Skip to main content

Viral Infections in Dialysis Patients Part B: Dialysis Associated Hepatitis

  • Chapter

Abstract

Viral liver diseases, especially due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), were observed with a high frequency in hemodialysis units throughout the world. Due to the deficient immune response of uremic subjects, which renders them unable to eliminate viruses, hemodialysis patients act as reservoirs of the viruses and transmit infection to other patients, to the dialysis unit staff and eventually to their own family, in the case of infection with HBV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Tong MJ, Toy PT, Vyas GN: Hepatitis B vaccine, an overview. in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, edited by Vyas GN, Dienstag JL, Hoofnagle JH, Grune & Stratton, Orlando, 1984, p 275

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tiollais P, Pourcel C, Dejean A: The hepatitis B virus. Nature 317: 489, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Houghton M, Richman K, Han J et al.: Hepatitis C virus (HCV): a relative of the pestiviruses and flaviviruses. in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, edited by Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis H, Baltimore William & Wilkins, 1991, p 328

    Google Scholar 

  4. Degast GC, Houwen B, Van Der Hem JK, The JH: T lymphocyte number and function and the course of hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients. Infect Immun 14: 1138, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Descamps B, Jungers P, Naret C, Zingraff J, Bach JF: HLA1 B8 phenotype association and HBs antigenemia evolution in 440 hemodialyzed patients. Digestion 15: 171, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM: Serodiagnosis of acute and chronic hepatitis. Sem Liver Dis 11: 73, 1991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Degott C, Degos F, Jungers P et al.: Relationship between liver histopathological changes and HBs Ag in 111 patients treated by long-term hemodialysis. Liver 3: 377, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bruguera M, Vidal L, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Casta J, Revert L, Rodes J: Incidence and features of liver disease in patients on chronic hemodialysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 12: 298, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Paterlini P, Gerken G, Nakajima E et al.: Polymerase chain reaction to detect hepatitis B virus DNA and RNA sequences in primary liver cancers from patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 323: 80, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Colombo M, De Franchis R, Del Ninno E et al.: Hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 325: 675, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schroeter GPJ, Weill R, Penn I et al.: Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B infection after kidney transplantation. Lancet 2: 381, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  12. Degos F, Degott C, Benhamou JP, Liver bibpsy. in Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology, edited by Mac-Intyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, Oxford University Press 1991, p 320

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lebrec D, Goldfarb G, Degott C, Rueff B, Benhamou JP: Transvenous liver biopsy; an experience based on 1000 hepatic tissue samplings with this procedure. Gastroenterology 83: 338, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Scheuer PJ: Classification of chronic viral hepatitis; need for reassessment. J Hepatol 13: 372, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC et al.: Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1: 431, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gilli P, Cavazzini L, Stabellini N, Malacame F, Soffritti S, Storari A: Histological features of non-A non-B hepatitis in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 61: 296. 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Parfrey PS, Forbes RDC, Hutchinson TA, Beaudoin JG, Dauphinee WD, Guttmann RD: The prevalence and progression of liver disease in renal transplant recipients: a histological study. Transplant Proc 16: 1103, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chu CM, Karayiannis P, Fowler MJF, Monjardino J. Liaw YF, Thomas HC: Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan: studies of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum. Hepatology 5: 431, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lau JYN, Wright TL: Molecular virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B. Lancet 342: 1335, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fujita YK, Kamata K, Kamena H, Isselbacher KJ, Wands JR: Detection of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hemodialysis patients by monoclonal radioimmunoassays. Gastroenterology 91: 1357, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brechot C, Degos F, Lugassy C et al.: Hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen. N Engl J Med 312: 270, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gerken G, Paterlini P, Manns M et al.: Assay of hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction and its relationship to pre-S and S-encoded viral surface antigens. Hepatology 13: 158, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nordenfeldt E, Lindholm T, Lofgren B, Moestrup T, Reinicke V: Different categories of chronic H&sAg carriers; a long term follow-up. in Viral Hepatitis, edited by Szmuness W, Alter HJ, Maynard JE, Philadelphia, Franklin Institute Press, 1981, p 237

    Google Scholar 

  24. Theilmann L, Gmelin K, Rambausek M et al.: HBV DNA and other hepatitis B virus markers in sera from long-term hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients. Hepatogastroenterol 35: 147, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Degos F, Lugassy C, Degott C et al.: HBV and HBV related viral infection in renal transplant recipients: a prospective study of 90 patients. Gastroenterology 94: 151, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hanson CA, Sutherland DE, Snover D: Fulminant hepatic failure in an HBsAg carrier renal transplant recipient following cessation of immunosuppressive therapy. Transplantation 39: 311, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Marcellin P, Giostra E, Martinot Peignoux M et al.: Redevelopment of hepatitis B surface antigen after renal transplantation. Gastroenterology 100: 1432, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Carman W, Thomas H, Domingo E: Viral genetic variation: hepatitis B virus as a clinical example. Lancet 341: 349, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bonino F, Brunette MR, Rizzetto M, Will H: Hepatitis B virus unable to secrete e antigen. Gastroenterology 100: 1138, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Carman WF, Jacyna MR, Hadziyannis S et al.: Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet 2: 588, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kremsdorf D, Thiers V, Garreau F et al.: Nucleotide sequence analysis of hepatitis B virus genomes isolated from serologically negative patients. in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, edited by Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis, HS, Baltimore, William & Wilkins, 1991, p 222

    Google Scholar 

  32. Brechot C: Polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of hepatitis B and C viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 17: 35, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  33. Thiers V, Nakajima E, Kremsdorf D et al.: Transmission of hepatitis B from hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects. Lancet 2: 1273, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A, Bonino F, Smedile A: Hepatitis Delta virus infection. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, edited by Zuckerman A, New York, Alan R Liss, 1988, p 389

    Google Scholar 

  35. Pol S, Dubois F, Mattlinger B et al.: Absence of hepatitis Delta virus infection in chronic hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients in France. Transplantation 54: 1096, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kharsha G, Degott C, Degos F, Carnot F, Potet F, Kreis H: Fulminant hepatitis in renal transplant recipients: the role of the Delta agent. Transplantation 44: 221, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ware AJ, Gorder NL, Gurian LE, Douglas C, Shorey JW, Parker T: Value of screening for markers of hepatitis in dialysis units. Hepatology 3: 513, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Perillo RP: Treatment of chronic hepatitis B. in Viral Hepatatis LiverDisease, edited by Hollinger FB, Lemon SM, Margolis HS, Baltimore, William & Wilkins, 1991, p 616

    Google Scholar 

  39. Peters M: Mechanisms of action of interferons. Semin Liv Dis 9: 235, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Davis G: Interferon treatment of viral hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. Semin Liv Dis 9: 267, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hirsch MS, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Kelly AP, Rubin RH: Pharmakokinetics of human and recombinant leukocyte interferon in patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing hemodialysis. J Infect Dis 148: 335, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Buisson C, Degos F, Daniel F et al.: Pharmakokinetics of interferon Alpha 2b in hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transpl 9: 977, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  43. Marcellin P, Ouzan D, Degos F et al.: Randomized controlled trial of adenine arabinoside 5’ monophosphate (ARA-AMP) in chronic active hepatitis: comparison of the efficacy in heterosexual and homosexual patients. Hepatology 10: 328, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pol S, Saltiel C, Legendre C et al.: Efficacy of Arabinoside 5’ monophosphate in kidney recipients with chronic active hepatitis B: a pilot study. Transplant Proc 25: 1446, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Degos F, Degott C: Hepatitis in renal transplant recipients. J Hepatol 9: 114, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dusheiko G, Song E, Bowyer S et al.: Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection in renal transplant recipients. A fifteen years follow-up. Hepatology 3: 330, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ware AJ, Luby JP, Eigenbrodt EH, Long DL, Hull AR: Spectrum of liver disease in renal transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 68: 755, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. LaQuaglia MP, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Dienstag JL et al.: Impact of hepatitis on renal transplantation. Transplantation 32: 504, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Parfrey PS, Forbes RDC, Hutchinson TA: The impact of renal transplantation on the course of hepatitis B liver disease. Transplantation 39: 610, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Degos F, Debure A, Kreis H: Hepatitis in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation Reviews 1: 159, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Pol S, Debure A, Degott C et al.: Chronic hepatitis in kidney allograft recipients. Lancet 335: 878, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rao JV, Kasiske BL, Anderson WR: Variability in the morphological spectrum and clinical outcome of chronic liver disease in hepatitis B-positive and B-negative renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 51: 391, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rao JV, Anderson WR, Kasiske BL, Dahl DC: Value of liver biopsy in the evaluation and management of chronic liver diseases in renal transplant recipients. Am J Med 94: 241, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fairley CK, Mijch A, Gust ID, Nichilson S, Dimitrakakis M, Lucas CR: The increased risk of fatal liver disease in renal transplant patients who are hepatitis Be antigen and/or HBV DNA positive. Transplantation 52: 497, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M: Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood borne NANB viral hepatitis genome. Science 244: 359, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kuo G: An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human NANB hepatitis. Sciences 244: 362, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Brechot C, Kremsdorf D: Genetic variation of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome: random events or a clinically relevant issue? J Hepatol 17: 265, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y, Okada S et al.: Typing hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction with typespecific primers: application to clinical surveys and tracing infection sources. J Gen Virol 73: 673, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Simmonds P, McOmis F, Yap PL et al.: Sequence variability in the 5’ non coding region of hepatitis C virus: identification of a new virus type and restriction on sequence diversity. J Gen Virol 74: 661, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nakatsuji Y, Matsumoto A, Ogata H, Kiyosawa K: Detection of chronic hepatitis C virus infection by four diagnostic systems: first generation and second generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, second generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, second generation immunoblot assay, second generation recombinant immunoblot assay and nested polymerase chain reaction analysis. Hepatology 16: 300, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Van der Poel CL, Cuypers HT, Reesink HW et al.: Confirmation of hepatitis C virus infection by new four antigen recombinant immunoblot assay. Lancet 337: 317, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zaaijer HL, Cuypers HTM, Reesink HW, Winkel IN, Gerken G, Lelie PN: Reliability of polymerase chain reaction for detection of hepatitis C virus. Lancet 341: 722, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lau JYN, Davis GL, Kniffen J et al.: Significance of serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 341: 1501, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tremolada F, Casarin C, Alberti A et al.: Long term follow-up of non-A, non-B (type C) post transfusion hepatitis. Hepatology 16: 273, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Chan TM, Lok ASF, Cheng IKP, Chan RT: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients: a longitudinal study comparing the results of RNA and antibody assays. Hepatology 17: 5, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Almroth G, Ekermo B, Franzen L, Hed J: Antibodies responses to hepatitis C virus and its modes of transmission in dialysis patients. Nephron 59: 232, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Camarelo C, Ortiz A, Aguilera B et al.: Liver disease patterns in hemodialysis patients with antibodies to hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 22: 822, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  68. Mondelli MU, Smedile V, Piazza V et al.: Abnormal alanine aminotransferase activity reflects exposure to hepatitis C virus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6: 480, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stempel CA, Lake J, Kuo G, Vincenti F: Hepatitis C — its prevalence in end-stage renal failure patients and clinical course after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 55: 273, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Vandelli L, Medici G, Savazzi AM et al.: Behavior of antibody profile against hepatitis C virus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 61: 260, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Yamaguchi K, Nishimura Y, Fukioka N et al.: Hepatitis C virus antibodies in hemodialysis patients. Lancet 335: 1409, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kallinowski B, Theilmann L, Gmelin K et al.: Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in hemod alysis patients. Nephron 59: 236, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Elisaf M, Tsianos E, Mavridis A, D2ardamanis M, Pappas M, Siamopoulos KC: Antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in haemodialysis patients: association with hepatitis B serological markers. Nephron Dial Transplant 6: 476, 1991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Knudsen F, Wantzin P, Rasmussen K et al.: Hepatitis C in dialysis patients: relationship to blood transfusions, dialysis and liver disease. Kidney Int 43: 1353, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Schauer PJ, Ashrafzadeh P, Sherlock S, Brown D, Dusheiko G: The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 15: 567, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  76. Gilli P, Moretti M, Soffritti S, Menini C: Anti-HCV positive patients in dialysis units? Lancet 336: 243, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  77. Agnello V, Chung RT, Kaplan LM: A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 327: 1490, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yamabe H et al.: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 328: 1465, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  79. Tran A, Quaranta JF, Benzaken S et al.: High prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a prospective series of patients with chronic hepatitis before interferon therapy. Hepatology 18: 253, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Haddad J, Deny P, Munz-Gotheil C et al.: Lymphocytic sialadenitis of Sjogren’s syndrome associated with chronic hepatitis C virus liver disease. Lancet 339: 321, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fargion S, Piperno A, Capellini M et al.: Hepatitis C virus and porphyria cutanea tarda; evidence for a strong association. Hepatology 16: 1322, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Seef LB, Buskell Bales Z, Wright EC et al.: Long term mortality after transfusion associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 327: 1906, 1992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Gordon SC, Elloway RS, Long JC, Dmuchowski CF: The pathology of hepatitis C as function of mode of transmission: blood transfusion vs. intravenous drug use. Hepatology 18: 1338, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Caporaso N, Romano M, Marmo RS et al.: Hepatitis C virus infection is an additive risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 12: 367, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. De Metri MS, Poussin K, Baccarini P et al.: HCV-associated liver cancer without cirrhosis. Lancet 345: 413, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  86. Tine F, Magrin S, Craxi A, Pagliaro L: Interferon for non-A, non-B chronic hepatitis. A meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. J Hepatol 13: 192, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gil B, Qian C, Riezu JI, Civiera MP, Prieto J: Hepatic and extra-hepatic HCV RNA strands in chronic hepatitis C; different patterns of response to interferon treatment. Hepatology 18: 1050, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ellis ME, Alfurayh O, Halim MA et al.: Chronic nonA nonB hepatitis complicated by end-stage renal failure treated with recombinant interferon alpha. J Hepatol 18: 210, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Koenig P, Vogel W, Umlauft F et al.: Interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection in uremic patients. Kidney Int 45: 1507, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Huang CC, Liaw YF, Lai MK, Chu SH, Chuang CK, Huang JY: The clinical outcome of hepatitis C virus antibody-positive renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 53: 763, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Roth D, Zucker K, Cirocco R et al.: The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on renal allograft recipients. Kidney Int 45: 238, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Pol S, Legendre C, Saltiel CW et al.: Hepatitis C virus in kidney transplant recipients. Epidemiology and impact on renal transplantation. J Hepatol 15: 202, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ponz E, Campistol JM, Bruguera M et al.: Hepatitis C virus infection among kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 40: 748, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rohr MS, Lesniewski RR, Rubin CA et al.: Risk of liver disease in HCV-seropositive kidney transplant recipients. Ann Surg 217: 512, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Roth D, Fernandez JA, Burke GW, Esquenazi V, Miller J: Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 51: 396, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Chan TM, Lok ASF, Cheng IKP, Ng IOL: Chronic hepatitis C after renal transplantation. Transplantation 56: 1095, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Fritsche C, Brandes JC, Delaney SR et al.: Hepatitis C is a poor prognostic indicator in black kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 55: 1283, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Goffin E, Pirson Y, Cornu C et al.: Outcome of HCV infection after renal transplantation. Kidney Int 45: 551, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Allison MC, Mowat A, McCruden EAB et al.: The spectrum of chronic liver disease in renal transplant recipients. Quart J Med 301: 355, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  100. Aroldi A, Tarantino A, Montagnino G et al.: Renal transplant recipients and chronic liver disease: statistical evaluation of predisposing factors. Nephron 61: 290, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lau JYN, Davis GL, Brunson ME et al.: Hepatitis C virus infection in kidney transplant recipients. Hepatology 18: 1027, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Chan TM, Lok ASF, Cheng IKP, Chan RT: A prospective study of hepatitis C virus infection among renal transplant recipients. Gastroenterology 104: 862, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Rostaing L, Izopet J, Baron E et al.: Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alpha in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 59: 1426, 1995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Soulier JP, Jungers P, Zingraff J: Virus B hepatitis in hemodialysis centers. Adv Nephrol 6: 383, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Reinicke V, Dybkjaer E, Poulsen H, Banke O, Lylloff K, Nordenfeit E: A study of Australia-antigen positive blood donors and their recipients with special reference to liver histology. N Engl J Med 286: 867, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Couroucé-Pauty AM, Soulier JP: Further data on HBs antigen subtypes. Geographical distribution. Vox Sang 27: 533, 1974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Debure A, Degos F, Degott C et al: Liver diseases and hepatic complications in renal transplant patients. Adv Nephrol 17: 375, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Polakoff S, Cossart YE, Tillett HE: Hepatitis in dialysis units in the United Kingdom. Br Med J 3: 94, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Pattison CP, Maynard JE, Berquist KR, Webster HM: Serological and epidemiological studies of hepatitis B in haemodialysis units. Lancet 2: 172, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Dankert J, Uitentuis J, Houwen B, Tegzess AM, van der Hem GK: Hepatitis B surface antigen in environmental samples from hemodialysis units. J Infect Dis 134: 112, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  111. Maynard JE: Nosocomial viral hepatitis. Am J Med 70: 439, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Heathcote H, Cameron CH, Dane DS: Hepatitis B antigen in saliva and semen. Lancet 1:71, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jadoul M, Cornu C, Pais E: Second generation tests for hepatitis C virus in hemodialysis patients. Ann Intern Med 115: 747, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  114. Chauveau P, Couroucé AM, Lemarec C: Antibodies to hepatitis C virus by second generation test in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 43(Suppl 41): S149, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  115. Dentico P, Buongiorno R, Volpe A et al.: Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus in hemodialysis patients: study of risk factors. Clin Nephron 38: 49, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Niu MT, Coleman PJ, Alter MJ: Multicenter study of hepatitis C virus infection in chronic hemodialysis patients and hemodialysis center staff members. Am J Kidney Dis 22: 568, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Simon N, Couroucé AM, Le Marrec N, Ducamp S: A twelve year natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int. In press

    Google Scholar 

  118. Muller GY, Zabeleta ME, Arminio A et al.: Risk factors for dialysis-associated hepatitis C in Venezuela. Kidney Int 41: 1053, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  119. Dussol B, Chicheportiche C, Cantaloube C et al.: Detection of hepatitis C infection by polymerase chain reaction among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 22: 574, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Bouchardeau F, Chauveau P, Le Marrec N, Girault A, Zins B, Couroucé AM: Detection of hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction in hemodialyzed patients in relationship to anti-HCV status. Res Virol 144: 233, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Conway M, Catterall AP, Brown EA et al.: Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C in dialysis patients and transplant recipients with possible routes of transmission. Nephron Dial Transplant 7: 1226, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Donahue G, Munoz A, Ness PM et al.: The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 327: 369, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Jeffers LJ, Perez GO, De Medina MD et al.: Hepatitis C infection in two urban hemodialysis units. Kidney Int 38: 320, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Miyasaka M: Infection of hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis therapy and staff members. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 33: 989, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Calabrese G, Vagelli G, Guaschino R, Gonella M: Transmission of anti-HCV within the household of haemodialysis patients. Lancet 338: 1466, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Marchesi D, Arici C, Poletti E, Mingardi G, Minola E, Mecca G: Outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in centre haemodialysis patients: a retrospective analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3: 795, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Niu MT, Alter MJ, Kristensen C, Margolis HS: Outbreak of hemodialysis-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis and correlation with antibody for hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 19: 345, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Pereira BJ, Milford EL, Kirkman RL, Levey AS: Transmission of hepatitis C virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 325: 454, 1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Public Health Laboratory Service: Infection risks of haemodialysis: some preventive aspects. Br Med J 3: 454, 1968

    Google Scholar 

  130. Public Health Laboratory Service Survey: Decrease in the incidence of hepatitis in dialysis units associated with prevention programme. Br Med J 4: 751, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  131. Public Health Laboratory Service: Hepatitis in retreat from dialysis units in United Kingdom in 1973. Br Med J 1: 1579, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  132. Favero MS: Recommended precautions for patients undergoing hemodialysis who have AIDS or non-A, non-B hepatitis. Infect Control 6: 301, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. 131. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta: Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. JAMA 260: 462, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  134. Vandelli L, Medici G, Savazzi AM, Lusvarghi E: Emergence of hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis units: must the patients be dialyzed in segregated sections? (abstract) J Am Soc Nephrol 10: 380A, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  135. Pol S, Romeo R, Zins B et al.: Hepatitis C virus RNA in anti-HCV positive hemodialyzed patients: significance and therapeutic implications. Kidney Int 44: 1097, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Roggendorf M: Diagnosis and epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Arbeitsgemeinschaft fürKlinische Nephrologie 21: 99, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  137. Willems M, DeJong G, Moshage H et al.: Surrogate markers are not useful for identification of HCV carriers in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Med Virol 35: 303, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Wang JT, Wang TH, Lin JT, Shen JC, Lee CZ, Chen DS: Improved serodiagnosis of posttransfusion hepatitis C virus infection by a second-generation immunoassay based on multiple recombinant antigens. Vox Sang 62: 21, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S et al.: Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 258: 135, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J: Viral hepatitis, type B (MS-2 strain): prevention with specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin. JAMA 218: 1665, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Couroucé-Pauty AM, Delons S, Soulier JP: Attempt to prevent hepatitis by using specific anti-HBs immunoglobulin. Am J Med 270: 375, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  142. Iwarson S, Ahlmen J, Eriksson E et al.: Hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of hepatitis B among hospital staff members. J Infect Dis 135: 473, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Prince AM, Szmuness W, Mann MK et al.: Hepatitis B immune globulin: final report of a controlled multicentre trial of efficacy in prevention of dialysis-associated hepatitis. J Infect Dis 137: 131, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Desmyter J, Bradburne AF, Vermylen C, Daneels R, Boelaert J: Hepatitis B immunoglobulin in prevention of HBs antigenaemia in haemodialysis patients. Lancet 2: 377, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  145. Surgenor DMacN, Chalmers TC, Conrad ME et al.: Clinical trials of hepatitis B immune globulin. N Engl J Med 293: 1060, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kleinknecht D, Couroucé AM, Delons S et al.: Prevention of hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients using hepatitis B immunoglobulin. Clin Nephrol 8: 373, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Grady GF, Lee VA, Prince AM et al. Hepatitis B immune globulin for accidental exposure among medical personnel: final report of a multicentre controlled trial. J Infect Dis 138: 625, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Wahl M, Hermodsson S, Iwarson S: Hepatitis B vaccination with short dose intervals: a possible alternative for post-exposure prophylaxis? Infection 16: 229, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Iwarson S: Post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis B: active or passive? Lancet ii: 146, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  150. Mitsui T, Iwano K, Suzuki S et al.: Combined hepatitis B immune/globulin and vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis of accidental hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis staff members: comparison with immune globulin without vaccine in historical controls. Hepatology 10: 324, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Oleszko WR, Goodman A: Passive-active immunisation against hepatitis B: immunogenicity studies in adult American. Lancet i: 575, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  152. Couroucé AM, Bouchardeau F, Le Marree N, Boulard G, Soulier JP: The use of hepatitis B vaccine as booster for donors immune to HBV for the production of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG). int Second WHO IABS Symposium on Viral Hepatitis, Basel, S. Karger, 1983, p 333

    Google Scholar 

  153. Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J: Viral hepatitis, type B (MS-2 strain): studies on active immunization. JAMA 217:41, 1971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Jungers P, Delagneau JF, Prunet P, Crosnier J: Vaccination against hepatitis B in hemodialysis centers. Adv Nephrol 11: 303, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hilleman MR, Buynak EB, Roehm RR, Tytell AA, Bertland AV, Lampson GP: Purified and inactivated human hepatitis B vaccine: progress report. Am J Med Sci 270: 401, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Jacobson IM, Dienstag JI: Viral hepatitis vaccines. Ann Rev Med 36: 241, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Rubenstein P et al.: Safety of the hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med 312: 375, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Adamowicz P, Chabanier G, Hyafil F et al.: Elimination of serum proteins and potential virus contaminants during hepatitis B vaccine preparation. Vaccine 2: 209, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Maupas P, Goudeau A, Coursaget P, Drucker J: Immunization against hepatitis B in man. Lancet I: 1367, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  160. Adamowicz P, Gerfaux G, Platel A et al.: Large scale production of an hepatitis B vaccine. in Hepatitis B Vaccine, edited by Maupas P, Guesry P, Amsterdam, Elsevier-North Holland, 1981, p 37

    Google Scholar 

  161. Brummelhuis HGJ, Wilson-De Stüler LA, Raap AK: Preparation of hepatitis B vaccine by heat inactivation. in Hepatitis B Vaccine, edited by Maupas P, Guesry P, Amsterdam, Elsevier-North Holland, 1981, p 51

    Google Scholar 

  162. Zuckerman AJ: New hepatitis B vaccines. Br Med J 1: 492, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Eddelston A: Modem vaccines: hepatitis. Lancet i: 1142, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  164. Neurath AR, Kent SBH, Strick NS, Taylor P, Stevens CE: Hepatitis B virus contains pre-S gene-encoded domains. Nature 315: 154, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Coursaget P, Barrés JL, Chiron JP, Adamowicz P: Hepatitis B vaccines with and without polymerized albumin receptors. Lancet 1: 1152, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Michel ML, Pontisso P, Sobczak E, Malpiece Y, Streek R, Tiollais P: Synthesis in animal cells of hepatitis B surface antigen particles carrying a receptor for polymerized human serum. Proc Natl Acad Sci 81: 7708, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Milich D, Thornton G, Neurath R et al.: Enhanced immunogenicity of the pre-S region of hepatitis B surface antigen. Science 228: 1195, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Itoh Y, Takai E, Ohnuma H et al.: A synthetic peptide vaccine involving the product of the PreS2 region of hepatitis B virus DNA: protective efficacy in chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 9174, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  169. Alberti A, Cavaletto D, Pontisso P, Chemello L, Tagariello G, Belussi F: Antibody response to pre-S2 and hepatitis virus induced liver damage. Lancet i: 1421, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  170. Szmuness W: Large-scale efficacy trials of hepatitis B vaccines in the USA: baseline date and protocols. J Med Virol 4: 327, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Harley EJ et al.: Hepatitis B vaccine. Demonstration of efficacy in controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the United States. N Engl J Med 303: 833, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Zang EA, Harley EJ, Kellner A: A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): a final report. Hepatology 1: 377, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Crosnier J, Jungers P, Couroucé AM et al.: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine in French haemodialysis units. I. Medical staff. Lancet 1: 455, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Laplanche A, Couroucé AM, Benhamou E, Jungers P, Crosnier J: Response to hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1: 222, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Harley EJ: Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and subtype cross-protection. N Engl J Med 307: 1481, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Desmyter J, Colaert J, De Groote G et al.: Efficacy of heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in haemodialysis patients and staff. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2: 1323, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Dienstag JI, Werner BG, Polk BH et al.: Hepatitis B vaccine in health care personnel: safety immunogenicity and indicators of efficacy. Ann Intern Med 101: 34, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Goudeau A, Dubois F, Barin F, Dubois MC, Coursaget P: Hepatitis B vaccines: clinical trials in high-risk setting in France (September 1975–September 1982). in Second WHO/MBS Symposium on Viral Hepatitis, Basel, Karger, 1983, p 267

    Google Scholar 

  179. Jilg W, Lobeer B, Schmidt M, Wilkse B, Zoulek G, Deinhardt F: Clinical evaluation of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 2: 1174, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  180. Scolnick EM, McLean AA, West DJ, McAller WJ, Miller WJ, Buynack EB: Clinical evaluation in healthy adults of a hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA. JAMA 251: 2812, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Brown SE, Stanley C, Howard CR, Zuckerman AJ, Steward MW: Antibody responses to recombinant and plasma derived hepatitis B vaccines. Br Med J 1: 159, 1986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Hollinger FB, Troisi CI, Pepe PE: Anti-HBs responses to vaccination with a human hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA technology in yeast. J Infect Dis 153: 156, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Tron F, Degos F, Bréchot C et al.: Randomized dose range study of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine produced in mammalian cells and containing the S and PreS2 sequences. J Infect Dis 160: 199, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Scheiermann N, Gesemann M, Maurer C, Just M, Berger R: Persistence of antibodies after immunization with a recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine following two different schedules. Vaccine 8: S44, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  185. Centers for Disease Control: Recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee. Ann Intern Med 103: 391, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  186. Ukena T, Esber H, Bessette R, Parks T, Crockers B, Shaw FE: Site of injection and response to hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med 313: 579, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Centers for Disease Control: Suboptimal response to hepatitis B vaccine given by injection into the buttock. MMWR 34: 105, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  188. Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Samsa GP, Santimaw JE, Lemon SM: Obesity as a predictor of poor antibody response to hepatitis B plasma vaccine. JAMA 254: 3187, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Zuckerman AJ: Appraisal of intradermal immunisation against hepatitis B. Lancet i: 435, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  190. Gonzalez ML, Usandizaga M, Alomar P et al.: Intradermal and intramuscular route for vaccination against hepatitis B. Vaccine 8: 402, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Bryan JP, Sjogren MH, Macarthy P, Cox E, Legters LJ, Perine PL: Persistence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen after low-dose, intradermal hepatitis B immunization and response to a booster dose. Vaccine 10: 33, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Payton CD, Scarisbrick DA, Sikotra S, Flower AJ: Vaccination against hepatitis B: comparison of intradermal and intramuscular administration of plasma derived and recombinant vaccines. Epidemiol Infect 110: 177, 1993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Thompson SC, Darlington R, Tallent D, Robins-Browne R, Forsyth JR: Effectiveness of low-dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccination. Five years’ experience of primary vaccination. MedJ Aust 158: 372, 1993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Coleman PJ, Shaw FE, Serovich J, Hadler SC, Margolis HS: Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in a large hospital employee population. Vaccine 9: 723, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Centers for Disease Control: Inadequate immune response among public safety workers receiving intradermal vaccination against hepatitis B, United States 1990–1991. J Am Med Assoc 266: 1138, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  196. Struve J, Aronsson B, Frenning B, Granath F, von Sydow M, Weiland O: Intramuscular versus intradermal administration of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a comparison of response rates and analysis of factors influencing the antibody response. Scand J Infect Dis 24: 423, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F, Zachoval R: Hepatitis B vaccination: how long does protection last? Lancet 2: 458, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Grob PJ, Dufek A, Joller-Jemelka HI: Hepatitis B immunization — when is a booster injection necessary? Schweiz Med Wschr 115: 394, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Jungers P, Couroucé AM, Laplanche A, Benhamou E: Hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med 316: 47, 1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. Couroucé AM, Laplanche A, Benhamou E, Jungers P: Long-term efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination in healthy adults. in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, edited by Dienstag J, Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1988, p 1002

    Google Scholar 

  201. Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F: Prolonged immunity after late booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine. J Infect Dis 157: 1267, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Bryan JP, Sjogren MH, Macarthy P, Cox B, Kao TC, Perine PL: Dosing schedule for recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. J Infect Dis 163: 1384, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Laplanche A, Couroucé AM, Benhamou E, Jungers P: Timing of hepatitis B revaccination in healthy adults. Lancet i: 1206, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  204. Strickler AC, Kibsey PC, Vellend H: Seroconversion rates with hepatitis B vaccine. Ann Intern Med 101: 564, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Schaaf DM, Lender M, Suedeker P, Graham LA: Hepatitis B vaccine in a hospital. Ann Intern Med 101: 720, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  206. Francis DP, Hadler SC, Thompson SE et al.: The prevention of hepatitis with vaccine: report of the Centers for Disease Control multi-center efficacy trial among homosexual men. Ann Intern Med 97: 362, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Craven DE, Awdeh ZL, Kunches LM et al.: Non responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers: results of revaccination and genetic typings. Ann Intern Med 105: 356, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Alper CA, Kruskall MS, Marcus-Bagley D et al.: Genetic prediction of non response to hepatitis B vaccine. N Engl J Med 321: 708, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Yasumura S, Shimizu Y, Yasuyama T et al.: Intradermal hepatitis B virus vaccination for low-or non-responder health care workers. Acta Med Okayama 45: 457, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Denis F, Mounier M, Hessel L et al.: Hepatitis B vaccination in the elderly. J Infect Dis 149: 1019, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Treadwell TL, Keeffe EB, Lake J et al.: Immunogenicity of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines in older individuals. Am J Med 95: 584, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Dienstag JL, Stevens CE, Bhan AK, Szmuness W: Hepatitis B vaccine administered to chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. Ann Intern Med 96: 575, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Dienstag JL, Ryan DM: Occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus in hospital personnel: infection or immunization? Am J Epidemiol 15: 26, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  214. Kessler HA, Haris AA, Payne JA, Hudson E, Potkin B, Levin S: Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen as the sole hepatitis B marker in hospital personnel. Ann Intern Med 103: 21, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Kalish SB, Fisher B, Wallemark CB, Chniel JS, Phair JP: Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B virus in foreignborn hospital employees. Am J Med 83: 824, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Werner BG, Dienstag JL, Kuter BJ, Polk BF, Snydman DR, Craven DE, Crumpacker CS, Platt R, Grady GF: Isolated antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and response to hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med 103: 201, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Goudeau A, Dubois F: Immune status of anti-HBc positive individuals. Lancet 1: 396, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Draelos M, Morgan T, Schifman RB, Sampliner RE: Significance of isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen determined by immune response to hepatitis vaccination. JAMA 258: 1193, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Taliani G, Lece R, Furian C, Nuti M, Bernaschi P, de Bac C: Hepatitis vaccination for a wider diagnostic purpose? Lancet 2: 173, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Hadziyannis SJ, Hatzakis A: Response to hepatitis B vaccine of anti-HBc positive subject. in Hepatitis B Vaccine Symposium (Berne) New Findings and Perspectives, edited by Tron F, Marnes-la-Coquette, Pasteur Vaccins, 1984, p 33.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Kane MA, Hadler SC, Maynard JE: Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen and screening before hepatitis vaccination. Ann Intern Med 103: 791, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Perrillo RP: Screening of health care workers before hepatitis B vaccination: more questions than answers. Ann Intern Med 103: 793, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Goldblum SE, Reed WP: Host defenses and immunologic alterations associated with chronic hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 93: 597, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Revillard JP: Immunologic alterations in chronic renal insufficiency. Adv Nephrol 8: 365, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Chatenoud L, Herbelin A, Beaurain G, Descamps-Latscha B: Immune deficiency of the uremic patients. Adv Nephrol 19:259, 1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Descamps-Latscha B: The immune system in endstage renal disease. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2: 883, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Chatenoud L, Jungers P, Descamps-Latscha B: Immunological considerations of the uremic and dialyzed patient. Kidney Int 45: S92, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  228. Kurz P, Köhler H, Meuer S, Hütteroth T, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH: Impaired cellular immune responses in chronic renal failure: evidence for a T cell defect. Kidney Int 29: 1209, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Meuer SC, Hauer M, Kurz P, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Köhler H: Selective blockade of the antigenreceptor mediated pathway of T cell activation in patients with impaired primary immune responses. J Clin Invest 80: 743, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Chatenoud L, Dugas B, Beaurain G et al.: Presence of preactivated T-cells in hemodialyzed patients: their possible role in altered immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 7547, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  231. Beaurain G, Naret C, Marcon L et al.: In vivo T cell activation in chronic uremic hemodialyzed and nonhemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 36: 636, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Dumann H, Meuer S, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH et al.: Hepatitis B vaccination and interleukin-2 receptor expression in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 38: 1164, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Crosnier J, Jungers P, Couroucé AM et al.: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine in French haemodialysis units. II. Haemodialysis patients. Lancet 1: 797, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Stevens CE, Alter HJ, Taylor PE, Zang EA, Harley EJ, Szmuness W: Hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. Immunogenicity and efficacy. N Engl J Med 311: 496, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Stevens CE, Szmuness W, Goodman AI, Wesely SA, Fotino M: Hepatitis B vaccine: immune responses in haemodialysis patients. Lancet 2: 1211, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Bommer J, Ritz E, Andrassy K et al.: Effect of vaccination schedule and dialysis on hepatitis B vaccination response in uraemic patients. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur. Ren Assoc 20: 161, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Bommer J, Grussendorf M, Jilg W et al.: Vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with renal insufficiency. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 21: 300, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  238. Köhler H, Arnold W, Renschin G, Dormeyer HH, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH: Active hepatitis B vaccination of dialysis patients and medical staff. Kidney Int 25: 124, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. De Graff PA, Dankert J, De Zeeuw D, Gips CH, van der Hem GK: Immune response to two different hepatitis B vaccines in haemodialysis patients: a 2-year follow-up. Nephron 40: 155, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  240. Carreno V, Mora I, Escuin F et al.: Vaccination against hepatitis B in renal dialysis units: short or normal vaccination schedule? Clin Nephrol 24: 215, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Lelie PN, Reesink HW, De Jong-Van Manen S, Dees PJ, Rearink-Brongers EE: Immune response to heat-inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Enhancement of the response by increasing the dose of hepatitis B surface antigen from 3 to 27 μg. Arch Intern Med 145: 305, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Van Geelen JA, Schalm SW, De Visser EM, Heigtink RA: Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 45: 216, 1987

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Pasko MT, Bartholomew WR, Beam TR, Jr, Amsterdam D, Cunningham EE: Long-term evaluation of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B) in hemodialysis patients. Am J. Kidney Dis 11:316, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  244. Steketee RW, Ziamik ME, Davis JP: Seroresponse to hepatitis B vaccine in patients and staff of renal dialysis centers, Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 127: 772, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Smit-Leijs MBL, Kramer P, Heijtink RA, Hop WCJ, Schalm SW: Hepatitis B vaccination of haemodialysis patients: randomized controlled trial comparing plasmaderived vaccine with and without pre-S2 antigen. Eur J Clin Invest 20: 540, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Albertoni F, Battilomo A, Di Nardo V et al.: Evaluation of a region-wide hepatitis B vaccination program in dialysis patients: experience in an Italian region. Nephron 58: 180, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Jilg W, Schmidt M, Weinel B et al.: Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients. J Hepatol 3: 190, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Bruguera M, Rodicio JL, Alcazar JM, Oliver A, Del Rio G, Esteban-Mur R: Effects of different dose levels and vaccination schedules on immune response to a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in haemodialysis patients. Vaccine 89(Suppl): S47, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  249. Fleming SJ, Moran DM, Cooksley WGE, Faoagali JL: Poor response to a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in dialysis patients. J Infect 22: 251, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Buti M, Viladomiu L, Jardi R et al.: Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 12: 144, 1992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Benhamou E, Couroucé AM, Jungers P et al.: Hepatitis B vaccine: randomized trial of immunogenicity in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 21: 143, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Couroucé AM, Jungers P, Benhamou E, Laplanche A, Crosnier J: Hepatitis B in dialysis patients. N Engl J Med 311: 1515, 1984

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Michel P, Janin G, El Yafi S et al.: Improvement of immune response in dialysis patients to Hevac B vaccine after multiple injections of vaccine. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 22: 1077, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  254. Guan R, Tay HH, Choong HL, Yap I, Woo KT: Hepatitis B vaccination in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis: the immunogenicity of an increased dose of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine. Ann Acad Med Singapore 19: 793, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Dentico P, Buongiorno R, Volpe A et al.: Long-term immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant DNA yeast-derived vaccine in hemodialysis patients. J Nephrol 6: 95, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  256. Bruguera M, Cremades M, Rodicio JL et al.: Immunogenicity of a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Am J Med 87(Suppl 3A): 30S, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  257. Joseph A, Rao TKS, Friedman EA: Long-term immunogenicity of two different four dose hepatitis B vaccination schedules in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 357A, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  258. Seaworth B, Drucker J, Starling J, Drucker R, Stevens C, Hamilton J: Hepatitis B vaccines in patients with chronic renal failure before dialysis. J Infect Dis 157: 332, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Jungers P, Chauveau P, Couroucé AM et al.: Immunogenicity of the recombinant Genhevac B Pasteur Vaccine against hepatitis B in chronic uremic patients. J Infect Dis 169: 399, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Benhamou E, Couroucé AM, Laplanche A, Jungers P, Tron F, Crosnier J: Long-term results of hepatitis B vaccination in patients on dialysis. N Engl J Med 314: 1710, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Kurz P, Köhler H, Hütteroth T, Weber M, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH: Immune defect in the early stage of chronic renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 22: 941, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  262. Jungers P, Chauveau P, Couroucé AM, Mattlinger B, Crosnier J: Hepatitis B vaccine in non-dialysed uraemic patients: preliminary results. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 22: 1073, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  263. Jungers P, Chauveau P, Loubaris T, Abbassi A, Couroucé AM: Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in chronic uremic patients. in Progress in Hepatitis B Immunization, edited by Coursaget P, Tong MJ, John Libbey Eurotext Ltd, 1990, p 187

    Google Scholar 

  264. Walz G, Kunzendorf U, Haller H et al.: Factors influencing the response to hepatitis B vaccination of hemodialysis patients. Nephron 51: 457, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  265. Drachman R, Isacsohn M, Rudensky B, Drukker A: Vaccination against hepatitis B in children and adolescent patients on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 4: 372, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Pillion G, Chiesa M, Maisin A, Schlegel N, Loirat C: Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine (Hevac B) in children with advanced renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 4: 627, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Pol S, Legendre C, Mattlinger B, Berthelot P, Kreis H: Genetic basis of nonresponse to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialized patients. J Hepatol 11: 385, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Caillat-Zucman S, Gimenez JJ, Albouze G: HLA genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis B vaccine response in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 41: S157, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  269. Sennesael JJ, Van der Niepen P, Verbeelen DL: Treatment with recombinant erythropoietin increases antibody titers after hepatitis B vaccination in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 40: 121, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Navarro JF, Teruel JL, Mateos M, Ortuno J: Hepatitis C virus infection decreases the effective antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 41: 113, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Quiroga JA, Castillo I, Porres JC et al.: Recombinant gamma-interferon as adjuvant to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Hepatology 12: 661, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Lefebure AF, Verpooten GA, Gouttenye MM, De Broe ME: Immunogenicity of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in renal transplant patients. Vaccine 11: 397, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Rawer P, Willems WR, Breidenbach T, Guttman W, Pabst W, Schutterle G: Seroconversion rate, hepatitis B vaccination, hemodialysis, and zinc supplementation. Kidney Int 22: 149, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Migneco G, Tripi S, Navetta A, La Ferla A, Vaccaro F: Serum zinc concentration and antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Minerva Ped 81: 19, 1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Kouw PM, Konings CH, De Vries PM, Van der Meulen J, Oe PL: Effects of zinc supplementation on zinc status and immunity in haemodialysis patients. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 5: 115, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Donati D, Gastaldi L: Controlled trial of thymopentin in hemodialysis patients who fail to respond to hepatitis B vaccination. Nephron 50: 133, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Palestini M, Messina A, Ciaraffo S, De Sanctis GM, Errera G, Corradini SG: Brief treatment with thymopentin as adjuvant in vaccination for hepatitis B: controlled study in patients on periodic hemodialysis. Riv Eur Sci Med Farmacol 12: 135, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Dumann H, Meuer SC, Renschin G, Köhler H: Influence of thymopentin on antibody response, and monocyte and T cell function in hemodialysis patients who fail to respond to hepatitis vaccination. Nephron 55: 136, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Meuer SC, Hauer M, Kurz P, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Köhler H: Monocyte defect in hemodialysis patients supports non-responsiveness in hepatitis B vaccination and development of HBsAg carrier state. in Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, edited by Zuckerman AI, New York, Alan Liss Inc, 1988, p 711

    Google Scholar 

  280. Meuer SC, Dumann H, Meyer zum BüschenfeWe KH, Köhler H: Low-dose interleukin-2 induces systemic immune responses against HBsAg in immunodeficient non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Lancet i: 15, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  281. Blankenstijn PJ, Van Hattum J, Boland GJ et al.: Hepatitis B vaccination of non-responder dialysis patients with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in combination with interleukin-2. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 334A, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  282. Jungers P, Devillier P, Salomon H, Cerisier JE, Couroucé AM: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of recombinant interleukin-2 in chronic uraemic patients who are non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 344: 856, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Rose RM, Rey-Martinez J, Croteau C et al.: Failure of recombinant interleukin-2 to augment the primary humoral response to a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults. J Infec Dis 165: 775, 1992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Hibberd PL, Rubin RH: Immunization strategies for the immunocompromised host: the need for immunoadjuvants. Ann Intern Med 110: 955, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Ono K, Kashiwagi S: Complete seroconversion by lowdose intradermal injection of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients Nephron 58: 47, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Waite N, Thomson L, Semple J, Goldstein M: Increase of hepatitis B antibody titre by repetitive administration of intradermal HB vaccine in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 402A, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  287. Rodrigues I, Barros F, Guerra J, Cardoso C, Clemente J, Aguilar L: Intradermal vaccination against hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients. Influence of an immunomodulator. Rev Port Nefrol Hipert 8: 301, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  288. Poux JM, Ranger-Rogez S, Lagarde C, Benevent D, Denis F, Leroux-Robert C: Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Advantages of intradermal route in non-responsive dialysis patients. Presse Med 24: 803, 1995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Raine AEG, Margreiter R, Brunner FP et al.: Report on management of renal failure in Europe, XII, 1991. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7(Suppl 2): 7, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Lahaye D, Strauss P, Baleux C, Van Gause W: Costbenefit analysis of hepatitis-B vaccination. Lancet ii: 441, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  291. Abiteboul D, Gouaille B: Bilan de la vaccination contre l’hépatite B à l’Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire 41: 169, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  292. Blumberg BS: Feasibility of controlling or eradicating the hepatitis B virus. Am J Med 87(Suppl 3A): 2S, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  293. Baker CH, Breunan JM: Legal aspects of hepatitis B immunization programs. N Engl J Med 331: 684, 1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

C. Jacobs C. M. Kjellstrand K. M. Koch J. F. Winchester

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Degos, F., Jungers, P. (1996). Viral Infections in Dialysis Patients Part B: Dialysis Associated Hepatitis. In: Jacobs, C., Kjellstrand, C.M., Koch, K.M., Winchester, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-36947-1_49

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-36947-1_49

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-3610-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-36947-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics