Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to consider the basic mathematical models of the interaction of cytotoxic cells and effector molecules of the immune system with tumor cells at the effector stage of an anti-tumor immune response. The logic and design lines of some models relevant for tumor immunology will be reviewed and discussed. Special attention is given to validation problems. Mathematical models of the kinetics of interaction of natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumor will be discussed in detail. Some models of the regulation of cellular cytolytic reactions by nonkiller immune cells and by regulatory immune molecules (antibodies, lectins) will be presented. Predictions of kinetic models by a new theoretical concept describing the recognition of target cells without any specific NK-receptor by NK-like cells will been described. Mathematical models of the propagation and interaction of tumorspecific immune molecules (monoclonal antibodies, cytokines) with tumor cells in multicellular tumors are used for analysis of restriction mechanisms for delivering the toxic factor into a solid tumor.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrahms S.I. and Brahmi Z., The functional loss of human natural killer cell activity induced by K-562 is reversible via interleukin-2-dependent mechanisms, Cellular Immunology, 101 (1986), 558–570.
Abrahms S.I. and Brahmi Z., Mechanism of K562-induced human natural killer cell inactivation using highly enriched effector cells isolated via a new single-step sheep erythrocyte rosette assay, Ann. Inst. Pasteur Immunology, 139 (1988), 361–381.
Adam J.A., General aspects of modeling tumor growth and immune response, in A Survey of Models for Tumor-Immune System Dynamics, Adam J.A. and Bellomo N. eds., Birkhäuser (1996).
Bardsley W.G., The quantitative analysis of ligand binding and initial rate data for allosteric and other complex enzyme mechanisms, Biochem. J., 153 (1975), 101–117.
Bardsley W.G., Simple enzyme kinetic mechanisms that can give all possible velocity profiles with chemically reasonable rate constant values, J. Theor. Biol, 104 (1983), 485–491.
Bradley T.P. and Bonavida B., Mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at the single cell level, J. Immunology, 129 (1982), 2260–2265.
Berke G., The cytolytic T lymphocyte and its mode of action, Immunology Letters, 20 (1989), 169–178.
Berke G., The binding and lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes: Molecular and cellular aspects, Ann. Rev. Immunology, 12 (1994), 735–773.
Berke G., Unlocking the secrets of CTL and NK cells, Immunology Today, 16 (1995), 343–347.
Bloom E.I. and Korn E.L., Quantification of natural cytotoxicity by human lymphocyte subpopulations isolated by density: Heterogeneity the effector cells, J. Immun. Meth., 58 (1983), 303–335.
Bloom E.I. and Babbitt J.T., Monocyte-mediated augmentation of human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Cellular Immunology, 91 (1995), 21–32.
Bonavida B., Bradley T.P., and Grimm E.A., The single-cell assay in cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Immunology Today, 4 (1983), 196–200.
Bonavida B., Lebow L.T., and Bradley T.P., Mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at all single cell level. Direct assessment of the cytotoxic potential of human peripheral blood non-lytic effector-target cell conjugates, J. Immunology, 132 (1984), 594–598.
Berezin I.V. and Varfolomeev S.R., Biokinetics, Nauka (1979) (in Russian).
Burnet F.M., Cellular Immunology, Melbourne University Press (1969).
Baxter L.T. and Jain R.K., Transport of fluid and macromolecules in tumors. Role of interstitial and convection, Microvasc. Res., 37 (1989), 77–104.
Bezouska K., Yuen C.-T., O’Brien J., Childs R.A., Chai W., Lawson A.M., Drbal K., Riserova A., Pospisil M., and Feizi T., Oligosaccharide ligands for NKR-P1 protein activate NK cells and cytotoxicity, Nature, 372 (1994), 150–157.
Callewaert D.M., Johnson D.F., and Kearney J., Spontaneous cytotoxicity of cultured human cell lines mediated by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. I. Kinetic parameters, J. Immunology, 121 (1978), 710–717.
Callewaert D.M., Meyers P., Hiernaux J., and Radcliff G., Kinetics of cellular cytotoxicity mediated by cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Immunobiology, 178 (1988), 203–214.
Callewaert D.M., Radcliff G., Waite R., LeFevre J., and Poulik M.D., Characterization of effector-target conjugates for cloned human natural killer and human lymphokine activated killer cells by flow cytometry, Cytometry, 12 (1991), 666–676.
Chaplain M., From mutation to metastasis: The mathematical modelling of the stages of tumour development, in A Survey of Models for Tumor-Immune System Dynamics, Adam J.A. and Bellomo N. eds., Birkhäuser (1996).
Colmeraver M.E., Loziol I.A., and Pilch V.H., Enhancement of metastasis development by BCG immunotherapy, J. Surg. Oncology, 15 (1980), 235–241.
Cooper E.L., Phylogenesis of cytotoxicity, Endeavors, 4 (1980), 160–165.
Cornish-Bowden A., Principles of Enzyme Kinetics, Butter-worths (1976).
Chu G., The kinetics of target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes: A description by Poisson statistics, J. Immunology, 120 (1978), 1261–1267.
De Vries J.E., Mendelson J., and Bont A., The role of target cell monocytes and Fc receptor bearing lymphocytes in human spontaneous cell-mediated, J. Immunology, 125 (1980), 396–405.
Ferrarini M., Heltai S., Toninelly E., Sabbadini M.G., Pellicciari C., and Manfredi A.M., Daudi lymphoma killing triggers the programmed death of cytotoxic Vγ9/Vδ2 T lymphocytes, J. Immunology, 154 (1995), 3704–3712.
Figdor C.B., van Kooyk Y., and Keizer G.D., On the mode of action of LFA, Immunology Today, 11 (1990), 277-280.
Foa C., Bongrand P., Galindo J.R., and Golstein P.J., Unexpected cell surface labeling in conjugates between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and target cells, Histochem. and Cytochem., 33 (1985), 647–657.
Forni G., Parmiani G., Guarini A., and Foa R., Gene transfer in tumor therapy, Annals of Oncology, 5 (1994), 789–794.
Garay R.P. and Lefever R., A kinetic approach to the immunology cancer stationary state properties of effector-target reaction, J. Theor. Biol., 73 (1978), 417–438.
Gergely J. and Sarmay G., IgG-Fc-receptors: Ligand binding and lysis induction, Immunology Letters, 20 (1989), 1–4.
Goud B. and Antoine J.C., Emergence of a surface immunoglobulin recycling process during B lymphocyte differentiation J. Cell. Biol., 48 (1984), 1238–1246.
Griffiths G.M., The cell biology of CTL killing, Current Opinion in Immunology, 7 (1995), 343–348.
Gumpertz J.E. and Parhan P., The enigma of natural killer cell, Nature, 378 (1995), 245–248.
Herberman R.B., Vujanovic N., Rabinowich H., and Whitside T.L., Natural killer cells and interleukin-2-activated killer cells, in Lym-phohaemotopoietic Growth Factors in Cancer Therapy, II, Mertelsmann R. ed., Springer (1993), 11–27.
Hoang T., Tsodikov A., Yakovlev A., and Asselain B., Modeling breast cancer recurrence, in Mathematical Population Dynamics: Analysis of Heterogeneity, Vol. II, Arino O., Axelrod D., and Kimmel M. eds., Wuerz Publishing Ltd. (1995), 283–296.
Hiserodt J.C., Britvan L.J., and Targan S.R., Characterization of the cytolytic reaction mechanism of the human natural killer (NK) lymphocyte: Resolution into binding, programming and killer cell-independent steps, J. Immunology, 131 (1983), 2710–2713.
Herrick M.V. and Pollack S.B., Kinetic analysis of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity: Evidence for noncompetitive inhibition by autologous lymphoid cells, J. Immunology, 121 (1978), 1348–1352.
Herlyn M. and Koprowski H., Melanoma antigens: Immunological and biological characterization and clinical significance, Ann. Rev. Immunology, 6 (1988), 299–308.
Iho S. and Shau H., Role of enhanced cellular adhesion in IL-6-augmented lymphokine-activated killer-cell function, Scand. J. Immunol, 39 (1993), 233–240.
Ivshina A.V., Kuznetsov V.A., and Kadagidze Z.G., Interaction of the human natural killer cells with target cells. The quantity estimations, in Dynamics of Biological Populations, Goryachenko D.D. ed., Gor’ki State Univ. Press (1985), 72–83 (in Russian).
Jenski L.J., Kinetic assay of cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones II: Comparison of primary and secondary responses and lectin-dependent cytotoxicity. J. Immunol. Meth., 117 (1989), 191–198.
Jain R.K., Barriers to drug delivery in solid tumors, Sci. Amer., 271 (1994), 58–65.
Jung G. and Eberhard H.J.M., An in vitro model for tumour immunotherapy with antibody heteroconjugates, Immunology Today, 9 (1988), 257–260.
Juweid M., Neumann R., and Paik Ch., Micropharmacology of monoclonal antibodies in solid tumors: Direct experimental evidence for a binding site barrier, Cancer Res., 52 (1992), 5144–5153.
Karre K., Hanson M., and Kiesling R., Multiple interactions at the natural killer workshop, Immunology Today, 12 (1991), 343–345.
Kimber I. and Moore M., Mechanism and regulation of natural cytotoxicity, Exp. Cell. Biol., 53 (1985), 69–84.
Kwok C.S., Cole S.E., and Liao S.K., Uptake kinetics of monoclonal antibodies by human malignant melanoma multicell spheroids, Cancer Res., 48 (1988), 1856–1863.
Kwok C.S., Crivici A., MacGregor W.D., and Unger M.W., Optimization of radioimmunotherapy using human malignant melanoma multicellspheroids as a model, Cancer Res., 49 (1989), 3276–3281.
Konev C.B., Structural Liability of Biological Membranes and Regulatory Processes, Nauka & Technika (1987) (in Russian).
Kometiany Z.P. and Vekua M.G., Kinetics of Membrane Enzymes, Vysshaya Shkola (1988) (in Russian).
Kunisch K. and Scheich H., Parameter estimation in a spatial reaction diffusion system modelling man-environment diseases, J. Math. Biology, 27 (1989), 633–665.
Kawade Y., Neutralization of activity of effector protein by monoclonal antibody: Formulation of antibody dose-dependence, of neutralization for an equilibrium system of antibody, effector and its cellular receptor, Immunology, 56 (1985), 497–504.
Kuznetsov V.A., The dynamics of cellular immunological antitumor reactions. I. Synthesis of a multi-level model, in Mathematical Methods of Systems Theory, Fedorov V.D. ed., Kyrghiz State Univ. Press, 1 (1979), 57–71 (in Russian).
Kuznetsov V.A. and Volkenshtein M.V., Dynamics of immunological cellular antitumor reactions. II. Qualitative analysis of the model, in Mathematical Methods of Systems Theory, Fedorov V.D. ed., Kyrghiz State Univ. Press, 1 (1979), 72–100 (in Russian).
Kuznetsov V.A., Asymptotics of solutions of the singular perturbation problems in study of the enzyme-like kinetics equation system, in Studying of Integral Differential Equations, Imanaliev M. ed., Ilym, 15 (1982), 262–270 (in Russian).
Kuznetsov V.A., Analysis of population dynamics of cells exhibiting natural resistance to tumors, Soviet Immunology, 3 (1984), 58–68.
Kuznetsov V.A., Ivshina A.V., and Kadaghidze Z.G., Computerized determination of the number of active natural killer cells, their avidity and rate of recycling during lytic cycle, Soviet Immunology, 5 (1988), 33–38.
Kuznetsov V.A., Dynamics of Immune Processes During Tumor Growth, Nauka (1992) (in Russian).
Kuznetsov V.A., The NK cell recognition of target-cells without specific NK-receptor: A biophysical model, Immunologiya, 3 (1992), 8–13 (in Russian).
Kuznetsov V.A. and Stepanova L.A., Space-time waves and dissipa-tive structures in a model of growth of tumors infiltrated by immune lymphocytes, in Lecture Notes of the ICB Seminars Biosystems, Marchuk G. and Werynski A. eds., Intern. Center of Biocy-bernetics (1992), 68–111.
Kuznetsov V.A., Zhivoglyadov V.P., and Stepanova L.A., Kinetic approach and estimation of parameters of cellular interaction between immune system and a tumor, Archivium Immunologiae et Therapie Experimentalis, 41 (1993), 21–32.
Kuznetsov V.A., Makalkin I., Taylor M.A., and Perelson A.S., Nonlinear dynamics of immunogenic tumors: Parameter estimation and global bifurcations analysis, Bull. Mathem. Biology, 56 (1994), 295–321.
Kuznetsov V.A. and Borisova L.P., Kinetics model of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) binding to high affinity IL-4 receptor and their internalization, in Differential Equations and Applications to Biology and to Industry, Martelli M., Cooke K., Cumberbatch E., Tang B., and Thieme H. eds., World Scientific (1995), 271–280.
Kuznetsov V.A., Ivshina A.V., Sen’ko O.V., and Kuznetsova A.Z., Syndrome approach for computer recognition of fuzzy systems and its application to immunological diagnostics and prognosis of human cancer, Math. Comput. Modeling, 23 (1996), 92–112.
Kuznetsov V.A., “Harpoon” model for cell-cell adhesion and recognition of target cells by the natural killer cells, J. Theor. Biol. (1996) to appear.
Lefever R., Hiernaux J., Urbain J., and Meyers P., On the kinetics and optimal specificity of cytotoxic reactions mediated by T lymphocyte clones, Bull. Math. Biol., 54 (1992), 839–873.
Look A.T., Schriber T.J., Nawrocki J.F., and Murphy W.H., Computer simulation of the cellular immune response to malignant lymphoid cells logic of approach model design and laboratory verification, Immunology, 43 (1981), 677–690.
Lumb J.R., The value of theoretical models in immunological research, Immunology Today, 4 (1983), 209–210.
Lomakin M.S., Immunobiological Surveillance, Medicine (1990) (in Russian).
Liu M.A., Kranz D.M., Kurnick J.T., Boyle L.A., Levy R., and Eisen H.N., Maintenance and cure of the L5178 murine tumour dormant state by lnterleukin-2: In vivo and in vitro effects, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82 (1985), 3648–8652.
Leeuwenberg J.F., Spitz H., Tax W.J., and Capel P.J.A., Induction of nonspecific cytotoxicity by monoclonal anti-T3 antibodies, J. Immunology, 134 (1985), 3770–3775.
Macken C.A. and Perelson A.S., Aggregation of cell surface receptors by multivalent ligands, J. Immunology, 132 (1984), 1614–1624.
Michelson S. and Leith J.T., Tumor heterogeneity and growth control, in A Survey of Models for Tumor-Immune System Dynamics, Adam J.A. and Bellomo N. eds., Birkhäuser (1996).
Meuer S.C., Hussey R.E., Hodgon J.C., Hercend T., Schlossman S.E., and Reinherz E.L., Lymphocyte mediated lysis, Science, 218 (1982), 471–473.
McFadden R. and Kwok C.S., Mathematical model of simultaneous diffusion and binding of antitumor antibodies in multicellular human tumor spheroids, Cancer Res., 48 (1988), 4032–4037.
Mahle N.H., Radclif G., Sevella C.L., Kornbluth J., and Callewaert D.M., Kinetics of cellular cytotoxicity mediated by a cloned human natural killer cell line, Immunobiol., 179 (1989), 230–243.
Miller R.G. and Dunkley M., Quantitative analysis of the Cr release cytotoxicity assay for cytotoxic lymphocytes, Cellular Immunology, 14 (1974), 284–292.
McKinnon D. and Hodgkin P.D., A model of a T cell-target interaction leading to lymphokine release, Immunol. Cell. Biol., 65 (1987), 443–451.
Merrill S.J., Foundation of the use of enzyme kinetic analogy in cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Math. Biosciences, 62 (1982), 219–236.
Merrill S.J. and Sathananthan S., Approximation Michaelis-Menten kinetics displayed in a stochastic model of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Math. Biosci., 80 (1986), 223–238.
Mellman J. and Plutner P., Internalization and rapid recycling by macrophage Fc-receptors with monovalent antireceptor antibodies a possible role of relysomal compartment, J. Cell. Biol., 98 (1984), 1163–1169.
Moretta A., Vitale M., Sivori S., Bottino C., Morelli L., Angagliaro R., Bararesi M., Pele O., Ciccone E., Lopez-Bolet M., and Moretta L., Human natural killer cell receptors for HLA-class I molecules. Evidence that the Kp 43 (CD 94) molecule functions as receptors for HLA-B alleles, J. Exp. Med., 180 (1994), 454–555.
Martz E., Mechanism of specific tumor cell lysis by alloimmune T lymphocytes: Resolution and characterization of descreate stages in cellular interaction, Contemporary Topics in Immunology, 7 (1977), 301–361.
Murray J.D., Lectures on Nonlinear Equation Models in Biology, Clarendon Press (1977).
Nugent L.J. and Jain R.K., Extravascular diffusion in normal and neoplastic tissues, Cancer Res., 44 (1984), 238–244.
Ong G.L. and Mattes M.J., Penetration and binding of antibodies in experimental human solid tumors grown in mice, Cancer Res., 49 (1989), 4264–4273.
Ortaldo J.R., Glenn G.M., Yong H.A., and Frey J.L., Natural killer (NK) cell dysfunction and putative NK cell receptor expression abnormality in members of a family with chromosome 3p-linked von Hippel-Lindau disease, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 84 (1992), 1897–1902.
Pankov P.S., Kuznetsov V.A., and Kenenbaeva G.M., Algorithm of the global search and the program package for approximation of kinetic experimental data at known measure errors, Preprint Inst, of Chem. Phys. of USSR Acad, of Sciences, Moscow (1990), 42 (in Russian).
Perelson A.S. and Bell G.I., Delivery of lethal hits by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in multicellular conjugates occurs sequentially but at random times, J. Immunology, 129 (1982), 2796–2801.
Perelson A.S., Macken C.A., Grimm E.A., Roos L.S., and Bonavida B., Mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity at the single cell level. V. Kinetics of lysis of target cells bound by more than one cytotoxic T lymphocyte, J. Immunology, 132 (1984), 2190–2198.
Pollack S.B. and Emmons S.L., Kinetic analysis of human spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity, J. Immunology, 123 (1979), 160–165.
Prehn R., Stimulatory effects of immune reactions upon the growth of untransplantated tumors, Cancer Res., 54 (1994), 908–914.
Pross H.F., Callewaert D., and Rubin P., Assays for NK cell cytotoxicity: Their values and pitfalls, in Immunobiology of Natural Killer Cells, Lotzova E. ed., CRC Press (1986), 1–20.
Provinciali M., Fabris N., and Pieri C., Improvement of natural killer cell activity by in vitro active lipids (AL 721) administration in old mice, Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 52 (1990), 245–254.
Perez P., Bluestone J.A., Stephany D.A., and Segal D.M., Quantitative measurements of the specificity and kinetics of conjugate formation between cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes and splenic target cells by dual parameter flow cytometry, J. Immunology, 134 (1985), 478–485.
Reiter Z., Reiter Y., Fishelson Z., Shinitzky M., Kessier A., Loyter A., Nussbaum O., and Rubinstein M., Resistance to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity (in K-562 Cells) does not correlate with Class I MHC antigen levels, Immunology, 183 (1991), 23–39.
Robertson M.J., Caliguiri M.A., Manley T.J., Levine H., and Ritz J., Biphasic responses, signals and cellular behaviour, J. Immunology, 145 (1990), 3194–3201.
Roozemond R.C. and Bonavida B., Effect of altered membrane fluidity on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. I. Selective inhibition of the recognition or post recognition events in the cytolytic pathway of NK cells, J. Immunology, 134 (1985), 2209–2214.
Roozemond R.C. and Bonavida B., Effect of altered membrane structure on NK-mediated cytotoxicity: Conversion of NK-resistant tumour cells into NK-sensitive targets upon fusion with liposomes containing NK-sensitive membranes, J. Immunology, 136 (1986), 3921–3928.
Roozemond R.C., van der Geer P., and Bonavida B., NK-resistant tumor cells become susceptible to NK lysis upon fusion with reconstituted liposomes containing NK-sensitive membrane structures, in Membrane-Mediated Cytotoxicity, Bonavida B. and Coller R.J. eds., Liss (1987), 173–187.
Sakharov D.V., Matveev M.Yu., and Domogatsky S., Binding of affinity ligand with a three-dimensional target: The role of diffusion limitations, Biophysika, 36 (1991), 49–54 (in Russian).
Segel L.A., On the validity of the steady state assumption of enzyme kinetics, Bull, of Math. Biol., 50 (1988), 579–593.
Sharon N., Surface carbohydrates and surface lectins are recognition determinants in phagocytosis, Immunology Today, 5 (1984), 143–147.
Seung L.P., Seung S.K., and Schereiber H., Antigenic cancer cells that escape immune destruction are stimulated by the host cells, Cancer Res., 55 (1995), 5094–5100.
Solono-Munoz G., McGinley P.B., Woolfson R., and Bardsley W.G., Deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Biochem. J., 193 (1981), 339–352.
Shau H. and Golub H., Modulation of natural killer-mediated lysis by red blood cells, Cellular Immunology, 116 (1988), 60–72.
Thiele D.L. and Lipsky E., The role of cell surface recognition structures in the initiation of MHC-unrestricted “promiscuous” killing by T cells, Immunology Today, 10 (1989), 375–381.
Thoma J.A., Thoma G.J., and Clark W., The efficiency linearity of the radiochromium release assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Cellular Immunology, 40 (1978), 404–418.
Timonen T., Patarroyo M., and Gahmberg C.G., CDIIa-c/CD18 and GP84(LB-2) adhesion molecules on human large granular lymphocytes and their participation in natural killing, J. Immunology, 141 (1988), 1041–1046.
Thorn R.M. and Henny C.S., Enumeration of specific cytotoxic T cells, Nature, 262 (1976), 75–77.
Thorn R.M. and Henny C.S., Kinetic analysis of target cell distinction by effector T cells. I. Delineation of parameters related to the frequency, J. Immunology, 117 (1976), 2213–2219.
Thorn R.M. and Henny C.S., Kinetic analysis of target cells distinction by effector T cells. II. Changes in killer cell avidity as function of time and dose, J. Immunology, 119 (1977), 1973–1978.
Tutt A., Greenman J., Stevenson G.T., and Glennie M.J., Bispecific F(abγ)3 antibody derivatives for redirecting unprimed cytotoxic T cells, Eur. J. Immunology, 21 (1991), 1351–1358.
Ullberg M. and Jondal M., Recycling and target binding capacity of human natural killer cells, J. Exp. Med., 153 (1981), 615–628.
Vasiljeva L.B. and Butuzov V.F., Asymptotic Analysis, Nauka (1973) (in Russian).
Vitolo D., Vujanovic N.L., Rabinowich H., Schlesinger M., Herber-man R.B., and Whiteside T.L., Rapid Il-2-induced adherence of human natural killer cells: Expression of mRNA for cytokines and IL-2 receptors in adherent NK cells, J. Immunology, 151 (1993), 1926–1937.
Van Oers M.H.J., De Goede R.E.Y., and Zeijlemaker W.R, Antibody dependent cytotoxicity: An analysis of effector cell-target cell interactions, J. Immunology, 121 (1978), 499–504.
Weinstein J.N. and Van Osdol W., Early intervention in cancer using monoclonal antibodies and other biological ligands: Microphar-macology and the “binding site barrier”, Cancer Res., 52 (1992), 2747–2751.
Yokoyama W.M. and Seaman W.E., The Ly-49 and NKR-1 gene families encoding lectin-like receptors on natural killer cells: The NK gene complex, Annual Rev. Immunology, 11 (1993), 613–635.
Zeijlemaker W.P., van Oers R.H., deCoede R.E., and Schellekens P.T., Cytotoxic activity of human lymphocytes: Quantitative analysis of T cell and K cell cytotoxicity, revealing enzyme-like kinetics, J. Immunology, 119 (1977), 1507–1514.
Zugary D., Bernardi J., and Jeannesson P., Studies on the mechanism of T-cell lethal hits and target cell lysis in multicellular conjugates, J. Immunology, 123 (1979), 1604–1609.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kuznetsov, V.A. (1997). Basic Models of Tumor-Immune System Interactions Identification, Analysis and Predictions. In: Adam, J.A., Bellomo, N. (eds) A Survey of Models for Tumor-Immune System Dynamics. Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering, & Technology. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8119-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-8119-7_6
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6408-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-8176-8119-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive