Skip to main content

The Communication Paradox and Possible Solutions

Towards a Radical Empiricism

  • Chapter
New Aspects of Human Ethology

Abstract

In the history of both animal and human ethology the direct observation of unstaged interactions in a natural habitat plays a critical role for methodological and theoretical considerations. Even when ethologists think that they already know much about adaptations and the ways in which they interact with the environment, the principles which have been involved in the evolution of increasingly complex human behaviour are still not very well understood.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, R. D. & Noonan, K. M. 1979. Concealment of ovulation, parental care, and human social evolution. In: Evolutionary biology and human social organization (Ed. by N. A. Chagnon & W. G. Irons), pp. 436–453. Duxbury: North Scituate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbib, M. A. & Hansen, A. R. 1987. Vision, Brain and Cooperative Computation: an overview. In: Vision, Brain and cooperative computation (Ed. by M. A. Arbib & A. R. Hansen), pp. 1–86. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. 1988. Bodily communication. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. R. & Bellis, M. A. 1995. Human sperm competition. Copulation. masturbation and infidelity. London: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassili, J. N. 1979. Emotion recognition: The role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. J. Personality. Soc. Psych., 37, 2049–2058.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benshoof, L. & Thornhill, R. 1979. The evolution of monogamy and concealed ovulation in humans. J. Soc. Biol. Struct., 2, 95–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernieri, F. J. & Rosenthal, R. 1991. Interpersonal coordination: behaviour matching and interactional synchrony. In: Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior Part V. Interpersonal Processes (Ed by Feldman and Rime), pp. 401–431. Harvard: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, D. S., Kean, K. J., Misovich, S. J. & Baron, R. M. 1991. Quantized displays of human movement: a methodological alternative to the point light display. J. Nonverb. Behav., 15, 1–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. & Levinson, S. 1978. Universals in Language Usage: politeness phenomena. In: Questions and Politeness. Strategies in Social Interaction. (Ed. by E. Goody), pp. 56–289. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chance, M. R. A. & Russel, W. M. S. 1959. Protean displays: a form of allaesthetic behaviour. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 132, 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosmides, L., Tooby, J. & Barkow, J. H. 1992. Evolutionary psychologyand conceptual integration. In: The adapted mind (Ed. by L. Cosmides, J. Tooby & J. H. Barkow), pp. 3–18. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. R. 1977. Personality and the structure of the nonverbal communication of emotion. J. Personality, 45, 564–584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutting, J. E. & Proffitt, D. E. 1981. Gait perception as an example of how we may perceive events. In: Intersensory perception and sensory integration (Ed. by R. D. Walk, & D. E. Proffitt), pp. 249–273. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R. 1981. Signale der Tiere: Information oder Manipulation. In: Öko-Ethologie. (Ed. by J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies), pp. 222–242. Berlin und Hamburg: Parey.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Paulo, B. M. 1992. Nonverbal Behavior and Self-Presentation. Psych. Bull., 111/2, 203–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, R. I. M. 1993. Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behav.Brain.Sci., 16, 681–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1972. Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements. In: Nonverbal communication. (Ed. by R. A. Hinde), pp. 297–312. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1989. Human Ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. 1969. Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32, 88–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. 1971. Constants across cultures in the face of emotion. J. Personality Soc. Psych., 17, 124–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. 1972. Hand Movements. J. Communication, 22, 353–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. 1978. Facial Action Coding system. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O’Sullivan, M. & Scherer, K. R. 1980. Relative importance of face, body, and speech in judgements of personality and affect. J. Personality Soc. Psych., 38, 270–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W. & Friesen, W. V. 1983. Autonomous nervous activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208–1209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Essa, I. & Pentland, A. 1995. Facial expression recognition using a dynamic model and motion energy. Int’l Conference on Computer Vision, Cambridge, MA, June 20–23, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgas, J. P. 1992. Affective Influences on Partner Choice—Role of Mood in Social Decisions. J. Personality Soc. Psych., 61/5, 708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, S. & Pool, J. 1976. A New Approach to the Analysis of Visible Behaviour. Forschungsberichte aus dem Psychologischen Institut der Universität Bern. Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. 1989. Human Courtship: Biological Bases and Cognitive Processing. In: The sociobiology of sexual and reproductive Strategies (Ed. by A. Rasa, C. Vogel & E. Volland), pp. 147–169. London: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. 1992. Intervention in cconflicts among children: context and consequences. In: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. (Ed. by A. Harcourt & F. deWaal), pp. 259–283. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. 1991. Strangers meet: laughter and nonverbal signs of interest in opposite-sex encounters. J. Nonverb. Behav., 14, 209–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. 1995. Signale der Liebe. 3., neu überarbeitete Auflage. München: dtv-Wissenschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1989. The ritualisation of laughter. In: Natürlichkeit der Sprache und der Kultur (Ed. by W. A. Koch), pp. 192–214. Bochum: Brockmeyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K., Honda, M. & Schmitt, A. 1996. Human courtship: digital image analysis of body movements. J Personality Soc. Psych., under revision.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K., Jütte, A. & Fischmann, B. 1996. Der Kampf der Geschlechter und der Krieg der Signale. In: Sexualität im Spiegel der Wissenschaft. Edition Universitas, Stuttgart: Hirzel. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. & Kruck, K. 1991. Decision making in opposite sex-encounters: love at first sight?. Kyoto, 22nd International Ethological Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K. & Kruck, K. 1996. Female control and female choice. In: When women want sex: perspectives on female sexual initiation and aggression. (Ed. by B. Anderson & C. Struckmann-Johnson) New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K., Kruck, K. & Magnusson, M. 1996. The courtship dance: mathematical algorithms for pattern detection in non-verbal behaviour. J. nonverb. Behav. (under revision).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grammer, K., Schiefenhövel, W., Schleidt, M., Lorenz, B. & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1988. Patterns on the Face: brow movements in a crosscultural comparison. Ethology, 77, 279–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, D. G. C. 1992. Communication. In: Behavioural ecology. An evolutionary approach. (Ed. by J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies), pp. 347–398. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, G. 1973. Visual perception of biological motion and a model of its analysis. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 201–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, G. 1976. Spatio-temporal differentiation and integration in visual motion perception. Psychol. Res., 38, 379–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kakadiaris, I. A., Metaxas, D. & Bajcsy, R. 1994. Active part-decomposition, shape and motioon estimation of articulated objects: A physics-based approach. Proc. of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 980–984. Seattle, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, R. M., Apple, W., Morency, N. L., Wenzel, C. & Winton, W. 1981. Verbal, vocal, and visible factors in judgements of another’s affect. J. Personality Soc. Psychol., 40, 312–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraut, R. E. & Johnston, R. E. 1979. Social and emotional messages of smiling: An ethological approach. J. Personality Soc. Psych., 37, 1539–1553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, K. 1973. Die Rückseite des Spiegels. München: Piper.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, L. Z. & Baron, R. M. 1983. Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychol. Rev., 90, 215–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maes, P., Darrell, T., Blumberg, B. & Pentland, A. 1995. The ALIVE system: wireless, full-body interaction with autonomous agents. Proc. Computer Animation, IEEE Press, April 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malatesta, C. A. & Izard, C. E. 1984. The facial expression of emotion: Young, middle-aged, and other adult expressions. In: Emotion in adult developmaent (Ed. by C. Z. Malatesta & C. E. Izard), pp. 253–273. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markl, H. 1985. Manipulation, modulation, information, cognition: some of the riddles of comunication. Fortschritte der Zoologie, 31, 163–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A. 1972. Nonverbal communication. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam, B. & Pentland, A. 1995. Probabilistic visual learning for object detection. Int’l Conference on Computer Vision, Cambridge, MA, June 20–23 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montepare, J. P., Goldstein, S. B. & Clausen, A. 1987. The identification of emotions from gait information. J. Nonverb. Behav., 11, 33–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. M. 1985. Nonverbal courtship patterns in women: context and consequences. Ethol. Sociobiol., 6, 237–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D., Collett, B., Marsh, P. & O’Shaugnessy, M. 1979. Gestures, their origins and distribution. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pentland, A. 1995. Machine understanding of human action. M.I.T. Media Laboratory Perceptual Computing Section Technical Report No.350, Sept. 1995. Appeared: 7th Int’l Forum on Frontier of Telecommunication Technology, Nov. 1995, Tokyo, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pentland, A. & Liu, A. 1995. Toward augmented control systems. IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium 95, September 25–26, Detroit, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provine, R. R. & Young, Y. L. 1991. Laughter: a stereotyped human vocalization. Ethology, 89, 115–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. H. 1978. Principles of Categorization. In: Cognition and Categorization (Ed. by E. Rosch & D. Lloyd), pp. 27–48. Hillsdale: Erlenbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R. & Depaulo B. M. 1979. Sex differences in eavesdropping on non-verbal cues. J. Personality. Soc. Psychol., 37, 273–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Runeson, S. & Frykholm, G. 1983. Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational basis for person-and-action perception: Expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intention. J. Exp. Psychol., 112, 585–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheier, M. F. & Carver, C. S. 1981. Private and public aspects of self. In: Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 2 (Ed. by L. Wheeler), pp. 189–216. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleidt, W. M. 1973. Tonic communication:contionous effects of discrete signs in animal communication systems. J. Theoret. Biol., 42, 369–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi, J.A., Schwind, H.L. & Voss, H.G. 1973. Irrelevanz des Inhalts—Relevanz des Ausdrucks. Z. Experimentielle und Angewandte Psychologie, 20, 472–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonka, M., Hlavac, V. & Boyle R. 1993. Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision. London: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starner, T. & Pentland, A. 1995. Visual recognition of american sign language using hidden Markov models. Proc Int’l Workshop on Automatic Face-and Gesture-Recognition, Zurich, Switzerland, June 26–28, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. 1990. On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adapation. J. Personality, 58, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tooke, W. & Camire, L. 1991. Patterns of Deception in Intersexual and Intrasexual Mating Strategies. Ethol. Sociobiol., 12, 345–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871–1971. (Ed. by B. Campbell), pp. 136–179. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. 1972. A Comparative Approach to the Phylogeny of Laughter and Smile. In: Non-Verbal Communication. (Ed. by R. A. Hinde), pp. 209–241. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waibel, A., Hanazawa, T., Hinton, G., Shikano, K. & Lang K.J. 1989. Phoneme recognition using time-delay neural networks. IEEE Transactions On Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 37/3, 328–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallbott, H. G. 1990. Mimik im Kontext. Göttingen: Verlag für Psychologie Dr.C.J.Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallbott, H. G. 1991. The Emotional in Social Psychology and the Social in Emotion Psychology—An Overview Concerning the Intersection Between Social Psychology and Emotion Psychology. Z. für Sozialpsychologie, 22/1, 53–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zell, A. 1994. Simulation neuronaler Netze. Bonn: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grammer, K., Filova, V., Fieder, M. (1996). The Communication Paradox and Possible Solutions. In: Schmitt, A., Atzwanger, K., Grammer, K., Schäfer, K. (eds) New Aspects of Human Ethology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34289-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-34289-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45695-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-34289-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics