through the Lens of Vulnerability and ‘Difference’. Theoretical Criminology, 16(4), 499–514.
Council of Europe. (2011). The Council of Europe: Protecting the Rights of Roma. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Cunneen, C. (2019). Youth Justice and Racialization: Comparative Reflections. Theoretical Criminology, 24(3), 521–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619889039.
Cunningham, J. (2002). A Fair Hearing. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/nov/06/guardiansocietysupplement. Accessed on: 12/12/19.
Davies, P. (2018). Feminist Voices, Gender and Victimisation. In S. Walklate (Ed.), Handbook of Victims and Victimology. Abingdon: Routledge.
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical Race Theory (3rd ed.). New York: NYU Press.
Duggan, L. (2003). The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
European Commission. (2019). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Report on the Implementation of National Roma Integration Strategies—2019. Accessed at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0406. Accessed on: 09/04/20.
Eve, C. (2020). Large Group of Travellers Told to Leave Park in Plymouth. Plymouth Live. Accessed at: https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/police-travellers-site-caravan-party-4231922. Accessed on: 16/06/20.
Fanon, F. (1967). The Wretched of the Earth. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Winchester: Zero Books.
Goldberg, D. T. (2015). Are We All Postracial Yet? Cambridge: Polity Press.
Greenfields, M. (2018). Cultural Transmission in a Welcoming State. In D. Allen, M. Greenfields, & D. Smith (Eds.), Transnational Resilience and Change: Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Strategies of Survival and Adaptation. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Greenfields, M., & Brindley, M. (2016). Impact of Insecure Accommodation and the Living Environment on Gypsies’ and Travellers’ Health. The Traveller Movement.
Hall, S., & Winlow, S. (2015). Revitalizing Criminological Theory: Towards a New Ultra-Realism. London: Routledge.
Hancock, I. (2004). Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview. In D. Stone (Ed.), The Historiography of the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Heaslip, V. (2015). Experience of Vulnerability from a Gypsy/Travelling Perspective: A Phenomenological Study. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth.
Hindmoor, A. (2018). What’s Left Now? The History and Future of Social Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Honneth, A. (1996). The Struggle for Recognition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Howard, K. (2006). Constructing the Irish of Britain: Ethnic Recognition and the 2001 UK Censuses. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(1), 104–123.
Howard, J., & Vajda, V. (2017). Navigating Power and Intersectionality to Address Inequality. IDS Working Paper. 2017:504. ISBN: 978-1-78118-412-7.
Iganski, P. (2008). Hate Crime and the City. Bristol: Policy Press.
Ilan, J. (2019). Cultural Criminology: The Time Is Now. Critical Criminology, 27, 5–20.
James, Z. (2015). Hate Crimes Against Gypsies, Travellers and Roma in Europe. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. Grieve (Eds.), The International Handbook of Hate Crime. Abingdon: Routledge.
James, Z. (2020a). Gypsies’ and Travellers’ Lived Experience of Harm: A Critical Hate Studies Perspective. Theoretical Criminology, 24(3), 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480620911914.
James, Z. (2020b, forthcoming). Roma, Gypsies and Travellers as a Community of Difference, Really? Challenging Inclusivity as an Anti-Racist Approach. Critical Romani Studies.
James, Z., & McBride, K. (2018, December 4–7). Critical Hate Studies: A Theoretical Perspective. In Australia and New Zealand Criminology Conference. Melbourne, Australia: University of Melbourne.
Johnston, A. (2008). Žižek’s Ontology: A Transcendental Materialist Theory of Subjectivity. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Kendi, I. X. (2017). Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. London: The Bodley Head.
Kenrick, D. (1999). The Gypsies During the Second World War: In the Shadow of the Swastika. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
Kerrigan, C. (2020). The Shame of Shaming—Time for Honest Conversations. The Traveller Movement Blog. Accessed at: https://travellermovement.org.uk/blog/9-blog/132-the-shame-of-shaming-time-for-honest-conversations. Accessed on: 18/06/20.
Kóczé, A. (2018). Race, Migration and Neoliberalism: Distorted Notions of Romani Migration in European Public Discourses. Social Identities, 24(4), 459–473.
Kóczé, A., & Rövid, M. (2012). Pro-Roma Global Civil Society: Acting for, with or Instead of Roma? In M. Kaldor & H. L. Moore (Eds.), Global Civil Society 2012: Ten Years of Critical Reflection. Gordonsville: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kostadinova, G. (2011). Minority Rights as a Normative Framework for Addressing the Situation of Roma in Europe. Oxford Development Studies, 39(2), 163–183.
Marcus, G. (2019). Gypsy and Traveller Girls: Silence, Agency and Power. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Martin, G. (2002). New Age Travellers: Uproarious or Uprooted? Sociology, 36(3), 723–735.
Mason, G. (2015). Legislating Against Hate. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, et al. (Eds.), The International Handbook of Hate Crime. Abingdon: Routledge.
Mason-Bish, H., & Trickett, L. (2019). Introduction to the Special Issue on the Politics of Hate: Community, Societal and Global Responses. Crime, Law and Social Change, 71, 241–243.
McBride, K. (2019). A Critical Analysis of Harms Experienced by Transgender Individuals. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Plymouth.
Messerschmidt, J. (1997). Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. London: Sage.
Meyer, D. (2014). Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws. Critical Criminology, 22(1), 113–125.
Moran, M. (2015). Identity and Capitalism. London: Sage.
Nettleton, S., & Burrows, R. (2008). Mortgage Debt, Insecure Home Ownership and Health: An Exploratory Analysis. Sociology of Health & Illness, 20(5), 731–753.
Okely, J. (2014). Recycled (mis)representations: Gypsies, Travellers and Roma Treated as Objects, Rarely Subjects. People, Place and Policy, 8(1), 65–85.
Perry, B. (2001). In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge.
Perry, B. (2003). Hate Crime: A Reader. New York: Routledge.
Perry, B. (2006). Missing Pieces: The Paucity of Hate Crime Scholarship. In W. S. DeKeseredy & B. Perry (Eds.), Advancing Critical Criminology. Oxford: Lexington Books.
Perry, B. (2009). Hate Crime: Issues and Perspectives. General Editor of 5 Volume set. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Perry, B., & Scrivens, R. (2017). The Maturation of Hate Crime Scholarship. In P. Bean (Ed.), Hate Crime: Critical Concepts in Criminology. London: Routledge.
Phillips, C., & Bowling, B. (2008). Racism, Ethnicity and Criminology: Developing Minority Perspectives. In B. Spalek (Ed.), Ethnicity and Crime: A Reader. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Phillips, C., & Bowling, B. (2012). Ethnicities, Racism, Crime, and Criminal Justice. In A. Leibling, C. Maruna, & L. McAra (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phillips, C., Earle, R., Parmar, A., & Smith, D. (2019). Dear British Criminology: Where Has All the Race and Racism Gone? Theoretical Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619880345.
Raymen, T. (2019). The Enigma of Social Harm and the Barrier of Liberalism: Why Zemiology Needs a Theory of the Good. Justice, Power and Resistance, 3(1), 133–162.
Raymen, T., & Kuldova, T. (forthcoming). Clarifying Ultra-Realism: A Response to Wood et al. Continental Thought and Theory.
Raymen, T., & Smith, O. (2019). Deviant Leisure: A Critical Criminological Perspective for the Twenty First Century. Critical Criminology, 27(1), 115–130.
Rowe, L., & Goodman, S. (2014). ‘A Stinking Filthy Race of People Inbred with Criminality’: A Discourse Analysis of Prejudicial Talk About Gypsies and Travellers. Romani Studies, 24(1), 25–42.
Schweppe, J., & Walters, M. (Eds.). (2016). The Globalization of Hate: Internationalizing Hate Crime? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Taylor, B. (2014). Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers. London: Reaktion Books.
The Cottage Co. (2020). Owl Cabin and Romany Caravan. The Cottage Co. Accessed at: https://www.cottage-holiday-wales.co.uk/romany-caravan-wales. Accessed on: 24/04/20.
Themelis, S. (2015). The Time of the Roma in Times of Crisis: Where Has European Neoliberal Capitalism Failed? Ethnicities, 16(3), 432–451.
Thompson, N., & Woodger, D. (2018). ‘I Hope the River Floods’: Everyday Hatred Against Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Communities. GATEHerts Report.
Traveller Movement. (2016a). Briefing: Hate Crime, Discrimination and the Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Communities. London: Traveller Movement Report.
Traveller Movement. (2016b). Discrimination Experienced by Gypsies, Travellers and Roma: Results from the 2016 Survey. London: Traveller Movement Report.
Traveller Movement. (2019). The Traveller Movement—Policy Briefing Addressing Mental Health and Suicide Among Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Communities in England. London: Traveller Movement Report.
UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (2016). Concluding Observations on the Combined Twenty-First to Twenty-Third Periodic Reports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Nations. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/icerd-_concluding_observations.pdf. Accessed on: 02/03/17.
van Baar, H. (2011). Europe’s Romaphobia: Problematization, Securitization, Nomadization. Society and Space, 29, 203–212.
Walklate, S. (2011). Reframing Criminal Victimisation: Finding a Place for Vulnerability and Resilience. Theoretical Criminology, 15(2), 179–194.
Walters, M. A. (2011). A General Theories of Hate Crime? Strain, doing Difference and Self Control. Critical Criminology, 19(4), 313–330.
Watkinson, D., McIlvaney, M., & Johnson, C. (2020). Homelessness as It Relates to Gypsies and Travellers. In M. Willers & C. Johnson (Eds.), Gypsy and Traveller Law. London: Legal Action Group.
Webster, C. (2008). Marginalized White Ethnicity, Race and Crime. Theoretical Criminology, 12(3), 293–312.
Wigerfelt, B., & Wigerfelt, A. S. (2015). Anti-Gypsyism in Sweden: Roma’s and Travellers’ Experiences of Bias Motivated Crime. Internet Journal of Criminology. ISSN: 2045-6743.
Willers, M., & Johnson, C. (Eds.). (2020). Gypsy and Traveller Law. London: Legal Action Group.
Winlow, S., Hall, S., & Treadwell, J. (2017). The Rise of the Right: English Nationalism and the Transformation of Working-Class Politics. Bristol: Policy Press.
Wood, M. A., Anderson, B., & Richards, I. (2020). Breaking Down the Pseudo-Pacification Process: Eight Critiques of Ultra-Realist Crime Causation Theory. British Journal of Criminology, 60(3), 642–661.
Wright Mills, C. (1959). The Sociological Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yar, M. (2012). Critical Criminology, Critical Theory and Social Harm. In S. Hall & S. Winlow (Eds.), New Directions in Criminological Theory. London: Routledge.
Yildiz, C., & De Genova, N. (2018). Un/Free Mobility: Roma Migrants in the European Union. Social Identities, 24(4), 425–441.
Žižek, S. (2002). For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor. London: Verso.
Žižek, S. (2006). The Parallax View. London: MIT Press.
Žižek, S. (2008). Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. New York: Picador.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
James, Z. (2020). Thinking Critically About Hate. In: The Harms of Hate for Gypsies and Travellers. Palgrave Hate Studies. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51829-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51829-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-51828-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-51829-3
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)