Abstract
The belief that Carr was an unqualified realist has been contested in the recent literature, but the question of how his position should be characterized lacks an established answer. Carr’s writings have provoked very different readings. Some regard his work as exemplifying a Utopian or critical realist approach to world affairs;1 Others have suggested that his writings contribute to the development of a radicalised rationalism.2 A third approach highlights various parallels between Carr’s writings and critical theory in the Marxian or post-Marxist vein.3 Other interpretations reaffirm the conventional reading of Carr which emphasises his part in creating a distinctively British variant on state-centric realism.
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Notes
K. Booth, ‘Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice’, International Affairs, Vol. 67, 1991, pp. 527–45
P. Howe, ‘The Utopian Realism of E.H. Carr’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 20, 1994, pp. 277–97
R. Falk, ‘The Critical Realist Tradition and the Demystification of State Power: E.H. Carr, Hedley Bull and Robert W. Cox’, in S. Gill and J.H. Mittleman, eds, Innovation and Transformation in International Studies (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997).
T. Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (London, Macmillan, 1998).
A. Linklater, ‘The Transformation of Political Community: E.H. Carr, Critical Theory and International Relations’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1997, pp. 1–18.
A. Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998), chapter 5.
E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis: 1919–1939 (London, Macmillan, 1946), p. viii.
G. Evans, ‘E.H. Carr and International Relations’, British Journal of International Studies, 1, 1975, p. 92.
E.H. Carr, The Future of Nations: Independence or Interdependence (London, Macmillan, 1941), p. 55.
E.H. Carr, The New Society (1951), p. 118.
On Continental Keynesianism, see P. Hirst and G. Thompson, Globalisation in Question (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1996), pp. 163–4.
E.H. Carr, Nationalism and After (London, 1945), pp. 43–7, and
For a discussion of welfare nationalism, see H. Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 13, footnote 34.
For further discussion, see A. Linklater, ‘Citizenship and Sovereignty in the Post-Westphalian State’, European Journal of International Relations, 2, 1996, pp. 77–103.
K. Booth, ‘Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice’, International Affairs, Vol. 67, No. 3, 1991, pp. 527–45
R. Falk, ‘The Critical Realist Tradition and the Demystification of State Power: E.H. Carr, Hedley Bull and Robert W. Cox’, in S. Gill and J.H. Mittleman, eds, Innovation and Transformation in International Studies, Cambridge, 1997.
See also P. Howe, ‘The Utopian Realism of E.H. Carr’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 20, 1994, pp. 277–9.
See E.H. Carr, What is History? (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1961), p. 115.
See E.H. Carr, ‘The Future of International Government’, National Peace Council (London, 1941), p. 3.
See E.H. Carr, The Soviet Impact on the Western World (London, Macmillan, 1946), p. 116.
See R.G. Kaufman, ‘E.H. Carr, Winston Churchill, Reinhold Neibuhr and Us: The Case for Principled, Prudential, Democratic Realism’, Security Studies, 5, 1995, pp. 322–3.
See H. Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London, 1977)
H. Bull and A. Watson, eds, The Expansion of International Society, Oxford 1984, and
H. Bull and A. Watson, eds, The Expansion of international Society (Oxford, 1984).
See also H. Bull, ‘The Twenty Years’ Crisis: Thirty Years After’, International Journal, 24, 1969, pp. 625–38.
See E.H. Carr, International Relations Between the Two World Wars: 1919–1939 (London, Macmillan, 1965), pp. 47–8.
See F. Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London, Macmillan, 1994), chapter 6.
See N. Wheeler, ‘Guardian Angels or Global Gangsters: A Review of the Ethical Claims of International Society,’ Political Studies, 44, 1996, pp. 123–35.
U. Beck, The Reinvention of Politics: Rethinking Modernity in the Global Social Order (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996).
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Linklater, A. (2000). E.H. Carr, Nationalism and the Future of the Sovereign State. In: Cox, M. (eds) E. H. Carr. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08823-9_12
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