Skip to main content

Socioeconomic Status and the Health of Racial Minority Populations

  • Chapter
Handbook of Diversity Issues in Health Psychology

Part of the book series: The Plenum Series in Culture and Health ((PSCH))

Abstract

This chapter considers the role that socioeconomic status (SES) plays in racial and ethnic variations in health status in the United States. The Office of Management and Budget’s standard for federal statistics recognizes four racial groups (black, white, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander) and one ethnic category (Hispanic). However, because this directive is without scientific basis, because race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories, and because the distinctions between race and ethnicity are unclear in health research, we treat all of these categories as “racial” groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., & Folkman, S. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49, 15–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexis, M., Haines, G. H., & Simon, L. S. (1980). Black consumer profiles. Ann Arbor, MI: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf, J. (1994). Differences in returns to education: An analysis by race. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 53(3), 281–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, I. (1991). Fair driving: Gender and race discrimination in retail car negotiations. Harvard Law Review, 104(4), 817–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., & Osmond, C. (1986). Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. The Lancet, 10, 1077–1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Osmond, J. G., Di, K., & Wadsworth, M. (1989). Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. British Medical Journal, 298, 564–567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belle, D. (1990). Poverty and women’s mental health. American Psychologist, 45, 385–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F., & Breslow, L. (1983). Health and ways of living. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, R. L., & Taylor, S. E. (Eds.). (1992). Health issues in the black community. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, B., & Mohai, P. (1990). The proceedings of the Michigan conference on race and the incidence of environmental hazards. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan School of Natural Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buescher, P. A., Smith, C., Holliday, J. L., & Levine, R. H. (1987). Source of prenatal care and infant birth weight: The case of a North Carolina county. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 53, 204–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunker, J. P., Gomby, D. S., & Kehrer, B. H. (1989). Pathways to health: The role of social factors. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R. S. (1993). Health and the social status of blacks in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 137–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. M. (1987). Current trends in cigarette advertising and marketing. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 725–732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, N. (1980). Alcohol in teenage cultures: A materialist approach to youth cultures, drinking and health education. Health Education Journal, 39, 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eller, T. J. (1994). Household wealth and asset ownership: 1991 (US Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, P70-34). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fingerhut, L. A., & Makuc, D. M. (1992). Mortality among minority populations in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1168–1170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furino, A. (1992). Health policy and the Hispanic. Boulder, CO: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haan, M. N., Kaplan, G., & Camacho, T. (1987). Poverty and health: Prospective evidence from the Alameda County study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 125, 989–998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker, A. G., Collins, R., & Jacobson, M. (1987). Marketing booze to blacks. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harburg, E., Erfurt, J., Chape, C., Habenstein, L., Scholl, W., & Schork M. A. (1973). Socioecological stressor areas of black-white blood pressure: Detroit. Journal of Chronic Disease, 26, 595–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertzman, C. (1994). The lifelong impact of childhood experiences: A population health perspective. Daedalus, 123,4, 167–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, C., Shea, B., Swanson, J., Leaf, P., & Myers, J. (1986). The increased risk for specific psychiatric disorders among persons of low socioeconomic status. American Journal of Social Psychiatry, 6, 259–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., Umberson, D., & Landis, K. (1988). Structures and processes of social support. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 293–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, S. A. (1993). Racial and ethnic differences in infant mortality and low birth weight. Annals of Epidemiology, 3(2), 131–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, S. A. (1994). John Henryism and the health of African-Americans. Culture of Medicine and Psychiatry, 18, 163–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N. (1991). Women and social class: A methodological study comparing individual, household, and census measures as predictors of black/white differences in reproductive history. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 45, 35–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N., & Fee, E. (1994). Social class: The missing link in U.S. health data, Journal of Health Services, 24, 25–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N., Rowley, D. L., Herman, A. A., Avery, B., & Phillips, M. T. (1993). Racism, sexism, and social class: Implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 9(Suppl.), 82–122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, M. (1975). Social differences in physical health. In J. Kosa & I. K. Zola (Eds.), Poverty and health: A sociological analysis (rev. ed., pp. 80–134). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberson, S. (1985). Making it count: The improvement of social research and theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebow, E. (1967). Tally’s corner. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin-Fu, J. S. (1993). Asian and Pacific Islander Americans: An overview of demographic characteristics and health care issues. Asian American and Pacific Islander Journal of Health, 1(1), 20–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, I. L. (1994). Handbook of black american health: The mosaic of conditions, issues, and prospects. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, O. (1991). Causal explanations for class inequality in health—an empirical analysis. Social Science Medicine, 32, 385–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. G., Kogevinas, M., & Elston, M. A. (1987). Social/economic status and disease. Annual Review of Public Health, 8, 111–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKinlay, J. B. (1975). The help-seeking behavior of the poor. In J. Kosa, I. K. Zola (Eds.), Poverty and health: A sociological analysis (rev. ed., pp. 224–273). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1986). Social patterns of distress. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1994). Health United States 1993. Hyattsville, MD: USDHHS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarro, V. (1990). Race or class versus race and class: Mortality differentials in the United States. Lancet, 336, 1238–1240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newacheck, P. W., Butler, L. H., Harper, A. K., Prontokowski, D. L., & Franks, P. E. (1980). Income and illness. Medical Care, 18, 1165–1176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1986). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to 1980s. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993). The increasing disparity in mortality between socioeconomic groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 103–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, C., & Marmot, M. G. (1988). Efficacy versus effectiveness of relaxation therapy in hypertension. Stress Medicine, 4, 283–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, J. P., Fiore, M., Novotny, T. E., Hatziandreau, E., & Davis, R. (1989). Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States: Educational differences are increasing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 56–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pol, L. G., Guy, R. F., & Bush, A. J. (1982). Discrimination in the home lending market: A macro perspective. Social Science Quarterly, 63, 716–728.

    Google Scholar 

  • Power, C., Manor, O., Fox, A. J., & Fogelman, K. (1990). Health in childhood and social inequalities in health in young adults. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 153(1), 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabow, J., & Watt, R. (1982). Alcohol availability, alcohol beverage sales and alcohol-related problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43, 767–801.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N., & Reiger, D. A., (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiologic catchment area study. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. C. (1984). Racial inequality and the probability of occupation-related injury or illness. Milbank Quarterly, 63(4), 567–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapolsky, R. M. (1990). Stress in the wild. Scientific American, 262, 116–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schemo, D. (1994, August 17). Suburban taxes are higher for blacks, analysis shows. New York Times, p. A/6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenborn, C. A. (1986). Health habits of U.S. adults, 1985: The “Alameda 7” revisited. Public Health Reports, 101, 571–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoendorf, K. C., Hogue, C. J. R., Kleinman, J. C., & Rowley, D. (1992). Mortality among infants of black as compared with white college-educated persons. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 1522–1526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, S. (1990). The causes of black poverty: Evidence and interpretation. Journal of Economic Issues, 4, 995–1016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M. (1986). Toward a political economy of alcoholism. Social Science Medicine, 23, 113–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, D. C. (1989). A database with income and assets of new retirees by race and Hispanic origin. Review of the Black Political Economy, 17, 73–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorlie, P. D., Backhand, E., Johnson, N. J., & Rogot, E. (1993). Mortality by Hispanic status in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 278, 2464–2468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stack, C. B. (1975). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syme, S. L. (1978). Drug treatment of mild hypertension: Social and psychological considerations. Annals New York Academy of Science, 304, 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, D. T., & Young, K. N. J. (1994). Overview of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. In N. W. S. Zane, D. T. Takeuchi, & K. N. J. Young (Eds.), Confronting Critical Health Issues of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (pp. 3–21). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. E. (1993). Race, class, and personal income: An empirical test of the declining significance of race thesis, 1968–1988. Social Problems, 40, 328–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1994) Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1994 (114th ed.). Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega, W. A., & Amaro, H. (1994). Latino outlook: Good health, uncertain prognosis. Annual Review of Public Health, 15, 39–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R. (1990). Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 81–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1995). US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 349–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & House, J. S. (1991). Stress, social support, control, and coping: A social epidemiological view. In B. Badura & I. Kickbusch (Eds.), Health promotion research: Towards a new social epidemiology (pp. 147–172). Copenhagen: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., Lavizzo-Mourey, R., & Warren, R. C. (1994) The concept of race and health status in America. Public Health Reports, 109(1), 26–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., Wilson, L., & Chung, A. M. (1992). Socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors and health in urban Guyana. Sociological Focus, 25(4), 279–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winant, H. (1994). Racial conditions: politics, theory, comparisons. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zane, N. W. S., Takeuchi, D. T., & Young, K. N. S. (1994). Confronting critical health issues of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Williams, D.R., Rucker, T. (1996). Socioeconomic Status and the Health of Racial Minority Populations. In: Kato, P.M., Mann, T. (eds) Handbook of Diversity Issues in Health Psychology. The Plenum Series in Culture and Health. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-27572-7_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-585-27572-7_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45325-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-585-27572-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics