Skip to main content

Abstract

The uraemic syndrome is characterized by a deterioration of biochemical and physiologic functions, in parallel with the progression of renal failure, and results in important but variable symptomatology. Although well known for more than 160 years (1), our knowledge about the responsible factors remains inconsistent and incomplete. The quest for ‘the’ uraemic toxin has been overemphasized, not taking into account the uraemic syndrome as the result of a cumulative retention of innumerable compounds. The extrapolation of in vitro data to the clinical situation has sometimes resulted in incorrect hypotheses, whereas trivial factors with a potential bias on the results have not been taken into account

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Prevost JL, Dumas JA: Examen du sang et de son action dans les divers phénomènes de la vie. Ann Chimie et Physiol 23: 90, 1821

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lazarus JM, Lowrie EG, Hampers CL, Merrill P: Cardiovascular disease in uremic patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 7: S167, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wray TM, Stone WJ: Uremic pericarditis: a prospective echocardiographic and clinical study. Clin Nephrol 6: 295, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Barre PE: The natural history of myocardial disease in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 2, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Griffiths SM, Gault MH, Barré PE: Congestive heart failure in dialysis patients. Arch Intern Med 148: 1519, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rostand SG, Sanders C, Kirk KA, Rutsky EA, Fraser RG: Myocardial calcification and cardiac dysfunction in chronic renal failure. Am J Med 85: 651, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lindner A, Kenny M, Meacham A: Effects of a circulating factor in patients with essential hypertension on intracellular free calcium in normal platelets. N Engl J Med 316:509, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mason MF, Resnik H, Minot AS, Rainey J, Pitcher C, Harrison TR: Mechanism of experimental uremia. Arch Intern Med 60: 312, 1937

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Raab W: Cardiotoxic substance in the blood and heart muscle in uremia. J Lab Clin Med 29: 715, 1944

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rambausek M, Mann JFE, Mall G, Kreusser W, Ritz E: Cardiac findings in experimental uremia. Contr Nephrol 52: 125, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kong CH, Thompson FD: Hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt in uremic patients. Clin Nephrol 33: 283, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Meggs LG, Ben-Ari J, Gammon D, Choudhury M, Goodman AI: Effect of chronic uremia on the cardiovascular alpha receptor. Life Sciences 39: 169, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mall G, Rambausek M, Neumeister A, Kollmar S, Vetterlein F, Ritz E: Myocardial interstitial fibrosis in experimental uremia — implications for cardiac compliance. Kidney Int 33: 804, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kramer W, Wizemann V, Kinder M, Thormann J: Urämische Herzkrankheit: Inzidenz und Klinische Wertigkeit nicht-invasiver kardialer Befunde bei dialy-sepflichtiger Niereninsuffizienz. Med Welt 36: 1228, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fraser CL, Arieff AI: Nervous system complications in uremia. Ann Inter Med 109: 143, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Vanholder RC: Neuropsychiatric alterations in uraemia, in Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology, edited by Cameron S, Davison AM, Grünfeld JP, Kerr DS, Ritz E, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, p 1396

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kimmel PL, Miller G, Mendelson WB: Sleep apnea syndrome in chronic renal disease. Am J Med 86: 308, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shvili Y, Gafter U, Zohar Y, Talmi YP, Levi J: Brainstem auditory evoked responses in rats with experimental renal failure. Clin Science 76: 415, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Braguer D, Gallice P, Yatzidis H, Berland Y, Crevat A: Restoration by biotin of the in vitro microtubule formation inhibited by uremic toxins. Nephron 57: 192, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Eschbach JW, Kelly MR, Haley NR, Abels RI, Adamson JW: Treatment of the anemia of progressive renal failure with recombinant human erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 321: 158, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bogin E, Massry SG, Levi J, Djaldetti M, Bristol G, Smith J: Effect of parathyroid hormone on osmotic fragility of human erythrocytes. J Clin Invest 69: 1017, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Pavlovic-Kentera V, Clemons GK, Djukanovic L, Biljanovic-Paunovic L: Erythropoietin and anemia in chronic renal failure. Exp Hematol 15: 785, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Radtke HW, Rege AB, La Marche MB, Bartos D, Bartos F, Campbell RA, Fischer JW: Identification of spermine as an inhibitor of erythropoiesis in patients with chronic renal failure. J Clin Invest 67: 1623, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Segal GM, Stueve T, Adamson JW: Spermine and spermidine are non-specific inhibitors of in vitro hematopoiesis. Kidney Int 31: 72, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kushner D, Beckman B, Nguyen L, Chen S, Della Santina C, Husserl F, Rice J, Fisher JW: Polyamines in the anemia of end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 39: 725, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ureña P, Bonnardeaux A, Eckardt KU, Kurtz A, Drüeke TB: Insulin-like growth factor I: a modulator of erythropoiesis in uraemic patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 7: 40, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Larsson SO: On coagulation and fibrinolysis in renal failure. Scand J Haematol 15(Suppl): 1, 1971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Remuzzi G: Bleeding in renal failure. Lancet 1: 1205, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Noris M, Benigni A, Boccardo P, Aiello S, Gaspari F, Todeschini M, Figliuzzi M, Remuzzi G: Enhanced nitric oxide synthesis in uremia: implications for platelet dysfunction and dialysis hypotension. Kidney Int 44: 445, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Remuzzi G, Livio M, Marchiaro G, Mecca G, de Gaetano MG: Bleeding in renal failure: altered platelet function in chronic uraemia only partially corrected by haemodialysis. Nephron 22: 347, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Di Minno G, Cerbone A, Usberti M, Cianciaruso B, Cortese A, Farace MJ, Martinez J, Murphy S: Platelet dysfunction in uremia. II. Correction by arachidonic acid of the impaired exposure of fibrinogen receptors by adenosine diphosphate or collagen. J Lab Clin Med 108: 246, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Remuzzi G, Benigni A, Dodesini P, Schieppati A, Livio M, De Gaetano G, Day JS, Smith WL, Pinca E, Patrignani P, Patrono C: Reduced platelet thromboxane formation in uremia. Evidence for a functional cyclo-oxygenase defect. J Clin Invest 71: 762, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tison P, Cernacek P, Silvanova E, Dzúrik R: Uremic ‘toxins’ and blood platelet carbohydrate metabolism. Nephron 28: 192, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Holloway DS, Vagher JP, Caprini JA, Simon NM, Mockros LF: Thrombelastography of blood from subjects with chronic renal failure. Thromb Res 45: 817, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Warren RP, Hultin MB, Coller BS: Increased factor VIII/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in renal failure. Am J Med 66: 226, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  36. Vanholder R, Ringoir S: Infectious morbidity and defects of phagocytic function in end-stage renal disease: a review. J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1541, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Goldblum SE, Reed WP: Host defenses and immunologic alterations associated with chronic hemodialysis. Ann Int Med 93: 597, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lewis SL, Van Epps DE: Neutrophil and monocyte alterations in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 9: 381, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ponassi A, Morra L, Gurreri G, Moccia F, Giusti M, Caristo G, Sacchetti C: Alterations of granulopoiesis in chronic uremic patients treated with intermittent hemodialysis. Acta Haematol 77: 220, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Vanholder R, Ringoir S, Dhondt A, Hakim R: Phagocytosis in uremic and hemodialysis patients: a prospective and cross sectional study. Kidney Int 39: 320, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Vanholder R, Ringoir S: Polymorphonuclear cell function and infection in dialysis. Kidney Int 38: S91, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  42. Vanholder R, Van Biesen W, Ringoir S: Contributing factors to the inhibition of phagocytosis in hemodialyzed patients. Kidney Int 44: 208, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Schena FP, Pertosa G: Fibronectin and the kidney. Nephron 48: 177, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Flament J, Goldman M, Waterlot Y, Dupont E, Wybran J, Vanherweghem JL: Impairment of phagocyte oxidative metabolism in hemodialyzed patients with iron overload. Clin Nephrol 25: 227, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Veys N, Vanholder R, Ringoir S: Correction of deficient phagocytosis during erythropoietin treatment in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 19: 358, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hörl WH, Haag-Weber M, Georgopoulos A, Block LH: Physicochemical characterization of a polypeptide present in uremic serum that inhibits the biological activity of polymorphonuclear cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 6353, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Haag-Weber M, Mai B, Hörl WH: Isolation of a granulocyte inhibitory protein in uremia: homology to beta2microglobulin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9: 382, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Keane WF, Maddy MF: Host defense and infectious complications in maintenance hemodialysis patients, in Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis, edited by Maher JF, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989, p 865

    Google Scholar 

  49. Raskova J, Ghobrial I, Czerwinski DK, Shea SM, Eisinger RP, Raska K: B-cell activation and immunoregulation in end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis. Arch Int Med 147: 89, 1987

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Langhoff E, Ladefoged J, Odum N: Effect of inteleukin-2 and methylprednisolone on in vitro transformation of uremic lymphocytes. Int Arch Allergy Applied Immunol 81:5, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Asaka M, Iida H, Izumino K, Sasayama S: Depressed natural killer cell activity in uremia. Nephron 49: 291, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ladefoged J, Langhoff E: Accessory cell functions in mononuclear cell cultures from uremic patients. Kidney Int 37: 126, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hershkovitz R, Rathaus M, Mekori YA, Lider O, Bernheim J: Uraemic serum inhibits peripheral blood rnononuclear cell and purified T-cell adhesion to extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8: 951, 1993 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Girndt M, Köhler H, Schiedhelm-Weick E, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Fleischer B: T cell activation defect in hemodialysis patients: evidence for a role of the B7/CD28 pathway. Kidney Int 44: 359, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Baliga R, George VT, Ray PE, Holliday MA: Effects of reduced renal function and dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis. Kidney Int 39: 831, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Mak RHK, DeFronzo RA: Glucose and insulin metabolism in uremia. Nephron 61: 377, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. De Fronzo RA, Andres R, Edgar P, Walker WG: Carbohydrate metabolism in uremia: a review. Medicine (Baltimore) 52: 469, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cecchin F, Ittoop O, Sinha MK, Caro JF: Insulin resistance in uremia: insulin receptor kinase activity in liver and muscle from chronic uremic rats. Am J Physiol 254: E394, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Schmitz O, Amfred J, Orskov L, Hother Nielsen O, Orskov H, Posborg V: Influence of hyperglycemia on glucose uptake and hepatic glucose production in non-dialyzed uremic patients. Clin Nephrol 30: 27, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jacobs DB, Hayes GR, Truglia JA, Lockwood DH: Alterations of glucose transporter systems in insulin-resistant uremic rats. Am J Physiol 257: E193, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mak RHK: Intravenous 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol corrects glucose intolerance in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 41: 1049, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. MacCaleb ML, Izzo MS, Lockwood DH: Characterization and partial purification of a factor from uremic human serum that induces insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 75: 391, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  63. Dzúrik R, Spustová V, Gerykova M: Pathogenesis and consequences of the alteration of glucose metabolism in renal insufficiency, in Uremic Toxins, edited by Ringoir S, Vanholder R, Massry SG, Plenum Press, New York, 1987, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  64. Dzúrik R. Spustová V, Lajdová I: Inhibition of glucose utilization in isolated rat soleus muscle by pseudouridine: implications for renal failure. Nephron 65: 108, 1993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fadda GZ, Akmal M, Premdas FH, Lipson LG, Massry SG: Insulin release from pancreatic islets: effects of CRF and excess PTH. Kidney Int 33: 1066, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Katz AI, Emmanouel DS: Metabolism of polypeptide hormones by the normal kidney and in uremia. Nephron 22: 69, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kalk WJ, Morley JE, Gold CH, Meyers A: Thyroid function tests in patients on regular hemodialysis. Nephron 25: 173, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Elias AN, Vaziri ND, Pandian MR, Iyer K, Ansari MA: Dopamine and TSH secretion in uremic male rats. Hormone Res 27: 102, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lippe B, Fine RN, Koch VH, Sherman BM: Accelerated growth following treatment of children with chronic renal failure with recombinant human growth hormone (Somatrem): a preliminary report. Acta Paed Scand 343(Suppl): 127, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ziegler TR, Lazarus JM, Young LS, Hakim R, Wilmore DW: Effects of recombinant human growth hormone in adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 1130, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  71. Chan W, Valerie KC, Chan JCM: Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 in uremic rats: growth hormone resistance and nutritional intake. Kidney Int 43: 790, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bommer J: Sexual dysfunction in chronic renal failure. in Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology, edited by Cameron S, Davison AM, Grunfeld JP, Kerr D, Ritz E, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, p 1329

    Google Scholar 

  73. Biasioli S, Mazzali A, Foroni R, D’Andrea G, Feriani M, Chiaramonte S, Cesaro A, Micieli G: Chronobiological variations of prolactin (PRL) in chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol 30: 86, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Schaefer F, Stanhope R, Scheil H, Schönberg D, Preece MA, Schärer K: Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in pubertal children with chronic renal failure. Acta Endocrin 120: 14, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ritz E, Matthias S, Seidel A, Reichel H, Szabo A, Hörl WH: Disturbed calcium metabolism in renal failure — pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Kidney Int 42: S37, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  76. Andress DL, Pandian MR, Endres DB, Kopp JB: Plasma insulin-like growth factors and bone formation in uremic hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 36: 471, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Phillips LS, Fusco AC, Unterman TG, Del Greco F: Somatomedin inhibitor in uremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59: 764, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Andress DL, Howard GA, Birnbaum RS: Identification of a low molecular weight inhibitor of osteobast mitogenesis in uremic plasma. Kidney Int 39: 942, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hsu CH, Patel SR, Young EW: Mechanism of decreased calcitriol degradation in renal failure. Am J Physiol 262: F192, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ponticelli C, Bencini PL: Uremic pruritus: a review. Nephron 60: 1, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Motojima M, Nishijima F, Ikoma M, Kawamura T, Yoshioka T, Fogo AB, Sakai T, Ichikawa I: Role for uremic toxins in the progressive loss of intact nephrons in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 40: 461, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bonomini V, Feletti C, Stefoni S, Vangelista A: Early dialysis and renal transplantation. Nephron 44: 267, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Vanholder R, Dell’Aquila R, Jacobs V, Dhondt A, Veys N, Waterloos MA, Van Landschoot N, Van Biesen W, Ringoir S: Depressed phagocytosis in hemodialyzed patients: in vivo and in vitro mechanisms. Nephron 63: 409, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Vanholder R, Hoenich N, Ringoir S: Morbidity and mortality of central venous catheter hemodialysis: a review of 10 year’s experience. Nephron 47: 274, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Piraino B, Bemardini J, Sorkin M: Catheter infections as a factor in the transfer of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 13: 365, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Duwe AK, Vas SI, Weatherhead JW: Effects of the composition of peritoneal dialysis fluid on chemiluminescence, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity in vitro. Infect Immun 33: 130, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jörres A, Topley N, Steenweg L, Müller C, Köttgen E, Gahl GM: Inhibition of cytokine synthesis by peritoneal dialysate persists throughout the CAPD cycle. Am J Nephrol 12: 80, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Vanholder R, Lameire N, Waterloos MA, Van Landschoot N, De Smet R, Vogeleere P, Ringoir S: Depression of PMNL-response to phagocytic challenge in the presence of CAPD-effluent. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 419, 1993 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ringoir S, Schoots A, Vanholder R: Uremic toxins. Kidney Int 33: S4, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  90. Vanholder RC, Ringoir SMG: The uraemic syndrome, in Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology, edited by Cameron S, Davison AM, Grunfeld JP, Kerr D, Ritz E, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, p 1236

    Google Scholar 

  91. Boero R, Guarena C, Berto IM, Deabate MC, Rosati C, Quarello F, Piccoli G: Erythrocyte Na, K pump activity and arterial hypertension in uremic dialyzed patients. Kidney Int 34: 691, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gallice P, Monti JP, Baz M, Murisasco A, Crevat A: 23Na Nuclear magnetic resonance study of Na+, K+ pump inhibition by a fraction from uremic toxins. Clin Chem 34: 2044, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Aparicio M, Vincendeau P, Combe C, Caix J, Gin H, de Precigout V, Bezian JH, Bouchet JL, Potaux L: Improvement of leucocytic Na+K+ pump activity in uremic patients on low protein diet. Kidney Int 40: 238, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Deray G, Pernollet MG, Devynck MA, Zingraff J, Touam A, Rosenfeld J, Meyer P: Plasma digitalis-like activity in essential hypertension or end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 8: 632, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Druml W, Kelly A, May RC, Mitch WE: Abnormal cation transport in uremia. Mechanisms in adipocytes and skeletal muscle from uremic rats. J Clin Invest 81: 1197, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Seth RK, Saini AS, Aggarwal SK: Glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione content in erythrocytes of patients with chronic renal failure. Scand J Haematol 35: 201, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Costagliola C, Romano L, Sorice P, Di Benedetto A: Anemia and chronic renal failure: the possible role of the oxidative state of glutathione. Nephron 52: 11, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bergström J, Alvestrand A, Fürst P: Plasma and muscle free amino acids in maintenance hemodialysis patients without protein malnutrition. Kidney Int 38: 108, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Fadda GZ, Hajjar SM, Perna AF, Zhou XJ, Lipson LG, Massry SG: On the mechanism of impaired insulin secretion in chronic renal failure. J Clin Invest 87: 255, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Raine AEG, Bedford L, Simpson AWM, Ashley CC, Brown R, Woodhead JS, Ledingham JGG: Hyperparathyroidism, platelet intracellular free calcium and hypertension in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 43: 700, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Alexiewicz JM, Smogorzewski M, Fadda GZ, Massry SG: Impaired phagocytosis in dialysis patients: studies on mechanisms. Am J Nephrol 11: 102, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gafter U, Malachi T, Barak H, Levi J: Red blood cell calcium level in chronic renal failure: effect of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Lab Clin Med 116: 386, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lindner A, Gagne ER, Zingraff J, Jungers P, Drüeke T, Hannaert P, Garay R: A circulating inhibitor of the RBC membrane calcium pump in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 42: 1328, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Thompson CH, Kemp GJ, Taylor DJ, Ledingham JGG, Radda GK, Rajagopalan B: Effect of chronic uraemia on skeletal muscle metabolism in man. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8:218, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Durozard D, Pimmel P, Baretto S, Caillette A, Labeeuw M, Baverel G, Zech P: 31P NMR spectroscopy investigation of muscle metabolism in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 43: 885, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Pazmiño P, Rogoff F, Weinshilboum R: Inhibition of human erythrocyte phenol-O-methyltransferase in uremia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26: 464, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  107. Depner TA: Suppression of tubular anion transport by an inhibitor of serum protein binding in uremia. Kidney Int 20:511, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Gharib N, Gao CY, Areas JL, El Zein M, Preuss HG: Correlation of renal organic anion and cation transport with blood pressure in SHR. Clin Nephrol 36: 87, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hsu CH, Patel SR, Young EW, Simpson RU: Production and degradation of calcitriol in renal failure rats. Am J Physiol 253: F1015, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hsu CH, Patel SR, Young EW, Simpson RU: Production and metabolic clearance of calcitriol in acute renal failure. Kidney Int 33: 530, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Hsu CH, Patel S: Factors influencing calcitriol metabolism in renal failure. Kidney Int 37: 44, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hsu CH, Vanholder R, Patel S, De Smet RR, Sandra P, Ringoir SMG: Subfractions in uremic plasma ultrafiltrate inhibit calcitriol metabolism. Kidney Int 40: 868, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Hsu CH, Patel SR, Young EW, Vanholder R: Effects of purine derivatives on calcitriol metabolism in rats. Am J Physiol 260: F596, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hsu CH, Patel SR, Vanholder R: Mechanism of decreased intestinal calcitriol receptor concentration in renal failure. Am J Physiol 264: F662, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Malachi T, Zevin D, Gafter U, Chagnac A, Slor H, Levi J: DNA repair and recovery of RNA synthesis in uremic patients. Kidney Int 44: 385, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Piafsky KM: Disease-induced changes in the plasma binding of basic drugs. Clin Pharmacokin 5: 246, 1980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lindup WE, Bishop KA, Collier R: Drug binding defect of uraemic plasma: contribution of endogenous binding inhibitors, in Protein Binding and Drug Transport, edited by Tillement JP, Lindenlaub E, Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986, p 397

    Google Scholar 

  118. Roman S, Gulyassy PF, Depner TA: Inhibition of salicylate binding to normal plasma by extracts of uremic fluids. Am J Kidney Dis 4: 153, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Vanholder R, Van Landschoot N, De Smet R, Schoots A, Ringoir S: Drug protein binding in chronic renal failure: evaluation of nine drugs. Kidney Int 33: 996, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Ringoir S: Factors influencing drug protein binding in patients with end stage renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 44: S17, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  121. MacNamara PJ, Lalka D, Gibaldi M: Endogenous accumulation products and serum protein binding in uremia. J Lab Clin Med 98: 730, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  122. Gulyassy PF, Bottini AT, Stanfel LA, Jarrad EA, Depner TA: Isolation and chemical identification of inhibitors of plasma ligand binding. Kidney Int 30: 391, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mabuchi H, Nakahashi H: Profiling of endogenous ligand solutes that bind to serum proteins in sera of patients with uremia. Nephron 43: 110, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Mabuchi H, Nakahashi H: Isolation and characterization of an endogenous drug-binding inhibitor present in uremic serum. Nephron 44: 277, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Niwa T, Takeda N, Maeda K, Shibata M, Taternatsu A: Accumulation of furancarboxylic acids in uremic serum as inhibitors of drug binding. Clin Chim Acta 173: 127, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Vanholder R, Hoefliger N, De Smet R, Ringoir S: Extraction of protein bound ligands from azotemic sera: comparison of 12 deproteinization methods. Kidney Int 41: 1707, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Dengler TJ, Robertz-Vaupel GM, Dengler HJ: Albumin binding in uraemia: quantitative assessment of inhibition by endogenous ligands and carbamylation of albumin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 43: 491, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Paxton JW: Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and binding of basic drugs. Meth Findings Exp Clin Pharmacol 5: 635, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Nicot G, Charmes JP, Lachatre G, Sautereau D, Valette JP, Eichler B, Leroux-Robert C: Theophylline toxicity risks and chronic renal failure. Int J Clin Pharmacol 27: 398, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Gulyassy P: Can dialysis remove protein-bound toxins that accumulate due to renal secretory failure? ASAIO J 40: 92, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Gulyassy PF, Depner TA, Shearer GC: Peritoneal versus serum protein binding in CAPD patients. Abstracts Am Soc Artif Organs Meeting, New Orleans, May, 1993, p 91

    Google Scholar 

  132. Schoots AC, Mikkers FEP, Claessens HA, De Smet R, Van Landschoot N, Ringoir S: Characterization of uremic ‘middle molecular’ fractions by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, isotachophoresis and liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 28: 45, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Vanholder R: Middle molecules as uremic toxins: still a viable hypothesis? Sem Dial 7: 65, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  134. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Hsu C, Vogeleere P, Ringoir S: Uremic toxicity: the middle molecule hypothesis revisited. Sem Nephrol 14: 205, 1994

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Fürst P, Bergström J, Gordon A, Johnson E, Zimmerman L: Separation of peptides of ‘middle’ molecular weight from biological fluids of patients with uremia. Kidney Int 7: S272, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  136. Fürst P, Zimmerman L, Bergström J: Determination of endogenous middle molecules in normal and uremic body fluids. Clin Nephrol 5:178, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  137. De Smet R, Van Landschoot N, Van Der Stiggel G, Ringoir S: Isotachophoresis pattern of LDH inhibiting fractions obtained from uremic ultrafiltrate by gel chromatography. Int J Artif Org 6: 67, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  138. Bultitude FW, Newham SJ: Identification of some abnormal metabolites in plasma from uremic subjects. Clin Cheml 21:1329, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Zimmerman L, Fürst P, Bergström J, Jornvall H: A new glycine containing compound with a blocked amino group from uremic body fluids. Clin Nephrol 14: 109, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  140. Gallice P, Monti JP, Crevat A, Durand C, Murisasco A: A compound from uremic plasma and from normal urine isolated by liquid chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Clin Chem 31: 30, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Cueille G, Man NK, Farges JP, Funck-Brentano JL: Characterization of sub-peak b4.2 middle molecule. Artif Organs 4: 28, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  142. Abiko T, Kumikawa M, Ishizaki M, Takahashi H, Sekino H: Identification of a tripeptide in ECUM fluid of an uremic patient. Biophys Bioch Res Com 83: 357, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Abiko T, Kumikawa M, Higuchi H, Sekino H: Identification and synthesis of a heptapeptide in uremic fluid. Biophys Bioch Res Com 84: 184, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Weisshaar G, Brunner H, Friebolin H, Baumann W, Mann H, Opferkuch HJ, Sieberth HG: Isolation of sialylcompounds from hemofiltrate of chronic uremic patients and identification by nuclear magnetic resonance. Adv Exp Med Biol 223: 219, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Klein A, Sarnecka-Keller M, Hanicki Z: Middle sized ninhydrin positive molecules in uremic patients treated by repeated haemodialysis. II. Chief peptide constituents of the fraction. Clin Chim Acta 90: 7, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Gallice P: Toxines urémiques: leur rôle dans l’inhibition de la pompe sodium chez les patients insuffisants rénaux chroniques traités par hémodialyse. Thèse de doctorat d’état, Marseille, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  147. Chapman GV, Ward RA, Farrell PC: Separation and quantification of the middle molecules in uremia. Kidney Int 17: 82, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Faguer P, Man NK, Cueille G, Funck-Brentano JL: Drug interaction in middle molecule analysis, with special reference to acetylsalicyclic acid. Artif Organs 8: 226, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Asaba H, Zimmerman L, Bergström J: On drug artifacts in middle molecule analysis. Nephron 39: 73, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Schoots AC, Homan HR, Gladdines MM, Cramers C, De Smet R, Ringoir S: Screening of UV-absorbing solutes in uremic serum by reversed phase HPLC-change of blood levels in different therapies. Clin Chim Acta 146: 37, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Vanholder R, Krause A, De Smet R, Ringoir S: In vivo solute extraction by a new polysulfone membrane with low ultrafiltration capacity. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 34: 598, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Vanholder RC, De Smet RV, Ringoir SM: Assessment of urea and other uremic markers for quantification of dialysis adequacy. Clin Chem 38: 1429, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Ringoir S, De Smet R, Becaus I: Serum middle molecules in different dialysis strategies. in Aktuelle Probleme der Dialyseverfahren und der Niereninsuffizienz, edited by von Dittrich P, Kopp K, Verlag Bindernagel, Friedburg, 1977, p 128

    Google Scholar 

  154. Haley RJ, Ward DM: Nonenzymatically glucosylated serum proteins in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 8: 115, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Flückiger R, Harmon W, Meier W, Loo S, Gabbay KH: Hemoglobin carbamylation in uremia. N Engl J Med 304: 823, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Kwan JTC, Carr EC, Neal AD, Burdon J, Raftery MJ, Marsh FP, Barron JL, Bending MR: Carbamylated haemoglobin, urea kinetic modelling and adequacy of dialysis in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6: 38, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Johnson WJ, Hagge WW, Wagoner RD, Dinapoli RP, Rosevaer JW: Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure. Mayo Clin Proc 47: 21, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Scheuer J, Stezoski SW: The effects of uremic compounds on cardiac function and metabolism. J Mol Cell Cardiol 5: 287, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Parker TF, Sargent JA: Effect of the hemodialysis prescription on patient morbidity. N Engl J Med 305: 1176, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  160. Owen WF, Lew NL, Liu Y, Lowrie EG, Lazarus JM: The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 329: 1001, 1993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Lameire NH, Vanholder R, Veyt D, Lambert MC, Ringoir S: A longitudinal, five year survey of urea kinetic parameters in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 42: 426, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lysaght MJ, Pollock CA, Hallet MD, Ibesl LS, Farrell PC: The relevance of urea kinetic modeling to CAPD. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 35: 784, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Blake PG, Sombolos K, Abraham G, Weissgarten J, Pemberton R, Chu GL, Oreopoulos DG: Lack of correlation between urea kinetic indices and clinical outcomes in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 39: 700, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Yokozawa T, Fujitsuka N, Oura H: Studies on the precursor of methylguanidine in rats with renal failure. Nephron 58: 90, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lowrie EG, Lew NL: Death risk in hemodialysis patients: the predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis 15: 458, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Dzúrik R, Lajdová I, Spustová V, Opatrny K: Pseudouridine excretion in healthy subjects and its accumulation in renal failure. Nephron 61: 64, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Daniewska-Michalska D, Motyl T, Geliert R, Kukulska W, Podgurniak M, Opechowska-Pacocha E, Ostrowski K: Efficiency of hemodialysis of pyrimidine compounds in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron 64: 193, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Giovannetti S, Balestri PL, Barsotti G: Methylguanidine in uremia. Arch Intern Med 131: 709, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Giovannetti S, Barsotti G: Uremic intoxication. Nephron 14: 123, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Minkoff L, Gaertner G, Darab M, Mercier D, Levin ML: Inhibition of brain sodium-potassium ATP-ase in uremic rats. J Lab Clin Med 80: 71, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. De Deyn PP, Marescau B, Swartz RD, Hogaerth R, Possemiers I, Lowenthal A: Serum guanidino compound levels and clearances in uremic patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 54: 307, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Horowitz H, Cohen B, Martinez P, Papayoanou M: Defective ADP-induced platelet factor 3 activation in uremia. Blood 30: 331, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  173. De Deyn P, Maresceau B, Lornoy W, Becaus I, Lowenthal A: Guanidino compounds in uraemic dialysed patients. Clin Chim Acta 157: 143, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. De Deyn P, Maresceau B, Lornoy W, Becaus I, Van Leuven I, Van Gorp L, Lowenthal A: Serum guanidino compound levels and the influence of a single hemodialysis in uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 45: 291, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. D’Hooge R, Pei YQ, Manil J, De Deyn PP: The uremic guanidino compound guanidinosuccinic acid induces behavioral convulsions and concomitant epileptiform electrocorticographic discharges in mice. Brain Res 598: 326, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  176. Giovannetti S, Barsotti G: Dialysis of methylguanidine. Kidney Int 6: 177, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Boumendil-Podevin EF, Podevin RA, Richet G: Uricosuric agents in uremic sera. Identification of indoxyl sulfate and hippuric acid. J Clin Invest 55: 1142, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Niwa T, Emoto Y, Maeda K, Uehara Y, Yamada N, Shibata M: Oral sorbent suppresses accumulation of albumin-bound indoxyl sulphate in serum of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6: 105, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Niwa T, Takeda N, Tatematsu A, Maeda K: Accumulation of indoxyl sulfate, an inhibitor of drug-binding, in uremic serum as demonstrated by internal-surface reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 34: 2264, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Niwa T, Yazawa T, Kodama T, Uehara Y, Maeda K, Yamada K: Efficient removal of albumin-bound furancarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of erythropoiesis, by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Nephron 56: 241, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Clements RS, De Jesus PV, Winegrad AT: Raised plasma myoinositol levels in uraemia experimental neuropathy. Lancet 1: 1137, 1973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Niwa T, Asada H, Maeda K, Yamada K, Ohki T, Saito A: Profiling of organic acids and polyols in nerves of uraemic and non-uraemic patients. J Chromatogr 311: 15, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  183. Niwa T, Sobue G, Maeda K, Mitsuma T: Myoinositol inhibits proliferation of cultured Schwann cells: evidence for neurotoxicity of myoinositol. Nephrol Dial Transplant 4: 662, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Cathcart-Rake W, Porter R, Whittier F, Stein P, Carey M, Grantham J: Effect of diet on serum accumulation and renal excretion of aryl acids and secretory activity in normal and uremic man. Am J Clin Nutr 28: 1110, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Porter RD, Cathcart-Rake WF, Suk Han Wan, Whittier FC, Grantham JJ: Secretory activity and aryl acid content of serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and uremic man. J Lab Clin Med 85: 723, 1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Farrell PC, Gotch FA, Peters JH, Berridge BJ, Lam M: Binding of hippurate in normal plasma and in uremic plasma pre-and post-dialysis. Nephron 20: 40, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Asaba H: Accumulation and excretion of middle molecules. Clin Nephrol 1991: 116, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  188. Zimmerman L, Bergström J, Jörnvall H: A method for separation of middle molecules by high performance liquid chromatography: application in studies of glucuronylo-hydroxyhippurate in normal and uremic subjects. Clin Nephrol 25: 94, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Lichtenwalner DM, Byungse S, Lichtenwalner MR: Isolation and chemical characterization of 2-Hydroxybenzoylglycine as a drug binding inhibitor in uremia. J Clin Invest 71: 1289, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Altschule MD, Hegedus ZL: Orthohydroxyhipparic (salicyluric) acid — its physiologic and clinical significance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 15: 111, 1974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Schoots A, Dijkstra JB, Ringoir SMG, Vanholder R, Cramers CA: Are the classical markers sufficient to describe uremic solute accumulation in dialyzed patients? Hippurates reconsidered. Clin Chem 34: 1022, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Vanholder R, Schoots A, Cramers C, De Smet R, Van Landschoot N, Wizemann V, Botella J, Ringoir S: Hippuric acid as a marker, in Uremic Toxins, edited by Ringoir S, Vanholder R, Massry SG, Plenum Press, New York, 1987, p 59

    Google Scholar 

  193. Flöge J, Granolleras C, Shaldon S, Koch KM: Dialysis-associated amyloidosis and beta-2-microglobulin. Contrib Nephrol 61: 27, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Zimmerman L, Egestad B, Jörnvall H, Bergström J: Identification and determination of phenylacetylglutamine, a major nitrogenous metabolite in plasma of uremic patients. Clin Nephrol 32: 124, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Zimmerman L, Jörnvall H, Bergström J: Phenylacetylglutamine and hippuric acid in uremic and healthy subjects. Nephron 55: 265, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Röhr U, Spiteller G, Tripier D: Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung der mittelmolekularen Fraktion aus urämischem Hämonltrate. J Liebig’s Ann Chem 96: 881, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  197. Abiko T, Onodera T, Sekino HA: A peptide isolated from the hemodialysate of a uremic patient with immunodeficiency inhibits lymphocyte stimulation. J Appl Biochem 3: 562, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  198. Niese D, Gilsdorf K, Hiester E, Dressen P, Michels S, Dengler HJ: Immunomodulating properties of the uremic pentapeptide H-Asp-Leu-Trp-Glu-Lys-OH in vitro. Klin Wochenschrift 64: 642, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Aronin N, Krieger DT: Plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin is elevated in uraemia. Clin Endocrinol 18: 459, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Elias AN, Vaziri ND, Maksy M: Plasma beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin in patients with end-stage renal disease — effects of hemodialysis. Nephron 43: 173, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y, Yazaki Y, Goto K, Masaki T: A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332: 411, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Shichiri M, Hirata Y, Ando K, Emori T, Ohta K, Kimoto S, Ogura M, Inoue A, Marumo F: Plasma endothelin levels in hypertension and chronic renal failure. Hypertension 15: 493, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Brain SD, Williams TJ, Tippins JR, Morris HR, MacIntyre I: Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature 313: 54, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Kojima S, Inoue I, Hirata Y, Kimura G, Saito F, Kawano Y, Satani M, Ito K, Omae T: Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive-atrial natriuretic polypeptide in patients on hemodialysis. Nephron 46: 45, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Rascher W, Tulassay T, Lang RE: Atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma of volume-overloaded children with chronic renal failure. Lancet 2: 303, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Niwa T, Fujishiro T, Uema K, Tsuzuki T, Tominaga Y, Emoto Y, Miyazaki T, Maeda K: Effect of hemodialysis on plasma levels of vasoactive peptides: endothelin, calcitonin-gene related peptide and human atrial natriuretic peptide. Nephron 64: 552, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Bazilinski N, Dunea G: Peptidic uremic retention products. Int J Artif Organs 14: 619, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Hörl WH, Haag-Weber M, Georgopoulos A, Block LH: Physicochemical characterization of a polypeptide present in uremic serum that inhibits the biological activity of polymorphonuclear cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 6353, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Haag-Weber M, Mai B, Hörl W: Impaired cellular host defence in peritoneal dialysis by two granulocyte inhibitory proteins. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9: 1769, 1994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Fine A, Cox D, Fontaine B: Elevation of serum phosphate affects parathyroid hormone levels in only 50% of hemodialysis patients, which is unrelated to changes in serum calcium. J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1947, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Massry SG: Parathyroid hormone: a uremic toxin, in Uremic Toxins, edited by Ringoir S, Vanholder R, Massry SG, Plenum Press, New York, 1987, p 1

    Google Scholar 

  212. Remuzzi G, Dodesini P, Livio M, Mecca G, Benigni A, Schieppati A, Poletti E, de Gaetano G: Parathyroid hormone inhibits human platelet function. Lancet 2: 1321, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Smogorzewski M, Pema AF, Borum PR, Massry SG: Fatty acid oxidation in the myocardium: effects of parathyroid hormone and CRF. Kidney Int 34: 797, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Perna AF, Smogorzewski M, Massry SG. Verapamil reverses PTH-or CRF-induced abnormal fatty acids oxidation in muscle. Kidney Int 34: 774, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Fadda GZ, Thanakitcharu P, Comunale R, Lipson LG, Massry SG: Impaired potassium-induced insulin secretion in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 40: 413, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Meytes D, Bogin E, Ma A, Dukex PP, Massry SG: Effect of parathyroid hormone on erythropoiesis. J Clin Invest 67: 1263, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Bogin E, Massry SG, Harary I: Effect of parathyroid hormone on rat heart cells. J Clin Invest 67: 1215, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Smogorzewski M, Campese VM, Massry S: Abnormal norepinephrine uptake and release in brain synaptosomes in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 36: 458, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Ni Z, Smogorzewski M, Massry SG: Derangements in acetylcholine metabolism in brain synaptosomes in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 44: 630, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Shasha SM, Kristal B, Barzilai M, Makov UE, Shkolnik T: In vitro effect of PTH on normal T cell functions. Nephron 50: 212, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Alexiewicz JM, Klinger M, Pitts TO, Gacoing Z, Linker-Israeli M, Massry SG: Parathyroid hormone inhibits B cell proliferation: implications in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 236, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Perna AF, Smogorzewski M, Massry SG: Effects of verapamil on the abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation of myocardium. Kidney Int 36: 453, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. D’Amour P, Jobin J, Hamel L, L’Ecuyer N: iPTH values during hemodialysis: role of ionized Ca, dialysis membranes and iPTH assays. Kidney Int 38: 308, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Vincent C, Revillard JP, Galland M, Traeger J: Serum beta-2-microglobulin in hemodialyzed patients. Nephron 21:260, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Sargent JA, Gotch FA: Principles and biophysics of dialysis, in Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis, edited by Maher JF, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1989, p 87

    Google Scholar 

  226. Shirahama T, Skinner M, Cohen AS, Gejyo F, Arakawa M, Suzuki M, Hirasawa Y: Histochemical and immuno-histochemical characterization of amyloid associated with chronic hemodialysis as beta-2-microglobulin. J Lab Invest 53: 705, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Gejyo F, Odani S, Yamada T, Honma N, Saito H, Suzuki Y, Nakagawa Y, Kobayashi H, Maruyama Y, Hirasawa Y, Suzuki M, Arakawa M: Beta-2-microglobulin: a new form of amyloid protein associated with chronic hemodialysis. Kidney Int 30: 385, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Hauglustaine D, Waer M, Michielsen P, Goebels J, Vandeputte M: Haemodialysis membranes, serum beta-2-microglobulin, and dialysis amyloidosis. Lancet 1: 1211, 1986 (Letter)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Vanholder RC, Ringoir SM: Intradialytic body weight changes and dialyzer pore size as main contributing factors to the evolution of beta-2-microglobulin in dialysis. Blood Purif 8: 32, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Petersen J, Moore RM, Kaczmarek RG, Singh B, Yeh I, Hamburger S, Kankam M: The effects of reprocessing cuprophane and polysulfone dialyzers on β2-microglobulin removal from hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 17: 174, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. van Ypersele de Strihou C, Jadoul M, Malghem J, Maldague B, Jamart J: Effect of dialysis membrane and patient’s age on signs of dialysis-related amyloidosis. Kidney Int 39: 1012, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Gagnon RF, Somerville P, Thomson DM: Circulating form of beta-2-microglobulin in dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 8: 379, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Renaud H, Fournier A, Morinière Ph, Westeel PF, El Esper N, Belbrik S, Marie A, Cohen-Solal HE, Sebert JL: Erosive osteoarthropathy associated with β2-microglobulin amyloidosis in a uremic patient treated exclusively by long-term hemofiltration with biocompatible membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3: 820, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Campbell RA: Polyamines and uremia, in Uremic Toxins, edited by Ringoir S, Vanholder R, Massry SG, Plenum Press, New York, 1987, p 47

    Google Scholar 

  235. Simmonds HA, Cameron JS, Morris GS, Fairbanks LD, Davies PM: Purine metabolites in uraemia, in Uremic Toxins, edited by Ringoir S, Vanholder R, Massry SG, Plenum Press, New York, 1987, p 73

    Google Scholar 

  236. Hsu CH, Patel S, Vanholder R: Effect of uric acid on plasma levels of calcitriol in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 1035, 1993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Gerrits GPMJ, Monnens LAH, De Abreu RA, Schröder CH, Trijbels JMF, Gabreels, FJM: Disturbances of cerebral purine and pyrimidine metabolism in young children with chronic renal failure. Nephron 58: 310, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Ludwig GD, Senesky D, Bluemle LW, Elkinton JR: Indoles in uremia: identification by countercurrent distribution and paper chromatography. Am J Clin Nutr 21:436, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Wengle B, Hellström K: Volatile phenols in serum of uraemic patients. Clin Science 43: 493, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Wardle EN, Wilkinson K: Free phenols in chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol 6: 361, 1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Niwa T, Maeda K, Ohki T, Saito A, Kobayashi K: A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis for phenols in uremic serum. Clin Chim Acta 110: 51, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Hicks JM, Young DS, Wootton IDP: The effect of uraemic blood constituents on certain cerebral enzymes. Clin Chim Acta 9: 228, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Rabiner SF, Molinas F: The role of phenol and phenolic acids on the thrombocytopathy and defective platelet aggregation of patients with renal failure. Am J Med 49: 346, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Lascelles PT, Taylor WH: The effect upon tissue respiration in vitro of metabolites which accumulate in uraemic coma. Clin Science 31: 403, 1966

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Wardle EN, Williams R: Polymorph leukocyte function in uraemia and jaundice. Acta Haemat 64: 157, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Turner GA, Wardle EN: Effect of unconjugated and conjugated phenol and uraemia on the synthesis of adenosine 3’:5’cyclic monophosphate in rat brain homogenates. Clin Science Mot Med 55: 271, 1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Waterloos MA, Van Landschoot N, Ringoir S: Characterization of p-cresol and phenol as uremic toxins inhibiting polymorphonuclear (PMNL) respiratory burst response to phagocytosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 4: 786, 1993 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  248. Wardle EN: Chemiluminescence and Superoxide anions generated by phagocytes in uraemia. Nephron 40: 37D, 1985 (Letter)

    Google Scholar 

  249. Battling D, Seedorf M, Mithofer A, Weiler EW: Cloning and expression of an Arabidopsis nitrilase which can convert indole-3-acetonitrile to the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid. Eur J Biochem 205: 417, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  250. Efimov S, Shevehenko V, Shchukin I, Preobrazhenskaya M: The influence of 1’-methyl-and 1’-ethylascorbigen on metabolism of arachidonic acid in murine spleen cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 190: 895, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Suto A, Bradlow HL, Wong GY, Osborne MP, Telang NT: Persistent estrogen responsiveness of res oncogene-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells. Steroids 57: 262, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Wallaeys B, Cornelis R, Mees L, Lameire N: Trace elements in serum, packed cells and dialysate in CAPD patients. Kidney Int 30: 599, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Van Renterghem D, Cornelis R, Vanholder R: Behaviour of 12 trace elements in serum of uremic patients on hemodiafiltration. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 6: 169, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. De Kimpe J, Cornelis R, Mees L, Van Lierde S, Vanholder R: More than tenfold increase of arsenic in serum and packed cells of chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 13: 429, 1993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Mahajan SK: Zinc metabolism in uremia. Int J Artif Organs 11: 223, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Cornelis R, Ringoir S, Lameire N, Mees L, Hoste J: Blood bromine in uremic patients. Min Electrol Metab 2: 186, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Cornelis R, Mees L, Ringoir S, Hoste J: Serum and red blood cell Zn, Se, Cs and Rb in dialysis patients. Min Electrol Metab 2: 88, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Van Renterghem D, Cornelis R, Mees L, Vanholder R: The effect of adding Br and Zn supplements to the dialysate on the concentrations of Br and Zn in the blood of hemodialyzed patients. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 6: 105, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Sugisaki H, Onohara M, Kunimoto T: Dynamic behavior of plasma phosphate in chronic dialysis patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 28: 302, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Haas T, Hillion D, Dongradi G: Phosphate kinetics in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6(Suppl 2): 108, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Takeda N, Niwa T, Tatematsu A, Suzuki M: Identification and quantification of a protein-bound ligand in uremic serum. Clin Chem 33: 682, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Mabuchi H, Nakahashi H: A major endogenous ligand substance involved in renal failure. Nephron 49: 277, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Mabuchi H, Nakahashi H: Inhibition of hepatic glutathione S-transferases by a major endogenous ligand substance present in uremic serum. Nephron 49: 281, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Niwa T, Aiuchi T, Nakaya K, Emoto Y, Miyazaki T, Maeda K: Inhibition of mitochondria! respiration by furancarboxylic acid accumulated in uremic serum in its albumin-bound and non-dialyzable form. Clin Nephrol 39: 92, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Rutten GA, Schoots AC, Vanholder R, De Smet R, Ringoir S, Cramers CA: Hexachlorobenzene and 1,1-di(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene in serum of uremic patients and healthy persons: determination by capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Nephron 48: 217, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Manabe S, Yanagisawa H, Ishikawa S, Kitagawa Y, Kanai Y, Wada O: Accumulation of 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a: 3,’ 2-’-d)imidazole and 2-aminodipyrido(1,2-a:3’,-2’-d)imidazole, carcinogenic glutamic acid pyrolysis products, in plasma of patients with uremia. Cancer Res 47: 6150, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Turney JH, Davison AM, Forbes MA, Cooper EH: Hyaluronic acid in end-stage renal failure treated by haemodialysis: clinical correlates and implications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6: 566, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. del Castillo E, Fuenzalida R, Uranga J: Increased glomerular filtration rate and glomerulopressin activity in diabetic dogs. Harm Metab Res 9: 46, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  269. Zhou XJ, Vaziri ND, Kaupke CJ: Effects of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis on plasma glomerulopressin. Int J Artif Organs 16: 180, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Alvestrand A, Bergström J: Glomerular hyperfiltration and protein ingestion, during glucagon infusion, and in insulin-dependent diabetes is induced by a liver hormone: deficiency production of this hormone in hepatic failure causes hepatorenal syndrome. Lancet 1: 195, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Garcia-Ocaña A, Ortega J, González-García Y, García-Cantón C, Esbrit P: Partial purification of a renotropic activity from plasma of uninephrectomized human subjects. Nephron 64: 547, 1993

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Costello JF, Sadovnic MJ, Cottington EM: Plasmaoxalate levels rise in hemodialysis patients despite increased oxalate removal. J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 1289, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Gallice PM, Monti JP, Braguer DL, Baz M, Elsen RE, Berland YF, Crevat AD: Ascorbic acid derivatives in two different fractions of uremic toxins. Int J Artif Organs 14: 754, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Cailleux A, Subra JF, Riberi P, Allain P: Uptake of tri-halomethanes by patients during hemodialysis. Clin Chim Acta 181: 75, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S: Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 339: 572, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Remuzzi G, Perico N, Zoja C, Corna D, Macconi D, Viganö GL: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the bleeding tendency of uremia. J Clin Invest 86: 1768, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Lipton SA, Choi YB, Pan ZH, Lei SZ, Chen HSV, Sucher NJ, Loscalzo J, Singel DJ, Stamler JS: A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 364: 626, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Ihle BU, Cox RW, Dunn SR, Simenhoff ML: Determination of body burden of uremic toxins. Clin Nephrol 22: 82, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Maxfield FR, Willingham MC, Davies PJ, Pastan I: Amines inhibit the clustering of α-macroglobulin and EGF on the fibroblast cell surface. Nature 277: 661, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Pascual M: Le facteur D du complément: toxine urémique? Néphrologie 12: 215, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Pascual M, Schifferli JA: Adsorption of complement factor D by polyacrylonitrile dialysis membranes. Kidney Int 43: 903, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  282. Vaziri ND, Oveisi F, Wierzbiezki M, Shaw V, Sporty LD: Serum melatonin and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in end-stage renal disease: effect of hemodialysis. Artif Organs 17: 764, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Witko V, Nguyen AT, Descamps-Latscha B: Microtiter plate assay for phagocyte-derived taurine-catecholamines. J Clin Lab Anal 6: 47, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  284. Thomas EL, Grisham MB, Jefferson MM: Myeloperoxidase-dependent effect of amines on functions of isolated neutrophils. J Clin Invest 72: 441, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Chauveau P, Chadefaux B, Coude M, Aupetit J, Hannedouche T, Kamoun P, Jungers P: Hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for atherosclerosis in chronic uremic patients. Kidney Int 43: S72, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  286. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Cahalane S, Fowler B, Graham I: Hyperhomocysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 324: 1149, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Schools A, Mikkers F, Cramers C, De Smet R, Ringoir S: Uremic toxins and the elusive middle molecules. Nephron 38: 1, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  288. Vanholder R, Ringoir S: Adequacy of dialysis: a critical analysis. Editorial review. Kidney Int 42: 540, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Goldman M, Lagmiche M, Dhaene M, Amraoui Z, Thayse C, Vanherweghem JL: Adsorption of β2microglobulin on dialysis membranes: comparison of different dialyzers and effects of reuse procedures. Int J Artif Organs 12: 373, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Shemesh O, Golbetz H, Kriss JP, Myers BD: Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int 28: 830, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Sargent JA, Gotch FA: Mathematic modeling of dialysis therapy. Kidney Int 18: S2, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  292. Vanholder R, Hoenich N, Ringoir S: Adequacy studies of fistula single-needle dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 10: 417, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Borah MF, Schoenfeld PY, Gotch FA, Sargent JA, Wolfson M, Humphreys MH: Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis therapy of uremia. Kidney Int 14: 491, 1978

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Buur T, Timpka T, Lundberg M: Urea kinetics and clinical evaluation of the haemodialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 5: 347, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Watson PE, Watson ID, Batt RD: Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 33: 27, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Malchesky PS, Ellis P, Nosse G, Magnusson M, Lankhorst B, Nakmoto S: Direct quantification of dialysis. Dial Transplant 11: 42, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  297. Vanholder R, Van Trimpont P, Ringoir S: Urea kinetic modelling: comparison of three methods. J Med Engin Technol 13: 87, 1989

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Keshaviah P, Collins A: A re-appraisal of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 33: 227 1988 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  299. Shen FH, Hsu KT: Lower mortality and morbidity associated with higher Kt/V in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 377, 1990 (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  300. Hakim RM, Fearon DT, Lazarus JM: Biocompatibility of dialysis membranes: effects of chronic complement activation. Kidney Int 26: 194, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Gutierrez A, Alvestrand A, Wahren J, Bergström J: Effect of in vivo contact between blood and dialysis membranes on protein catabolism in humans. Kidney Int 38: 487, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Lindsay RM, Spanner E: A hypothesis: the protein catabolic rate is dependent upon the type and amount of treatment in dialyzed uremic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 13: 382, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Sargent JA: Shortfalls in the delivery of dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 15:500, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Ellis PW, Malchesky PS, Magnusson MO, Goormastic M, Nakamoto S: Comparison of two methods of kinetic modeling. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 30: 60, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Ilstrup K, Hanson G, Shapiro W, Keshaviah P: Examining the foundations of urea kinetics. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 31: 164, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Aebischer P, Schorderet D, Juillerat A, Wauters JP, Fellay G: Comparison of urea kinetics and direct dialysis quantification in hemodialysis patients. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 31: 164, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  307. Hoenich NA, Keir MJ, Hildreth K, Woffindin C, Goodall R, Vanholder R, Ward MK: Urea kinetic modeling: comparing the options. Artif Organs 17: 813, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Stange J, Ramlow W, Mitzner S, Schmidt R, Klinkmann H: Dialysis against a recycled albumin solution enables the removal of albumin-bound toxins. Artif Organs 17: 809, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Veech RL: The untoward effects of the anions of dialysis fluids. Kidney Int 34: 587, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Chiu WY, Yamada K, Saito A, Ogawa H, Takagi T, Chung TG: Comparison of serum protein removal in haemodialysis therapy by partly protein-permeable haemodialysers. J Chromatogr 428: 25, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Vanholder R, De Smet R, Schoots A, Ringoir S: Correlation of a colorimetric and a HPLC method for the determination of serum hippuric acid concentrations in uremia. Nephron 49: 164, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Niwa T, Ise M, Miyazaki T, Maeda K: Suppressive effect of an oral sorbent on the accumulation of p-cresol in the serum of experimental uremic rats. Nephron 65: 82, 1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

C. Jacobs C. M. Kjellstrand K. M. Koch J. F. Winchester

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vanholder, R., De Smet, R., Vogeleere, P., Hsu, C., Ringoir, S. (1996). The Uraemic Syndrome. In: Jacobs, C., Kjellstrand, C.M., Koch, K.M., Winchester, J.F. (eds) Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-36947-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-36947-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-3610-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-36947-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics