Abstract
The two functions of the testis are androgen production and spermatogenesis. The key role in the regulation of these functions is played by the two pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as supported by a vast number of experimental and clinical data. These facts have recently been corroborated by findings on patients with inactivating mutations of the gonadotropin or gonadotropin receptor genes, and by transgenic and knock-out mouse models. Besides gonadotropins, a number of other hormones contribute to testicular regulation, and there is a plethora of paracrine and autocrine regulatory effects between and within the different testicular cell compartments (see Chapter 3). However, the physiological role of these regulatory mechanisms, so far mostly demonstrated in vitro, has only recently started emerging.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baenziger JU, Kumar S, Brodbeck RM, Smith PL, Beranek MC. Circulatory half-life but not interaction with the lutropin/chorionic gonadotropin receptor is modulated by sulfation of bovine lutropin oligosaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:334–338.
Baker J, Hardy MP, Zhou J, Bondy C, Luper F, Bellve AR, Efstratiadis A. Effect of an IGF-1 gene null mutation on mouse reproduction. Mol Endocrinol 1996;10:903–918.
Bartke A, Goldman BD, Klemcke HG, Bex FJ, Amador AG. Effects of photoperiod on pituitary and testicular function in seasonally breeding species. In: Mahesh VB, Muldoon TG, Saxena BB, Sadler WA, eds. Functional Correlates of Hormonal Receptors in Reproduction. New York: Elsevier/North Holland; 1980:171–186.
Bouloux P-MG, Munroe P, Kirk JMW, Besser GM. Sex and smell-an enigma resolved. J Endocr 1992; 133:323–326.
Bose HS, Sujiwara T, Strauss III JF, Miller WL. The pathology and genetics of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1870–1878.
Burger HG, Robertson DM. Editorial: Inhibin in the male — progress at last. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 138:1361–1362.
Chatelain PG, Sanchez P, Saez JM. Growth hormone and insulin like growth factor I increase testicular luteinizing hormone receptors and steroidogenic responsiveness of growth hormone deficient dwarf mice. Endocrinology 1991; 128:1857–1862.
Chemes HE, Dym M, Madhwa Raj HG. The role of gonadotropins and testosterone on initiation of spermatogenesis in the immature rat. Biol Reprod 1979;21:241–249.
Chemes HE, Pasqualini T, Rivarola MA, Bergada A. Is testosterone involved in the initiation of spermatogenesis in humans? A clinicopathological presentation and physiological considerations in four patients with Leydig cell tumors of the testis or secondary Leydig cell hyperplasia. Int J Androl 1982;5:239–245.
Chi L, Zhou W, Prikhozhan A, Flanagan C, Davidson JS, Golembo M, Illing N, Millar RP, Sealfon SC. Cloning and characterization of the human GnRH receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993;91:R1–R6.
Clark BJ, Stocco DM. StAR — A tissue specific acute mediator of steroidogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1996:7:227–233.
Conn PM. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone action. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z, eds. Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery, and Technology, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:163–179.
Conti M, Jin SL, Monaco L, Repaske DR, Swinnen J. Hormonal regulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Endocr Rev 1991;12:218–234.
Cooke PS, Hess RA, Porcelli J, Meisami E. Increased sperm production in adult rats after transient neonatal hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 1991; 129:244–248.
Cunningham GR, Huckins C. Persistence of complete spermatogenesis in the presence of low intratesticular concentrations of testosterone. Endocrinology 1979;105:177–186.
El-Gehani F, Zhang F-P, Pakarinen P, Rannikko A, Huhtaniemi I. Gonadotropin-independent regulation of steroidogenesis in the rat fetal testis. Biol Reprod 1998;58:116–123.
El-Hefnawy T, Huhtaniemi I. Progesterone can participate in down-regulation of the luteinizing hormone receptor gene expression and function in cultured murine Leydig cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1998;137:127–138.
Evans WS, Griffin ML, Yankov VI. The pituitary gonadotroph: dynamics of gonadotropin release. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z, eds. Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery, and Technology, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:181–210.
Finkel DM, Phillips JL, Snyder PJ. Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. N Engl J Med 1985;313: 651–655.
Forest MG, de Peretti E, Bertrand J. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal relationships in man from birth to puberty. Clin Endocr (Oxf) 1976;5:551–569.
Grasso P, Reichert LJ. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor-mediated uptake of 45Ca2+ by cultured rat Sertoli cells does not require activation of cholera toxin-or pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide binding proteins or adenylate cyclase. Endocrinology 1990;127:949–956.
Griffin JE, Wilson JD. Disorders of the testis and the male reproductive tract. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM and Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:819–875.
Gromoll J, Simoni M, Nieschlag E. An activating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor autonomously sustains spermatogenesis in a hypophysectomized man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1367–1370.
Hales DB, Payne AH. Glucocorticoid-mediated repression of P450scc mRNA and de novo synthesis in cultured Leydig cells. Endocrinology 1989;124:2099–2104.
Hammond GL, Ahonen V, Vihko R. The radioimmunoassay of testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone and their precursors in human testis. Int J Androl Suppl 1977;2:391–399.
Hotchkiss J, Knobil E. The hypothalamic pulse generator: the reproductive core. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z, eds. Reproductive Endocrinology, Surgery, and Technology, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:123–162.
Huhtaniemi I. Ontogeny of luteinizing hormone action in the male. In: Payne A, Hardy, M, Russell L, eds. The Leydig Cell. Clearwater, FL: Cache River Press; 1996: 365–382.
Huhtaniemi I, Bolton NJ, Martikainen H, Vihko R. Comparison of serum steroid responses to a single injection of hCG in man and rat. J Steroid Biochem 1983;19:1147–1151.
Huhtaniemi IT, Catt KJ. Induction and maintenance of gonadotropin and lactogen receptors in hypoprolactinemic rats. Endocrinology 1981;109:483–490.
Huhtaniemi IT, Dunkel L, Perheentupa J. The transient increase in postnatal testicular activity is not revealed by longitudinal measurements of salivary testosterone. Pediatr Res 1986;20:1324–1327.
Huhtaniemi I, Toppari J. Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995;377:33–54.
Huhtaniemi IT, Yamamoto M, Ranta T, Jalkanen J, Jaffe RB. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptors appear earlier in the primate fetal testis than in the ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:1210–1214.
Jaakkola T, Ding Y-Q, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P, Valavaara R, Martikainen H, Tapanainen J, Rönnberg L, Huhtaniemi I. The ratios of serum bioactive/immunoreactive LH and FSH in various conditions with increased and decreased gonadotropin secretion: reevaluation by an ultrasensitive immunometric assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:1496–1505.
Jégou B, Pineau C. Current aspects of autocrine and paracrine regulation of spermatogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995;377:67–86.
Kumar TR, Wang Y, Lu N, Matzuk MM. Follicle-stimulating hormone is required for ovarian follicle maturation but not male fertility. Nat Genet 1997:15:202–204.
Latronico AC, Anasti J, Rapaport R, Mendoca BB, Bloise W, Castro M, Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Brief report: Testicular and ovarian resistance to luteinizing hormone caused by inactivating mutations of the luteinizing hormone-receptor gene. N Engl J Med 1996;334:507–512.
Leung PK, Steele GL. Intracellular signalling in the gonads. Endocr Rev 1992;13: 476–498.
Lindstedt G, Ernest I, Nyström E, Janson PO. Fall av manlig infertilitet. Klinisk Kemi i Norden 1997;9:81–87.
Lyons MF, Glenister PH, Lamoreux ML. Normal spermatozoa from androgen-resistant germ cells of chimeric mice and the role of androgen in spermatogenesis. Nature 1975;258:620–622.
Matsumoto AM. Hormonal control of human spermatogenesis. In: Burger H, de Kretser D, eds. The Testis, 2nd Edition. New York: Raven Press; 1989:181–196.
Monaco L, Toscano MV, Conti M. Purine modulation of the hormonal response of the rat Sertoli cell in culture. Endocrinology 1984;115:1616–1624.
Montminy MR, Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK. Characteristics of the cAMP response unit. Metabolism 1990;39:6–12.
Nantel F, Monaco L, Foulkes NS, Masquilier D, LeMeur M, Henriksén K, Dierich A, Lalli E, Parvinen M, Sassone-Corsi P. Spermiogenesis deficiency and germ cell apoptosis in CREM-mutant mice. Nature 1996;380:195–162.
Orth JM. The role of follicle-stimulating hormone in controlling Sertoli cell proliferation in testes of fetal rats. Endocrinology 1984;115:1248–1255.
Phillips DM, Lakshmi V, Monder C. Corticosteroid 11β-dehydrogenase in rat testis. Endocrinology 1989; 125:209–219.
Phillip M, Arbelle JE, Segev Y, Parvari R. Male hypogonadism due to a mutation in the gene for the β-subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1729–1732.
Rabinovici J, Jaffe RB. Development and regulation of growth and differentiated function in human and subhuman primate fetal gonads. Endocr Rev 1990; 11:532–557.
Rao ChV. The beginning of a new era in reproductive biology and medicine: expression of low levels of functional luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors in nongonadal tissues. J Physiol Pharmacol 1996;47(Suppl l):41–53.
Russell LD, Alger LE, Nequinn LG. Hormonal control of pubertal spermatogenesis. Endocrinology 1987:120:1615–1632.
Saez JM. Leydig cells: endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation. Endocr Rev 1994;5:574–611.
Santulli R, Sprando RL, Awoniyi CA, Ewing LL, Zirkin BR. To what extent can spermatogenesis be maintained in hypophysectomized adult rat testis with exogenously administered testosterone? Endocrinology 1990;126:95–102.
Sassone-Corsi P. Coupling gene expression to cAMP signalling: role of CREB and CREM. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998;30:27–38.
Schwanzel-Fukuda M, Crossin KL, Pfaff DW, Bouloux PM, Hardelin JP, Petit C. Migration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons in early human embryos. J Comp Neurol 1996;366:547–557.
Segaloff DL, Ascoli M. The lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor. 4 years later. Endocr Rev 1993;14:324–347.
Sharpe RM. Testosterone and spermatogenesis. J Endocr 1987; 113:1–2.
Sharpe RM. Regulation of spermatogenesis. In: Knobil E and Neill JD, eds. The Physiology of Reproduction, Second Edition. New York: Raven Press; 1994:1363–1434.
Silverman A-J, Livne I, Witkin JW. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems: immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. In: Knobil E and Neill JD, eds. The Physiology of Reproduction, Second Edition. New York: Raven Press; 1994:1683–1709.
Simoni M, Gromoll J, Nieschlag E: The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor: biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Endocr Rev 1997;18:739–773.
Singh J, O’Neill C, Handelsman DJ. Induction of spermatogenesis by androgens in gonadotropin-deficient (hpg) mice. Endocrinology 1995;136:5311–5321.
Tapanainen JS, Aittomäki K, Jiang M, Vaskivuo T, Huhtaniemi IT. Men homozygous for an inactivating mutation of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor gene present variable suppression of spermatogenesis and fertility. Nat Genet 1997; 15:205–206.
Thorner MO, Vance ML, Laws ERJr, Horvath E, Kovacs K. The anterior pituitary. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM and Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:249–340.
Van Alphen MMA, Van De Kant HJG, De Rooij DG. Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates spermatogenesis in adult monkey. Endocrinology 1988;123:1449–1455.
Vicari E, Mongioi A, Calogero AE, Moncada ML, Sidoti G, Polosa P, D’Agata R. Therapy with human chorionic gonadotrophin alone induces spermatogenesis in men with isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism-long-term follow-up. Int J Androl 1992;15:320–329.
Weinbauer GF, Gromoll J, Simoni M, Nieschlag E. Physiology of testicular function. In: Nieschlag E and Behre H, eds. Andrology. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1997:23–57.
Weinbauer GF, Nieschlag E. The role of testosterone in spermatogenesis. In: Nieschlag E, Behre HM, eds. Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1990:23–50.
Weiss J, Axelrod L, Whitcomb RW, Harris PE, Crowley WF, Jameson JL. Hypogonadism caused by a single amino acid substitution in the β-subunit of luteinizing hormone. New Engl J Med 1992;326:179–183.
Yu WH, Karanth S, Walczewska A, Sower SA, McCann SM. A hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing decapeptide in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:9499–9503.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huhtaniemi, I.T. (1999). Endocrine Regulation of Male Reproduction. In: Wang, C. (eds) Male Reproductive Function. Mineralogical Society Series, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-38145-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-38145-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-8520-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-585-38145-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive