Skip to main content

Dendritic Cell Maturation Versus Polarization in Tumor Escape

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dendritic Cells in Cancer

Abstract

Dendritic cells serve as key immunosurveillance agents throughout the body and orchestrate the coordinate innate and adaptive immune responses to antigenically complex cells and organisms that challenge the host. The ability of dendritic cells to promote beneficial versus irrelevant or even, counterproductive, immunity in the cancer setting depends to a large degree on the operational parameters displayed by the heterogeneous population of dendritic cells found in the tumor microenvironment. This chapter will discuss how tumors manipulate the state of maturation and type of functional polarization displayed by dendritic cells in order to affect immune escape.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bell, D., Chomarat, P., Broyles, D., Netto, G., Harb, G. M., Lebecque, S., Valladeau, J., Davoust, J., Palucka, K. A. and Banchereau, J. 1999. In breast carcinoma tissue, immature dendritic cells reside within the tumor, whereas mature dendritic cells are located in peritumoral areas. J Exp Med 190:1417–1426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron, A., El-Hage, F., Kambouchner, M., Lecossier, D. and Tazi, A. 2006. Characterisation of dendritic cell subsets in lung cancer micro-environments. Eur Respir J 28:1170–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlos, C. A., Dong, H. F., Howard, O. M., Oppenheim, J. J., Hanisch, F. G. and Finn, O. J. 2005. Human tumor antigen MUC1 is chemotactic for immature dendritic cells and elicits maturation but does not promote Th1 type immunity. J Immunol 175:1628–1635.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caux, C., Ait-Yahia, S., Chemin, K., de Bouteiller, O., Dieu-Nosjean, M. C., Homey, B., Massacrier, C., Vanbervliet, B., Zlotnik, A. and Vicari, A. 2000. Dendritic cell biology and regulation of dendritic cell trafficking by chemokines. Springer Semin Immunopathol 22:345–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaux, P., Favre, N., Martin, M. and Martin, F. 1997. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells are defective in their antigen-presenting function and inducible B7 expression in rats. Int J Cancer 72:619–624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colonna, M., Trinchieri, G. and Liu, Y. J. 2004. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity. Nat Immunol 5:1219–1226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condeelis, J. and Pollard, J. W. 2006. Macrophages: obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell 124:263–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curiel, T. J. 2007. Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 117:1167–1174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danna, E. A., Sinha, P., Gilbert, M., Clements, V. K., Pulaski, B. A. and Ostrand-Rosenberg, S. 2004. Surgical removal of primary tumor reverses tumor-induced immunosuppression despite the presence of metastatic disease. Cancer Res 64:2205–2211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Jong, E. C., Smits, H. H. and Kapsenberg, M. L. 2005. Dendritic cell-mediated T cell polarization. Springer Semin Immunopathol 26:289–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dikov, M. M., Ohm, J. E., Ray, N., Tchekneva, E. E., Burlison, J., Moghanaki, D., Nadaf, S. and Carbone, D. P. 2005. Differential roles of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in dendritic cell differentiation. J Immunol 174:215–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyen, V., Rubio, M., Braun, D., Nakajima, T., Abe, J., Saito, H., Delespesse, G. and Sarfati, M. 2003. Thrombospondin 1 is an autocrine negative regulator of human dendritic cell activation. J Exp Med 198:1277–1283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esche, C., Lokshin, A., Shurin, G. V., Gastman, B. R., Rabinowich, H., Watkins, S. C., Lotze, M. T. and Shurin, M. R. 1999. Tumor's other immune targets: dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 66:336–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evel-Kabler, K., Song, X. T., Aldrich, M., Huang, X. F. and Chen, S. Y. 2006. SOCS1 restricts dendritic cells' ability to break self tolerance and induce antitumor immunity by regulating IL-12 production and signaling. J Clin Invest 116:90–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fainaru, O., Adini, A., Benny, O., Adini, I., Short, S., Bazinet, L., Nakai, K., Pravda, E., Hornstein, M. D., D'Amato, R. J. and Folkman, J. 2008. Dendritic cells support angiogenesis and promote lesion growth in a murine model of endometriosis. Faseb J 22:522–529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feijoo, E., Alfaro, C., Mazzolini, G., Serra, P., Penuelas, I., Arina, A., Huarte, E., Tirapu, I., Palencia, B., Murillo, O., Ruiz, J., Sangro, B., Richter, J. A., Prieto, J. and Melero, I. 2005. Dendritic cells delivered inside human carcinomas are sequestered by interleukin-8. Int J Cancer 116:275–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fricke, I. and Gabrilovich, D. I. 2006. Dendritic cells and tumor microenvironment: a dangerous liaison. Immunol Invest 35:459–483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrilovich, D. 2004. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat Rev Immunol 4:941–952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulubova, M., Manolova, I., Cirowski, G., et al. 2008. Recruitment of dendritic cells in human liver with metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 25:777–785, [Epub ahead of print].

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanada, T., Tanaka, K., Matsumura, Y., Yamauchi, M., Nishinakamura, H., Aburatani, H., Mashima, R., Kubo, M., Kobayashi, T. and Yoshimura, A. 2005. Induction of hyper Th1 cell-type immune responses by dendritic cells lacking the suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 gene. J Immunol 174:4325–4332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegde, S., Pahne, J. and Smola-Hess, S. 2004. Novel immunosuppressive properties of interleukin-6 in dendritic cells: inhibition of NF-kappaB binding activity and CCR7 expression. Faseb J 18:1439–1441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, B., Lei, Z., Zhao, J., Gong, W., Liu, J., Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Li, D., Yuan, Y., Zhang, G. M. and Feng, Z. H. 2007. CCL2/CCR2 pathway mediates recruitment of myeloid suppressor cells to cancers. Cancer Lett 252:86–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iero, M., Valenti, R., Huber, V., Filipazzi, P., Parmiani, G., Fais, S. and Rivoltini, L. 2008. Tumour-released exosomes and their implications in cancer immunity. Cell Death Differ 15:80–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inokuma, M., dela Rosa, C., Schmitt, C., Haaland, P., Siebert, J., Petry, D., Tang, M., Suni, M. A., Ghanekar, S. A., Gladding, D., Dunne, J. F., Maino, V. C., Disis, M. L. and Maecker, H. T. 2007. Functional T cell responses to tumor antigens in breast cancer patients have a distinct phenotype and cytokine signature. J Immunol 179:2627–2633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamoto, M., Shinohara, H., Miyamoto, A., Okuzawa, M., Mabuchi, H., Nohara, T., Gon, G., Toyoda, M. and Tanigawa, N. 2003. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells expressing CD83 in human breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer 104:92–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. H., Yu, C. R., Mahdi, R. M., Ebong, S. and Egwuagu, C. E. 2004. Dendritic cell maturation requires STAT1 and is under feedback regulation by suppressors of cytokine signaling. J Immunol 172:2307–2315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, E. M., Lemmens, E. E., Wolfe, T., Christen, U., von Herrath, M. G. and Schoenberger, S. P. 2003. CD4+ T cells are required for secondary expansion and memory in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Nature 421:852–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapsenberg, M. L. 2003. Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization. Nat Rev Immunol 3:984–993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, R., Emi, M. and Tanabe, K. 2006a. Functional roles of immature dendritic cells in impaired immunity of solid tumour and their targeted strategies for provoking tumour immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 146:189–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, R., Emi, M., Tanabe, K. and Arihiro, K. 2006b. Tumor-driven evolution of immunosuppressive networks during malignant progression. Cancer Res 66:5527–5536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kortylewski, M., Jove, R. and Yu, H. 2005. Targeting STAT3 affects melanoma on multiple fronts. Cancer Metastasis Rev 24:315–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larmonier, N., Marron, M., Zeng, Y., Cantrell, J., Romanoski, A., Sepassi, M., Thompson, S., Chen, X., Andreansky, S. and Katsanis, E. 2007. Tumor-derived CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cell suppression of dendritic cell function involves TGF-beta and IL-10. Cancer Immunol Immunother 56:48–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., Li, S. P., Min, J. and Zheng, L. 2007. Hepatoma cells inhibit the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells and increase the production of regulatory T cells. Immunol Lett 114:38–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Chu, N., Rostami, A. and Zhang, G. X. 2006. Dendritic cells transduced with SOCS-3 exhibit a tolerogenic/DC2 phenotype that directs type 2 Th cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 177:1679–1688.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovani, A., Schioppa, T., Porta, C., Allavena, P. and Sica, A. 2006. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor progression and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:315–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marigo, I., Dolcetti, L., Serafini, P., Zanovello, P. and Bronte, V. 2008. Tumor-induced tolerance and immune suppression by myeloid derived suppressor cells. Immunol Rev 222:162–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marteau, F., Gonzalez, N. S., Communi, D., Goldman, M., Boeynaems, J. M. and Communi, D. 2005. Thrombospondin-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase are major targets of extracellular ATP in human dendritic cells. Blood 106:3860–3866.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, A. L., Baban, B., Chandler, P., Marshall, B., Jhaver, K., Hansen, A., Koni, P. A., Iwashima, M. and Munn, D. H. 2003. Cutting edge: induced indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase expression in dendritic cell subsets suppresses T cell clonal expansion. J Immunol 171:1652–1655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Movassagh, M., Spatz, A., Davoust, J., Lebecque, S., Romero, P., Pittet, M., Rimoldi, D., Lienard, D., Gugerli, O., Ferradini, L., Robert, C., Avril, M. F., Zitvogel, L. and Angevin, E. 2004. Selective accumulation of mature DC-Lamp+ dendritic cells in tumor sites is associated with efficient T-cell-mediated antitumor response and control of metastatic dissemination in melanoma. Cancer Res 64:2192–2198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munn, D. H., Sharma, M. D., Hou, D., Baban, B., Lee, J. R., Antonia, S. J., Messina, J. L., Chandler, P., Koni, P. A. and Mellor, A. L. 2004. Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. J Clin Invest 114:280–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murdoch, C., Muthana, M., Coffelt, S. B. and Lewis, C. E. 2008. The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 8:618–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagorsen, D., Voigt, S., Berg, E., Stein, H., Thiel, E. and Loddenkemper, C. 2007. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells in human colorectal cancer: relation to local regulatory T cells, systemic T-cell response against tumor-associated antigens and survival. J Transl Med 5:62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nefedova, Y., Huang, M., Kusmartsev, S., Bhattacharya, R., Cheng, P., Salup, R., Jove, R. and Gabrilovich, D. 2004. Hyperactivation of STAT3 is involved in abnormal differentiation of dendritic cells in cancer. J Immunol 172:464–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrot, I., Blanchard, D., Freymond, N., Isaac, S., Guibert, B., Pacheco, Y. and Lebecque, S. 2007. Dendritic cells infiltrating human non-small cell lung cancer are blocked at immature stage. J Immunol 178:2763–2769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piconese, S., Valzasina, B. and Colombo, M. P. 2008. OX40 triggering blocks suppression by regulatory T cells and facilitates tumor rejection. J Exp Med 205:825–839.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinzon-Charry, A., Maxwell, T. and Lopez, J. A. 2005. Dendritic cell dysfunction in cancer: a mechanism for immunosuppression. Immunol Cell Biol 83:451–461.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirtskhalaishvili, G., Shurin, G. V., Esche, C., Cai, Q., Salup, R. R., Bykovskaia, S. N., Lotze, M. T. and Shurin, M. R. 2000. Cytokine-mediated protection of human dendritic cells from prostate cancer-induced apoptosis is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Br J Cancer 83:506–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popov, A. and Schultze, J. L. 2008. IDO-expressing regulatory dendritic cells in cancer and chronic infection. J Mol Med 86:145–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovich, G. A., Gabrilovich, D. and Sotomayor, E. M. 2007. Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells. Annu Rev Immunol 25:267–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutella, S., Danese, S. and Leone, G. 2006. Tolerogenic dendritic cells: cytokine modulation comes of age. Blood 108:1435–1440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, M. D., Baban, B., Chandler, P., Hou, D. Y., Singh, N., Yagita, H., Azuma, M., Blazar, B. R., Mellor, A. L. and Munn, D. H. 2007. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from mouse tumor-draining lymph nodes directly activate mature Tregs via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Clin Invest 117:2570–2582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shortman, K. and Naik, S. H. 2007. Steady-state and inflammatory dendritic-cell development. Nat Rev Immunol 7:19–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shurin, M. R. and Gabrilovich, D. I. 2001. Regulation of dendritic cell system by tumor. Cancer Res Ther Control 11:65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shurin, G. V., Shurin, M. R., Bykovskaia, S., Shogan, J., Lotze, M. T. and Barksdale, E. M., Jr. 2001. Neuroblastoma-derived gangliosides inhibit dendritic cell generation and function. Cancer Res 61:363–369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shurin, M. R., Shurin, G. V., Lokshin, A., Yurkovetsky, Z. R., Gutkin, D. W., Chatta, G., Zhong, H., Han, B. and Ferris, R. L. 2006. Intratumoral cytokines/chemokines/growth factors and tumor infiltrating dendritic cells: friends or enemies? Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:333–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbrink, K., Jonuleit, H., Muller, G., Schuler, G., Knop, J. and Enk, A. H. 1999. Interleukin-10-treated human dendritic cells induce a melanoma-antigen-specific anergy in CD8(+) T cells resulting in a failure to lyse tumor cells. Blood 93:1634–1642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoitzner, P., Green, L. K., Jung, J. Y., Price, K. M., Atarea, H., Kivell, B. and Ronchese, F. 2008. Inefficient presentation of tumor-derived antigen by tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57:1665–1673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, A., Masuda, A., Nagata, H., Kameoka, S., Kikawada, Y., Yamakawa, M. and Kasajima, T. 2002. Mature dendritic cells make clusters with T cells in the invasive margin of colorectal carcinoma. J Pathol 196:37–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, A., Kono, K., Itakura, J., Amemiya, H., Feng Tang, R., Iizuka, H., Fujii, H. and Matsumoto, Y. 2002. Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression with tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in gastric cancer. Oncology 62:121–127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi, T., Herrem, C. J., Olson, W. C., Finke, J. H., Bukowski, R. M., Kinch, M. S., Ranieri, E. and Storkus, W. J. 2003. Disease stage variation in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell reactivity to the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 63:4481–4489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatsumi, T., Kierstead, L. S., Ranieri, E., Gesualdo, L., Schena, F. P., Finke, J. H., Bukowski, R. M., Mueller-Berghaus, J., Kirkwood, J. M., Kwok, W. W. and Storkus, W. J. 2002. Disease-associated bias in T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 CD4(+) T cell responses against MAGE-6 in HLA-DRB10401(+) patients with renal cell carcinoma or melanoma. J Exp Med 196:619–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terme, M., Chaput, N., Combadiere, B., Ma, A., Ohteki, T. and Zitvogel, L. 2008. Regulatory T cells control dendritic cell/NK cell cross-talk in lymph nodes at the steady state by inhibiting CD4+ self-reactive T cells. J Immunol 180:4679–4686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tirapu, I., Huarte, E., Guiducci, C., Arina, A., Zaratiegui, M., Murillo, O., Gonzalez, A., Berasain, C., Berraondo, P., Fortes, P., Prieto, J., Colombo, M. P., Chen, L. and Melero, I. 2006. Low surface expression of B7-1 (CD80) is an immunoescape mechanism of colon carcinoma. Cancer Res 66:2442–2450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troy, A. J., Summers, K. L., Davidson, P. J., Atkinson, C. H. and Hart, D. N. 1998. Minimal recruitment and activation of dendritic cells within renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 4:585–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenti, R., Huber, V., Iero, M., Filipazzi, P., Parmiani, G. and Rivoltini, L. 2007. Tumor-released microvesicles as vehicles of immunosuppression. Cancer Res 67:2912–2915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermi, W., Bonecchi, R., Facchetti, F., Bianchi, D., Sozzani, S., Festa, S., Berenzi, A., Cella, M. and Colonna, M. 2003. Recruitment of immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (plasmacytoid monocytes) and myeloid dendritic cells in primary cutaneous melanomas. J Pathol 200:255–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vicari, A. P., Chiodoni, C., Vaure, C., Ait-Yahia, S., Dercamp, C., Matsos, F., Reynard, O., Taverne, C., Merle, P., Colombo, M. P., O'Garra, A., Trinchieri, G. and Caux, C. 2002. Reversal of tumor-induced dendritic cell paralysis by CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotide and anti-interleukin 10 receptor antibody. J Exp Med 196:541–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkin, F., Stordeur, P., Goldman, M., Boeynaems, J. M. and Robaye, B. 2002. Extracellular adenine nucleotides modulate cytokine production by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: dual effect on IL-12 and stimulation of IL-10. Eur J Immunol 32:2409–2417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wojas, K., Tabarkiewicz, J., Jankiewicz, M. and Rolinski, J. 2004. Dendritic cells in peripheral blood of patients with breast and lung cancer – a pilot study. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 42:45–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L. and Carbone, D. P. 2004. Tumor-host immune interactions and dendritic cell dysfunction. Adv Cancer Res 92:13–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, H., Kortylewski, M. and Pardoll, D. 2007. Crosstalk between cancer and immune cells: role of STAT3 in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 7:41–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, W., Machelon, V., Coulomb-L'Hermin, A., Borvak, J., Nome, F., Isaeva, T., Wei, S., Krzysiek, R., Durand-Gasselin, I., Gordon, A., Pustilnik, T., Curiel, D. T., Galanaud, P., Capron, F., Emilie, D. and Curiel, T. J. 2001. Stromal-derived factor-1 in human tumors recruits and alters the function of plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. Nat Med 7:1339–1346.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amy K. Wesa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lipscomb, M.W., Storkus, W.J., Wesa, A.K. (2009). Dendritic Cell Maturation Versus Polarization in Tumor Escape. In: Salter, R., Shurin, M. (eds) Dendritic Cells in Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88611-4_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics