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The Interwar Years

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Abstract

The interwar period was marked by continuities and contradictions. The statistical data shows that the number of workers in agriculture continued to fall, but this was not consistent or linear, and the experiences and identities of farmworkers continued to be shaped by gender, age and region. In some areas of farm production scientific thinking and modern methods were transforming work practices, with the replacement of horse power with motive power; however, in other areas traditional techniques persisted and mechanisation played little part. The uneven impact of change in the arable, dairying and horticultural sectors is examined here. The newly reconstituted Agricultural Wages Boards offered some protection after 1924, but this chapter shows that not all workers received the same treatment or assistance.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Harry Reffold, Pie for breakfast: Reminiscences of a farmhand (Beverley, 1984), p. 86.

  2. 2.

    Kathleen Hale, A slender reputation: An autobiography (London, 1994), p. 72.

  3. 3.

    Hilary Crowe, ‘Profitable ploughing of the uplands? The food production campaign in the First World War’, Agricultural History Review, 55, II (2007), pp. 205–228.

  4. 4.

    John Beckett and Michael Turner, ‘End of the old order? F.M.L. Thompson, the land question, and the burden of ownership in England, c. 1880–1925’, Agricultural History Review, 55, 2 (2007), pp. 269–288; and the reply by Michael Thompson ‘The land market, 1880–1925: A reappraisal reappraised’, Agricultural History Review, 55, 2 (2007), pp. 289–300.

  5. 5.

    W. H. Pedley, Labour on the land: A study of the development between the two Great Wars (London, 1942), p. 28.

  6. 6.

    Ronald Blythe, Akenfield: Portrait of an English village (Harmondsworth, 1969; 1972 edn), p. 47.

  7. 7.

    Gerald Phizackerley, ed., The diaries of Maria Gyte of Sheldon, Derbyshire, 1913–1920 (Cromford, 1999), p. 199.

  8. 8.

    George Ewart Evans, Where beards wag all: The relevance of the oral tradition (London, 1970), p. 105.

  9. 9.

    Blythe, Akenfield, pp. 46 and 56.

  10. 10.

    Reffold, Pie for breakfast, p. 95.

  11. 11.

    Shelia Stewart, ed., Lifting the latch: A life on the land (Oxford, 1987), pp. 79 and 94. Italics in the book.

  12. 12.

    House of Commons debate, 4 July 1921, Col. 64.

  13. 13.

    House of Commons debate, 4 July 1921, Cols. 84, 127–128 and 142.

  14. 14.

    W. A. Armstrong, Farmworkers: A social and economic history, 1770–1980 (London, 1988), p. 180.

  15. 15.

    HMSO, Report of proceedings under the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act, 1924, for the year ending 30th September, 1925 (London, 1926), pp. 27–28.

  16. 16.

    The Land Worker, December 1921, p. 3.

  17. 17.

    Blythe, Akenfield, pp. 47–48.

  18. 18.

    Alun Howkins, The death of rural England: A social history of the countryside since 1900 (London, 2003), pp. 83–84.

  19. 19.

    The Land Worker, September 1923, p. 1.

  20. 20.

    B.P.P., 1924, Cmd. 222, Agricultural Wages. A bill to provide for the regulation of wages of workers in agriculture, and for purposes incidental thereto, p. 3.

  21. 21.

    B.P.P., 1927, Cmd. 2815, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The agricultural output of England and Wales 1925, p. 106.

  22. 22.

    Imperial War Museum (IWM), EMP 25/11 Report on the State of employment in all occupations in the UK on 11 November 1918 and 31 January 1919, p. 27.

  23. 23.

    HMSO, Census of England and Wales, 1921. General Report with Appendices (London, 1927), p. 99.

  24. 24.

    The Land Worker, September 1930, p. 11.

  25. 25.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of Women in Agriculture’, Report of proceedings under the Agricultural Wages Regulation Act, for the year ending 1927 (London, 1928), Appendix IX, pp. 65–84 (p. 65).

  26. 26.

    B.P.P., 1925, Cmd. 2815, Agricultural Output, p. 102.

  27. 27.

    B.P.P., 1925, Cmd. 2815, Agricultural Output, p. 104.

  28. 28.

    B.P.P., 1934–1935, Cmd. 4786, Report of the Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee on the Insurance against unemployment of persons in agricultural employment, p. 13.

  29. 29.

    Blythe, Akenfield, p. 155.

  30. 30.

    Stephen Hussey, ‘Low pay, underemployment and multiple occupations: Men’s work in the interwar countryside’, Rural History, 8, 2 (1997), pp. 217–235.

  31. 31.

    G. K. Nelson, ed., To be a farmer’s boy (Stroud, 1991), p. 140.

  32. 32.

    The Land Worker, December 1934, p. 12.

  33. 33.

    B.P.P., 1927, Cmd. 2815, Agricultural Output, p. 103.

  34. 34.

    Report of Proceedings under the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act, 1924, for the two years ending 30th September 1930 (London, 1931), p. 116; National Farmers Union Yearbook (London, 1929), p. 235.

  35. 35.

    Winifred Foley, A child in the forest (London, 1974), p. 141. On the position of young women workers in rural England, see Selina Todd, ‘Young women, work and family in inter-war rural England’, Agricultural History Review, 52, 1 (2004), pp. 83–98.

  36. 36.

    HMSO, Census of England and Wales, 1921. General Report, p. 132.

  37. 37.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of women in agriculture’, pp. 76 and 69.

  38. 38.

    HMSO, Census of England and Wales, 1921, County of Northumberland, p. xxxii.

  39. 39.

    HMSO, Census of England and Wales, 1921. General Report, p. 100.

  40. 40.

    National Farmers Union Yearbook, 1929, p. 235.

  41. 41.

    Alun Howkins and Nicola Verdon, ‘Adaptable and sustainable? Male farm service and the agricultural labour force in midland and southern England, c.1850–1925’, Economic History Review, 61, 2 (2008), pp. 467–495 (p. 486).

  42. 42.

    Farmer and Stockbreeder, 31 May 1920; Farmer and Stockbreeder, 24 May 1923.

  43. 43.

    Melvyn Bragg, Speak for England (London, 1976), pp. 159–160.

  44. 44.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of women in agriculture’, pp. 67 and 68.

  45. 45.

    Bragg, Speak for England, pp. 405–406.

  46. 46.

    Steve Humphries and Beverley Hopwood, eds., Green and pleasant land (London, 1999), p. 124.

  47. 47.

    Bragg, Speak for England, p. 159.

  48. 48.

    Stephen Caunce, ‘Twentieth century farm servants: The horselads of the East Riding of Yorkshire’, Agricultural History Review, 39, 2 (1991), pp. 143–166 (p. 165); Richard Anthony, Herds and hinds: Farm labour in lowland Scotland (East Linton, 1997), ch. 2.

  49. 49.

    Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer, 16 May 1921; Southern Reporter, 14 November 1929.

  50. 50.

    HMSO, Census of England and Wales, 1921. General Report, p. 101.

  51. 51.

    Howkins, Death of rural England, p. 81.

  52. 52.

    Reffold, Pie for breakfast, p. 107.

  53. 53.

    B.P.P., 1925, Cmd. 2815, Agricultural Output, pp. 53 and 108; Armstrong, Farmworkers, p. 176.

  54. 54.

    Fred Kitchen, Brother to the ox: The autobiography of a farm labourer (London, 1939; 1948 edn), p. 221.

  55. 55.

    Humphries and Hopgood, Green and pleasant land, p. 141; Nelson, ed., To be a farmers’ boy, pp. 132–133.

  56. 56.

    Stewart, ed., Lifting the latch, pp. 83 and 126.

  57. 57.

    Susan Rowland, ed., Follow the plough: The story of Harold Cannings’ life as a farmworker from 1917 to 1970 (Lewes, 1992), pp. 42–43.

  58. 58.

    Nelson, ed., To be a farmer’s boy, pp. 119–122.

  59. 59.

    David Taylor, ‘Growth and structural change in the English dairy industry, c.1860–1930’, Agricultural History Review, 35, 1 (1987), pp. 47–64.

  60. 60.

    Kitchen, Brother to the ox, p. 234.

  61. 61.

    Reffold, Pie for breakfast, p. 115.

  62. 62.

    Kitchen, Brother to the ox, pp. 201–204.

  63. 63.

    G. K. Nelson, ed., Countrywomen on the land: Memories of rural life in the 1920s and ‘30s (Stroud, 1992), p. 118.

  64. 64.

    Nelson, ed., To be a farmers’ boy, p. 65.

  65. 65.

    Bragg, Speak for England, p. 411.

  66. 66.

    John Martin, Modern agriculture: British farming since 1931 (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 14; Pedley, Labour on the land, p. 6.

  67. 67.

    Tony Harman, Seventy summers: The story of a farm (London, 1986), p. 134.

  68. 68.

    Nelson, ed., To be a farmer’s boy, pp. 39–42.

  69. 69.

    Milk Marketing Board, Milk marketing scheme: Five years’ review, 1933–1938 (London, 1938).

  70. 70.

    John Broad, Anne Meredith and Nicola Verdon, ‘Dairying and the decline of women’s work in England, c.1740–1939’, unpublished paper.

  71. 71.

    Farmer and Stockbreeder, 9 August 1926, p. 1654.

  72. 72.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of Women in Agriculture’, pp. 77 and 66.

  73. 73.

    Armstrong, Farmworkers, p. 173.

  74. 74.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of women in agriculture’, p. 75.

  75. 75.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of women in agriculture’, pp. 70 and 71.

  76. 76.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of women in agriculture’, pp. 72, 76, and 75.

  77. 77.

    Humphries and Hopwood, Green and pleasant land, p. 34.

  78. 78.

    Nelson, To be a farmer’s boy, p. 31.

  79. 79.

    Hussey, ‘Low pay, underemployment and multiple occupations’, p. 218.

  80. 80.

    Kitchen, Brother to the ox, pp. 241–242.

  81. 81.

    HMSO, ‘Employment of women in agriculture’, p. 73.

  82. 82.

    Pedley, Labour on the land, p. 35.

  83. 83.

    B. Seebohm Rowntree, The human needs of labour (London, 1937), pp. 11–12.

  84. 84.

    Pedley, Labour on the land, p. 14.

  85. 85.

    Pedley, Labour on the land, pp. 37–38.

  86. 86.

    See Reports of Proceedings under the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Act, 1924.

  87. 87.

    Kitchen, Brother to the ox, p. 201.

  88. 88.

    Charles Knightly, Country voices: Life and lore in farm and village (London, 1984), p. 38.

  89. 89.

    Nicola Verdon, ‘Agricultural labour and the contested nature of women’s work in interwar England and Wales’, Historical Journal, 52, 1 (March 2009), pp. 109–130.

  90. 90.

    HMSO, Census of England and Wales, 1931, Occupation Tables (London, 1934).

  91. 91.

    Humphries and Hopwood, Green and pleasant land, p. 143.

  92. 92.

    B.P.P., 1934–1935, Cmd. 4786, Report of the Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee, p. 9.

  93. 93.

    B.P.P., 1934–1935, Cmd. 4786, Report of the Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee, pp. 21–22; The Land Worker, January 1936, p. 9.

  94. 94.

    Pedley, Labour on the land, p. 13.

  95. 95.

    Reffold, Pie for breakfast, p. 111.

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Verdon, N. (2017). The Interwar Years. In: Working the Land. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-31674-5_6

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