Skip to main content

Thinking Critically About Hate

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Harms of Hate for Gypsies and Travellers

Part of the book series: Palgrave Hate Studies ((PAHS))

  • 301 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores how hate against Gypsies and Travellers in contemporary society can be better understood by using a critical hate studies perspective. The chapter initially outlines the general theory provided by a critical hate studies approach before applying its central tenets to appreciate the impacts of hate harms on Gypsies’ and Travellers’ social and personal identities. In doing so the chapter demonstrates how all aspects of hate, from physical violence to everyday microaggressions, produce harms that negatively impact Gypsies and Travellers socially and psychologically.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achim, V. (2004). Roma in Romanian History. Budapest: Central European University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alliance Against Anti-Gypsyism. (2016). Anti-Gypsyism – A Reference Paper. Available at: www.antigysyism.eu. Accessed on: 17/04/17.

  • Andrews, K. (2018). Back to Black: Retelling Black Radicalism for the 21st Century. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appiah, K. A. (2010). The Ethics of Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aradau, C. (2004). The Perverse Politics of Four-Letter Words: Risk and Pity in the Securitisation of Human Trafficking. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(2), 251–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badiou, A. (2001). Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahn, J. (2015, August 17). Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Has the European Union’s Human Rights Preservation Initiative(s) Failed the Roma Population? A Look Back on the Last Fifteen Years of Directives, Declarations, and Human Rights Treaties. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645800. Accessed on: 23/06/20.

  • Bancroft, A. (2005). Roma and Gypsy-Travellers in Europe: Modernity, Race, Space and Exclusion. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Z. (2004). Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belton, B. (2013). ‘Weak Power’: Community and Identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(2), 282–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beluschi-Fabeni, G., Leggio, D. V., & Matras, Y. (2019). A Lost Generation? Racialization and Stalled Social Mobility in a Group of Roma Migrants in the UK. Migration Studies, 7(2), 180–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernier, K. (2017). The Harms of Hate: Comparing the Neighbouring Practices and Interactions of Hate Crime Victims, Non-Hate Crime Victims and Non-Victims. International Review of Victimology, 23(2), 179–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, B. (1999). Violent Racism: Victimisation, Policing and Social Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (2015). Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution. New York: Zone Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., Scullion, L., & Martin, P. (2013). Migrant Roma in the United Kingdom: Population Size and Experiences of Local Authorities and Partners: Final Report. Manchester: University of Salford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, M. (2009). ‘Tinkers’ Synge and the Cultural History of the Irish Traveller. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cemlyn, S., Greenfields, M., Burnett, S., Matthews, Z., & Whitwell, C. (2009). Inequalities Experienced by Gypsy and Traveller Communities: A Review. London: EHRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J. (2012). Reconceptualizing Hate Crime Victimization Through the Lens of Vulnerability and ‘Difference’. Theoretical Criminology, 16(4), 499–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe. (2011). The Council of Europe: Protecting the Rights of Roma. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunneen, C. (2019). Youth Justice and Racialization: Comparative Reflections. Theoretical Criminology, 24(3), 521–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619889039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, J. (2002). A Fair Hearing. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/nov/06/guardiansocietysupplement. Accessed on: 12/12/19.

  • Davies, P. (2018). Feminist Voices, Gender and Victimisation. In S. Walklate (Ed.), Handbook of Victims and Victimology. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical Race Theory (3rd ed.). New York: NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, L. (2003). The Twilight of Equality? Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (2019). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Report on the Implementation of National Roma Integration Strategies—2019. Accessed at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0406. Accessed on: 09/04/20.

  • Eve, C. (2020). Large Group of Travellers Told to Leave Park in Plymouth. Plymouth Live. Accessed at: https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/police-travellers-site-caravan-party-4231922. Accessed on: 16/06/20.

  • Fanon, F. (1967). The Wretched of the Earth. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Winchester: Zero Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. T. (2015). Are We All Postracial Yet? Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfields, M. (2018). Cultural Transmission in a Welcoming State. In D. Allen, M. Greenfields, & D. Smith (Eds.), Transnational Resilience and Change: Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Strategies of Survival and Adaptation. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenfields, M., & Brindley, M. (2016). Impact of Insecure Accommodation and the Living Environment on Gypsies’ and Travellers’ Health. The Traveller Movement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S., & Winlow, S. (2015). Revitalizing Criminological Theory: Towards a New Ultra-Realism. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, I. (2004). Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview. In D. Stone (Ed.), The Historiography of the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaslip, V. (2015). Experience of Vulnerability from a Gypsy/Travelling Perspective: A Phenomenological Study. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindmoor, A. (2018). What’s Left Now? The History and Future of Social Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honneth, A. (1996). The Struggle for Recognition. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, K. (2006). Constructing the Irish of Britain: Ethnic Recognition and the 2001 UK Censuses. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(1), 104–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J., & Vajda, V. (2017). Navigating Power and Intersectionality to Address Inequality. IDS Working Paper. 2017:504. ISBN: 978-1-78118-412-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iganski, P. (2008). Hate Crime and the City. Bristol: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ilan, J. (2019). Cultural Criminology: The Time Is Now. Critical Criminology, 27, 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, Z. (2015). Hate Crimes Against Gypsies, Travellers and Roma in Europe. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, & J. Grieve (Eds.), The International Handbook of Hate Crime. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, Z. (2020a). Gypsies’ and Travellers’ Lived Experience of Harm: A Critical Hate Studies Perspective. Theoretical Criminology, 24(3), 502–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480620911914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, Z. (2020b, forthcoming). Roma, Gypsies and Travellers as a Community of Difference, Really? Challenging Inclusivity as an Anti-Racist Approach. Critical Romani Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, Z., & McBride, K. (2018, December 4–7). Critical Hate Studies: A Theoretical Perspective. In Australia and New Zealand Criminology Conference. Melbourne, Australia: University of Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, A. (2008). Žižek’s Ontology: A Transcendental Materialist Theory of Subjectivity. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kendi, I. X. (2017). Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. London: The Bodley Head.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenrick, D. (1999). The Gypsies During the Second World War: In the Shadow of the Swastika. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrigan, C. (2020). The Shame of Shaming—Time for Honest Conversations. The Traveller Movement Blog. Accessed at: https://travellermovement.org.uk/blog/9-blog/132-the-shame-of-shaming-time-for-honest-conversations. Accessed on: 18/06/20.

  • Kóczé, A. (2018). Race, Migration and Neoliberalism: Distorted Notions of Romani Migration in European Public Discourses. Social Identities, 24(4), 459–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kóczé, A., & Rövid, M. (2012). Pro-Roma Global Civil Society: Acting for, with or Instead of Roma? In M. Kaldor & H. L. Moore (Eds.), Global Civil Society 2012: Ten Years of Critical Reflection. Gordonsville: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostadinova, G. (2011). Minority Rights as a Normative Framework for Addressing the Situation of Roma in Europe. Oxford Development Studies, 39(2), 163–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, G. (2019). Gypsy and Traveller Girls: Silence, Agency and Power. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G. (2002). New Age Travellers: Uproarious or Uprooted? Sociology, 36(3), 723–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G. (2015). Legislating Against Hate. In N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi, et al. (Eds.), The International Handbook of Hate Crime. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason-Bish, H., & Trickett, L. (2019). Introduction to the Special Issue on the Politics of Hate: Community, Societal and Global Responses. Crime, Law and Social Change, 71, 241–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBride, K. (2019). A Critical Analysis of Harms Experienced by Transgender Individuals. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Plymouth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messerschmidt, J. (1997). Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. (2014). Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws. Critical Criminology, 22(1), 113–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, M. (2015). Identity and Capitalism. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nettleton, S., & Burrows, R. (2008). Mortgage Debt, Insecure Home Ownership and Health: An Exploratory Analysis. Sociology of Health & Illness, 20(5), 731–753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okely, J. (2014). Recycled (mis)representations: Gypsies, Travellers and Roma Treated as Objects, Rarely Subjects. People, Place and Policy, 8(1), 65–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. (2001). In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. (2003). Hate Crime: A Reader. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. (2006). Missing Pieces: The Paucity of Hate Crime Scholarship. In W. S. DeKeseredy & B. Perry (Eds.), Advancing Critical Criminology. Oxford: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B. (2009). Hate Crime: Issues and Perspectives. General Editor of 5 Volume set. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, B., & Scrivens, R. (2017). The Maturation of Hate Crime Scholarship. In P. Bean (Ed.), Hate Crime: Critical Concepts in Criminology. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C., & Bowling, B. (2008). Racism, Ethnicity and Criminology: Developing Minority Perspectives. In B. Spalek (Ed.), Ethnicity and Crime: A Reader. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C., & Bowling, B. (2012). Ethnicities, Racism, Crime, and Criminal Justice. In A. Leibling, C. Maruna, & L. McAra (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, C., Earle, R., Parmar, A., & Smith, D. (2019). Dear British Criminology: Where Has All the Race and Racism Gone? Theoretical Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480619880345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymen, T. (2019). The Enigma of Social Harm and the Barrier of Liberalism: Why Zemiology Needs a Theory of the Good. Justice, Power and Resistance, 3(1), 133–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymen, T., & Kuldova, T. (forthcoming). Clarifying Ultra-Realism: A Response to Wood et al. Continental Thought and Theory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymen, T., & Smith, O. (2019). Deviant Leisure: A Critical Criminological Perspective for the Twenty First Century. Critical Criminology, 27(1), 115–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, L., & Goodman, S. (2014). ‘A Stinking Filthy Race of People Inbred with Criminality’: A Discourse Analysis of Prejudicial Talk About Gypsies and Travellers. Romani Studies, 24(1), 25–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweppe, J., & Walters, M. (Eds.). (2016). The Globalization of Hate: Internationalizing Hate Crime? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. (2014). Another Darkness, Another Dawn: A History of Gypsies, Roma and Travellers. London: Reaktion Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Cottage Co. (2020). Owl Cabin and Romany Caravan. The Cottage Co. Accessed at: https://www.cottage-holiday-wales.co.uk/romany-caravan-wales. Accessed on: 24/04/20.

  • Themelis, S. (2015). The Time of the Roma in Times of Crisis: Where Has European Neoliberal Capitalism Failed? Ethnicities, 16(3), 432–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, N., & Woodger, D. (2018). ‘I Hope the River Floods’: Everyday Hatred Against Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Communities. GATEHerts Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traveller Movement. (2016a). Briefing: Hate Crime, Discrimination and the Gypsy, Traveller and Roma Communities. London: Traveller Movement Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traveller Movement. (2016b). Discrimination Experienced by Gypsies, Travellers and Roma: Results from the 2016 Survey. London: Traveller Movement Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traveller Movement. (2019). The Traveller Movement—Policy Briefing Addressing Mental Health and Suicide Among Gypsy, Roma and Traveller Communities in England. London: Traveller Movement Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (2016). Concluding Observations on the Combined Twenty-First to Twenty-Third Periodic Reports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. United Nations. Available at: https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/icerd-_concluding_observations.pdf. Accessed on: 02/03/17.

  • van Baar, H. (2011). Europe’s Romaphobia: Problematization, Securitization, Nomadization. Society and Space, 29, 203–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walklate, S. (2011). Reframing Criminal Victimisation: Finding a Place for Vulnerability and Resilience. Theoretical Criminology, 15(2), 179–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, M. A. (2011). A General Theories of Hate Crime? Strain, doing Difference and Self Control. Critical Criminology, 19(4), 313–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkinson, D., McIlvaney, M., & Johnson, C. (2020). Homelessness as It Relates to Gypsies and Travellers. In M. Willers & C. Johnson (Eds.), Gypsy and Traveller Law. London: Legal Action Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, C. (2008). Marginalized White Ethnicity, Race and Crime. Theoretical Criminology, 12(3), 293–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wigerfelt, B., & Wigerfelt, A. S. (2015). Anti-Gypsyism in Sweden: Roma’s and Travellers’ Experiences of Bias Motivated Crime. Internet Journal of Criminology. ISSN: 2045-6743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willers, M., & Johnson, C. (Eds.). (2020). Gypsy and Traveller Law. London: Legal Action Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winlow, S., Hall, S., & Treadwell, J. (2017). The Rise of the Right: English Nationalism and the Transformation of Working-Class Politics. Bristol: Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, M. A., Anderson, B., & Richards, I. (2020). Breaking Down the Pseudo-Pacification Process: Eight Critiques of Ultra-Realist Crime Causation Theory. British Journal of Criminology, 60(3), 642–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright Mills, C. (1959). The Sociological Imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yar, M. (2012). Critical Criminology, Critical Theory and Social Harm. In S. Hall & S. Winlow (Eds.), New Directions in Criminological Theory. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yildiz, C., & De Genova, N. (2018). Un/Free Mobility: Roma Migrants in the European Union. Social Identities, 24(4), 425–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. (2002). For They Know Not What They Do: Enjoyment as a Political Factor. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. (2006). The Parallax View. London: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Žižek, S. (2008). Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. New York: Picador.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zoë James .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

James, Z. (2020). Thinking Critically About Hate. In: The Harms of Hate for Gypsies and Travellers. Palgrave Hate Studies. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51829-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51829-3_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-51828-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-51829-3

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics