Abstract
Twenty to thirty years ago scholars were decrying the decline of parties and linking it to the arrival of new technologies, or the new “style” in campaigns, and the powerful new media by which candidates could communicate directly with the voter. In the early eighties, technology presumably relegated parties to the sidelines. Thus in 1984, Rosenstone advanced his theory of major party failure, that
technological innovations have permitted candidates to be increasingly free of political parties. Independent-minded politicians who were once unwilling to embark on third party campaigns without the help of an already existing locally based party can now take the plunge more readily.1
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Notes
Steven J. Rosenstone, Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 121.
Ibid., 120.
Ibid., 121.
William Crotty, American Parties in Decline (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984) 73–75.
Herbert Simon and Frederick Stern. “The Effect of Television Upon Voting Behavior in Iowa in the 1952 Presidential Election,” in Heinz Eulau, Samuel J. Eldersveld, and Morris Janowitz, eds., Political Behavior: A Reader in Theory and Research (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1956), 206.
Ibid., 210, footnote 5.
Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954), 134, 178, 234; and Angus Campbell, Gerald Gurin, and Warren Miller, The Voter Decides (Chicago: Row Peterson, 1954).
James Perry, The New Politics: The Expanding Technology of Political Manipulation (New York: Pottes, 1968).
Ibid.
Robert Huckshorn, Political Parties in America, 2nd ed. (California: Brooks/Cole Publishing, 1984), 136.
Robert Agranoff, The New Style in Election Campaigns (Boston: Holbrook Press, 1972), 4.
Stanley Kelley, Jr., Professional Public Relations and Political Power (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1956), 39–66.
Ibid., 225–26.
Ibid., 226.
Larry Sabato, The Rise of Political Consultants: New Ways of Winning Elections (New York: Basic Books, 1981), xiii.
Ibid., 12–13.
Robert Agranoff, The Management of Election Campaigns (Boston: Holbrook Press, 1976), 1–17.
David Maraniss, First In His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 330–31. See also Sabato, Rise, 351, on Clinton’s political consultants and advisors.
Martin Walker, The President We Deserve: Bill Clinton: His Rise, Falls, and Comebacks (New York: Crown Publishers, 1996), 343–44.
Sabato, Rise, 60. See also Tom Smith, “The First Straw? A Study of the Origins of Election Polls,” Public Opinion Quarterly 54 (Spring 1990): 31–36.
Peverill Squire, “Why the 1936 Digest Poll Failed,” Public Opinion Quarterly 52 (Spring 1988): 125–33.
Jacob Javits, “How I Used a Poll in Campaigning for Congress,” Public Opinion Quarterly 11 (Summer 1947): 222–26.
Herbert Asher, Polling and the Public (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1988), 95.
Ibid., 97–98; Sabato, Rise, 76.
William Crotty, “Political Parties in the 1996 Election: The Party As Team or the Candidates As Superstar,” in L. S. Maisel, ed. The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, 3rd ed. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), 203.
W. Lance Bennett, Inside the System: Culture, Institutions and Power in American Politics (New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994), 506.
William Crotty, The Party Game (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1985), 83.
Ibid., 83–84.
Ibid., 84.
Robert Smith, We Have No Leaders: African Americans in the Post-Civil Rights Era (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1966), 255.
Ibid., 267.
Keith Reeves, Voting Hopes or Fears? White Voters, Black Candidates and Racial Realities in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 9.
Stephen J. Wayne, The Road to the White House 1996: The Politics of Presidential Elections (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 231.
Ibid., 229.
See F. Christopher Arterton, “Campaign ’92: Strategies and Tactics of the Candidates,” in Gerald Pomper, ed., The Election of 1992 (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1993), 87.
Brooks Jackson, Honest Graft: Big Money and the American Political Process (Washington, DC: Farragant Publishing Company, 1990), 53–54.
Ibid., 54.
Ibid.
Ibid., 49.
Ibid., 53.
Ibid., 54.
Ibid., 52–56.
Ibid. See “Postscript: The Unmaking of Tony Coelho,” pp. 294–318.
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Eldersveld, S.J., Walton, H. (2000). The New Technologies: How the Parties Have Adapted. In: Political Parties in American Society. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11290-3_14
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