Skip to main content

Endocrine Tumors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging
  • 1769 Accesses

Abstract

Endocrine tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that originate in the pituitary, thyroid, and parathyroid glands, the endocrine pancreatic islets, and the neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal glands or dispersed in the digestive and respiratory tracts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bocher M, Balan A, Krausz Y, Shrem Y, Lonn A, Wilk M, Chisin R. Gamma camera-mounted anatomical X-ray tomography: technology, system characteristics and first images. Eur J Nucl Med 2000;27:619–627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Krausz Y, Israel O. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in endocrinology. Semin Nucl Med 2006;36:267–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Keidar Z, Israel O, Krausz Y. SPECT/CT in tumor imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Nucl Med 2003;33:205–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Schillaci O. Hybrid SPECT/CT: A new era for SPECT imaging? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:521–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gibril F, Jensen RT. Diagnostic uses of radiolabelled somatostatin receptor analogues in gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumours. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36 Suppl 1:S106–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Chen CC, Yu F, Goebel SU, Serrano J, Doppman JL, Jensen RT. Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. J Nucl Med 1999;40:539–553.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gabriel M, Decristoforo C, Kendler D, Dobrozemsky G, Heute D, Uprimny C, Kovacs P, Von Guggenberg E, Bale R, Virgolini IJ. 68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide PET in neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and CT. J Nucl Med 2007;48:508–518.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Buchmann I, Henze M, Engelbrecht S, Eisenhut M, Runz A, Schäfer M, Schilling T, Haufe S, Herrmann T,Haberkorn U. Comparison of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET and 111In-DTPAOC (Octreoscan) SPECT in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:1617–1626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Baum R, Niesen A, Leonhardi J, Wortmann R, Mueller D, Roesch F. Receptor PET/CT imaging of neuroendocrine tumours using the Ga-68 labelled, high affinity somatostatin analogue DOTA-1-Nal3 octreotide (DOTA-NOC): Clinical results in 327 patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32 Suppl 1:S54–55.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Prasad V, Fetscher S, Baum RP. Changing role of somatostatin receptor targeted drugs in NET: Nuclear Medicine's view. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2007;10:321s–337s.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Orlefors H, Sundin A, Garske U, Juhlin C, Oberg K Skogseid B, Langstrom B, Bergstrom M, Eriksson B. Whole-body (11)C-5-hydroxytryptophan positron emission tomography as a universal imaging technique for neuroendocrine tumors: comparison with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3392–3400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nanni C, Fanti S, Rubello D. 18F-DOPA PET and PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1577–1579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Krausz Y, Freedman N, Orevi M, Mishani E, Barak D, Glser B, Rubinstein R, Klein M, Gross DJ, Chisin R. FDOPA-PET in neuroendocrine tumors: An open question? J Nucl Med 2007;48 (Suppl 2):127P.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Junik R, Drobik P, Malkowski B, Kobus-Blachnio K. The role of positron emission tomography (PET) in diagnostics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP NET). Adv Med Sci 2006;51:66–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. de Herder WW, Lamberts SW. Gut endocrine tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18:477–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gore RM, Berlin JW, Mehta UK, Newmark GM, Yaghmai V. GI carcinoid tumors: appearance of the primary and detecting metastases. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;19:245–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Plöckinger U, Rindi G, Arnold R, Eriksson B, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, Goede A, Caplin M, Öberg K, Reubi JC, Nilsson O, Delle Fave G, Ruszniewski P, Ahlman H, Wiedenmann B. guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours. A consensus statement on behalf of the European neuroendocrine tumour society (ENETS). Neuroendocrinology 2004;80:394–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nikou GC, Lygidakis NJ, Toubanakis C, Pavlatos S, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Giannatou E, Mallas E, Safioleas M. Current diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoids in a series of 101 patients: The significance of serum chromogranin-A, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and somatostatin analogues. Hepatogastroenterology 2005;52:731–741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Virgolini I, Traub-Weidinger T, Decristoforo C. Nuclear medicine in the detection and management of pancreatic islet-cell tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;19:213–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. McLean AM, Fairclough PD. Endoscopic ultrasound in the localisation of pancreatic islet cell tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;19:177–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gouya H, Vignaux O, Augui J, Dousset B, Palazzo L, Louvel A, Chaussade S, Legmann P. CT, endoscopic sonography, and a combined protocol for preoperative evaluation of pancreatic insulinomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003;181:987–992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Noone TC, Hosey J, Firat Z, Semelka R. Imaging and localization of islet-cell tumours of the pancreas on CT and MRI. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;19:195–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gibril F, Reynolds JC, Doppman JL, Chen CC, Venzon DJ, Termanini B, Weber HC, Stewart CA, Jensen RT. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its sensitivity compared with that of other imaging methods in detecting primary and metastatic gastrinomas. A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:26–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Even-Sapir E, Keidar Z, Sachs J, Engel A, Bettman L, Gaitini D, Guralnik L, Werbin N, Iosilevsky G, Israel O. The new technology of combined transmission and emission tomography in evaluation of endocrine neoplasms. J Nucl Med 2001;42:998–1004.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Krausz Y, Keidar Z, Kogan I, Even-Sapir E, Bar-Shalom R, Engel A, Rubinstein R, Sachs J, Bocher M, Agranovicz S, Chisin R, Israel O. SPECT/CT hybrid imaging with In111-Pentetreotide in assessment of neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Endocrinol 2003;59:565–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Pfannenberg AC, Eschmann SM, Horger M, Lamberts R, Vonthein R, Claussen CD, Bares R. Benefit of anatomical-functional image fusion in the diagnostic work-up of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:835–843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hillel PG, van Beek EJ, Taylor C, Lorenz E, Bax N, Prakash V, Tindale WB. The clinical impact of a combined gamma camera/CT imaging system on somatostatin receptor imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Radiol 2006;61:579–587.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Oberg K, Eriksson B. Nuclear medicine in the detection, staging and treatment of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;19:265–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hoegerle S, Altehoefer C, Ghanem N, Koehler G, Waller CF, Scheruebl H, Moser E, Nitzsche E. Whole-body 18F-DOPA PET for detection of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours. Radiology 2001;220:373–380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Becherer A, Szabo M, Karanikas G, Wunderbaldinger P, Angelberger P, Raderer M, Kurtaran A, Dudczak R, Kletter K. Imaging of advanced neuroendocrine tumors with (18)F-FDOPA PET. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1161–1167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ambrosini V, Tomassetti P, Rubello D, Campana D, Nanni C, Castellucci P, Farsad M, Montini G, Al-Nahhas A, Franchi R, Fanti S. Role of 18F-dopa PET/CT imaging in the management of patients with 111In-pentetreotide negative GEP tumors. Nucl Med Commun 2007;28:473–477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Adams S, Baum R, Rink T, Schumm-Dräger PM, Usadel K-H, Hör G. Limited value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:79–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Belhocine T, Foidart J, Rigo P, Najjar F, Thiry A, Quatresooz P, Hustinx R. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy for diagnosing and staging carcinoid tumours: Correlations with the pathological indexes p53 and Ki-67. Nucl Med Commun 2002;23:727–734.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bar-Shalom R, Keidar Z, Krausz Y. Prospective Image Fusion: The Role of SPECT/CT and PET/CT Iin Henkin RE, Bova D, Dillehay GL (eds): Nuclear Medicine, 2nd Ed. St. Louis, MO: C.V. Mosby, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rozovsky K, Koplewitz BZ, Krausz Y, Revel-Wilk S, Weintraub M, Chisin R, Klein M. The added value of SPECT/CT for the correlation of MIBG scan and diagnostic CT in neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;190:1085–1090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ilias I, Pacak K. Diagnosis and management of tumors of the adrenal medulla. Horm Metab Res 2005;37:717–721.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hoegerle S, Nitsche E, Altehoefer C, Ghanem N, Manz T, Brink I, Reincke M, Moser E, Neumann HP. Pheochromocytomas: detection with 18F DOPA whole body PET – initial results. Radiology 2002;222:507–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Timmers HJ, Hadi M, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Martiniova L, Whatley M, Ling A, Eisenhofer G, Adams KT, Pacak K. The effects of carbidopa on uptake of 6-18F-Fluoro-L-DOPA in PET of pheochromocytoma and extraadrenal abdominal paraganglioma. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1599–1606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Win Z, Al-Nahhas A, Towey D, Todd J, Rubello D, Lewington V, Gishen P. 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET in neuroectodermal tumors: first experience. Nucl Med Commun 2007;28:359–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ozer S, Dobrozemsky G, Kienast O, Beheshti M, Becherer A, Niederle B, Kainberger F, Dudczak R, Kurtaran A.Value of combined XCT/SPECT technology for avoiding false positive planar 123I-MIBG scintigraphy. Nuklearmedizin 2004;43:164–170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tang HR, Da Silva AJ, Matthay KK, Price DC, Huberty JP, Hawkins RA, Hasegawa BH. Neuroblastoma imaging using a combined CT scanner-scintillation camera and 131I-MIBG. J Nucl Med 2001;42:237–247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Shulkin BL, Hutchinson RJ, Castle VP, Yanik GA, Shapiro B, Sisson JC. Neuroblastoma: positron emission tomography with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose compared with metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy. Radiology 1996;199:743–750.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kushner BH, Yeung HW, Larson SM, Kramer K, Cheung NK. Extending positron emission tomography scan utility to high-risk neuroblastoma: fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as sole imaging modality in follow-up of patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3397–3405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Denham DW, Norman J. Cost-effectiveness of preoperative sestamibi scan for primary hyperparathyroidism is dependent solely upon the surgeon's choice of operative procedure. J Am Coll Surg 1998;186:293–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gotthardt M, Lohmann B, Behr TM, Bauhofer A, Franzius C, Schipper ML, Wagner M, Höffken H, Sitter H, Rothmund M, Joseph K, Nies C. Clinical value of parathyroid scintigraphy with technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile: discrepancies in clinical data and a systematic metaanalysis of the literature. World J Surg 2004;28:100–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Arici C, Cheah WK, Ituarte PH, Morita E, Lynch TC, Siperstein AE, Duh Q-Y, Clark OH. Can localization studies be used to direct focused parathyroid operations? Surgery 2001;129:720–729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Moka D, Voth E, Dietlein M, Larena-Avellaneda A, Schicha H. Technetium 99m-MIBI-SPECT: A highly sensitive diagnostic tool for localization of parathyroid adenomas. Surgery 2000;128:29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lorberboym M, Minski I, Macadziob S, Nikolov G, Schachter P. Incremental diagnostic value of preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in patients with a parathyroid adenoma. J Nucl Med 2003;44:904–908.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Schachter PP, Issa N, Shimonov M, Czerniak A, Lorberboym M. Early, postinjection MIBI-SPECT as the only preoperative localizing study for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Arch Surg 2004;139:433–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Buhl T, Mollerup C, Mortensen J. Precise preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas with combined 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/Hawkeye (low-dose CT) scanning [abstr]. J Nucl Med 2004;45(suppl):16.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Martin P, Alcan I, Berges L, Fuss M, Jortay A, Paternot J, Bergmann P. Contribution of 99mTc-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging in hyperparathyroidism: first experience with the new hybrid SPECT/CT GE Hawkeye [abstr]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31(suppl 2):246.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kaczirek K, Prager G, Kienast O, Dobrozemsky G, Dudczak R, Niederle B, Kurtaran A. Combined transmission and 99mTc-sestamibi emission tomography for localization of mediastinal parathyroid glands. Nuklearmedizin 2003;42:220–223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Krausz Y, Bettman L, Guralnik L, Yosilevsky G, Keidar Z, Bar-Shalom R, Even-Sapir E, Chisin R, Israel O. Tc99m-MIBI SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surgery 2006;30:76–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ruf J, Seehofer D, Denecke T, Stelter L, Rayes N, Felix R, Amthauer H. Impact of image fusion and attenuation correction by SPECT-CT on the scintigraphic detection of parathyroid adenomas. Nuklearmedizin 2007;46:15–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Serra A, Bolasco P, Satta L, Nicolosi A, Uccheddu A, Piga M. Role of SPECT/CT in the preoperative assessment of hyperparathyroid patients. Radiol Med 2006;111:999–1008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Sharma J, Mazzaglia P, Milas M, Berber E, Schuster D, Halkar R, Siperstein A, Weber C. Radionuclide imaging for hyperparathyroidism (HPT): Which is the best technetium-99m sestamibi modality? Surgery 2006;140:856–863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lavely WC, Goetze S, Friedman KP, Leal JP, Zhang Z, Garret-Mayer E, Dackiw AP, Tufano RP, Zeiger MA, Ziessman HA. Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase (99m)Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1084–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yodphat Krausz MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krausz, Y. (2010). Endocrine Tumors. In: Delbeke, D., Israel, O. (eds) Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-92819-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-92820-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics