Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Movement Disorder Emergencies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emergency Neurology

Abstract

Movement disorders can be the source of significant occupational, social, and functional disability. In most circumstances the progression of these disabilities is gradual, but there are circumstances when onset is acute or progression of a known movement disorders is unexpectedly rapid. These sudden appearances or worsening of abnormal involuntary movements can be so severe as to be frightening to the patient and his family, and disabling, or even fatal, if left untreated. This chapter reviews movement disorder syndromes that rise to this level of concern and that require an accurate diagnosis that will allow appropriate therapy that is sufficient to allay anxiety and prevent unnecessary morbidity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Curran T, Lang AE. Parkinsonian syndromes associated with hydrocephalus: case reports, a review of the literature, and pathophysiological hypotheses. Mov Disord. 1994;9(5):508–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Yomo S, Hongo K, Kuroyanagi T, Kobayashi S. Parkinsonism and midbrain dysfunction after shunt placement for obstructive hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13(3):373–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Prashantha DK, Netravathi M, Ravishankar S, Panda S, Pal PK. Reversible parkinsonism following ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a patient with obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular neurocysticercosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110(7): 718–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kim MJ, Chung SJ, Sung YH, Lee MC, Im JH. Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism associated with hydrocephalus. Mov Disord. 2006;21(8):1279–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Racette BA, Esper GJ, Antenor J, Black KJ, Burkey A, Moerlein SM, et al. Pathophysiology of parkinsonism due to hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(11):1617–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kinugawa K, Itti E, Lepeintre JF, Mari I, Czernecki V, Heran F, et al. Subacute dopa-responsive Parkinsonism after successful surgical treatment of aqueductal stenosis. Mov Disord. 2009;24(16): 2438–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vaamonde J, Flores JM, Gallardo MJ, Ibanez R. Subacute hemicorporal parkinsonism in 5 patients with infarcts of the basal ganglia. J Neural Transm. 2007;114(11):1463–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Peralta C, Werner P, Holl B, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Seppi K, et al. Parkinsonism following striatal infarcts: incidence in a prospective stroke unit cohort. J Neural Transm. 2004;111(10–11):1473–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Orta Daniel SJ, Ulises RO. Stroke of the substance nigra and parkinsonism as first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(4):367–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kuo SH, Kenney C, Jankovic J. Bilateral pedunculopontine nuclei strokes presenting as freezing of gait. Mov Disord. 2008;23(4):616–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zijlmans JC, Katzenschlager R, Daniel SE, Lees AJ. The L-dopa response in vascular parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(4):545–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Choi SM, Lee SH, Park MS, Kim BC, Kim MK, Cho KH. Disappearance of resting tremor after thalamic stroke involving the territory of the tuberothalamic artery. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(4): 373–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bhatt MH, Elias MA, Mankodi AK. Acute and reversible parkinsonism due to organophosphate pesticide intoxication: five cases. Neurology. 1999; 52(7):1467–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shahar E, Bentur Y, Bar-Joseph G, Cahana A, Hershman E. Extrapyramidal parkinsonism complicating acute organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;33(5):378–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Arima H, Sobue K, So M, Morishima T, Ando H, Katsuya H. Transient and reversible parkinsonism after acute organophosphate poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(1):67–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Choi IS. Parkinsonism after carbon monoxide poisoning. Eur Neurol. 2002;48(1):30–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lo CP, Chen SY, Lee KW, Chen WL, Chen CY, Hsueh CJ, et al. Brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning: early and late complications. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(4):W205–11.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Weaver LK. Clinical practice. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(12):1217–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Reddy NJ, Lewis LD, Gardner TB, Osterling W, Eskey CJ, Nierenberg DW. Two cases of rapid onset Parkinson’s syndrome following toxic ingestion of ethylene glycol and methanol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81(1):114–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Soykan I, Sivri B, Sarosiek I, Kiernan B, McCallum RW. Demography, clinical characteristics, psychological and abuse profiles, treatment, and long-term follow-up of patients with gastroparesis. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(11):2398–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Onofrj M, Thomas A. Acute akinesia in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;64(7):1162–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dafotakis M, Sparing R, Juzek A, Block F, Kosinski CM. Transdermal dopaminergic stimulation with rotigotine in Parkinsonian akinetic crisis. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(2):335–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Galvez-Jimenez N, Lang AE. The perioperative management of Parkinson’s disease revisited. Neurol Clin. 2004;22(2):367–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rodnitzky RL. Drug-induced movement disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;25(3):142–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Caroff SN, Mann SC. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24(1):25–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Keyser DL, Rodnitzky RL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinson’s disease after withdrawal or alteration of dopaminergic therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151(4):794–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Takubo H, Harada T, Hashimoto T, Inaba Y, Kanazawa I, Kuno S, et al. A collaborative study on the malignant syndrome in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9 Suppl 1:S31–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Serrano-Duenas M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like, or–dopaminergic malignant syndrome–due to levodopa therapy withdrawal. Clinical features in 11 patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9(3):175–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dalkilic A, Grosch WN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome following initiation of clozapine therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(6):881–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Filice GA, McDougall BC, Ercan-Fang N, Billington CJ. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with olanzapine. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(11): 1158–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Norris B, Angeles V, Eisenstein R, Seale JP. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with delayed onset of fever following risperidone administration. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(12):2260–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gray NS. Ziprasidone-related neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with Parkinson’s disease: a diagnostic challenge. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2004; 19(3):205–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Karagianis JL, Phillips LC, Hogan KP, LeDrew KK. Clozapine-associated neuroleptic malignant syndrome: two new cases and a review of the literature. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(5):623–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nielsen J, Bruhn AM. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by olanzapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;112(3):238–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferioli V, Manes A, Melloni C, Nanni S, Boncompagni G. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome caused by clozapine and venlafaxine: early brief treatment with dantrolene. Can J Psychiatry. 2004;49(7): 497–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Gunatilake S, Burgoyne K, Sidhom T. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(4):464–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rodnitzky RL, Keyser DL. Neurologic complications of drugs. Tardive dyskinesias, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and cocaine-related syndromes. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15(2): 491–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Baca L, Martinelli L. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a unique association with a tricyclic antidepressant. Neurology. 1990;40(11):1797–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Halman M, Goldbloom DS. Fluoxetine and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28(6):518–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fava S, Galizia AC. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and lithium carbonate. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1995;20(4):305–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sachdev P, Mason C, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Case–control study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(8):1156–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Naganuma H, Fujii I. Incidence and risk factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90(6):424–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hermesh H, Manor I, Shiloh R, Aizenberg D, Benjamini Y, Munitz H, et al. High serum creatinine kinase level: possible risk factor for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(3):252–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Harada T, Mitsuoka K, Kumagai R, Murata Y, Kaseda Y, Kamei H, et al. Clinical features of malignant syndrome in Parkinson’s disease and related neurological disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9 Suppl 1:S15–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stotz M, Thummler D, Schurch M, Renggli JC, Urwyler A, Pargger H. Fulminant neuroleptic malignant syndrome after perioperative withdrawal of antiParkinsonian medication. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93(6):868–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ladha SS, Walker R, Shill HA. Case of neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome precipitated by abrupt fava bean discontinuance. Mov Disord. 2005;20(5): 630–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gaig C, Marti MJ, Tolosa E, Gomez-Choco MJ, Amaro S. Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome not related to antiparkinsonian treatment withdrawal during the 2003 summer heat wave. J Neurol. 2005;252(9):1116–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kurlan R, Hamill R, Shoulson I. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1984;7(2): 109–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Caroff SN. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980;41(3):79–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Balzan MV. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a logical approach to the patient with temperature and rigidity. Postgrad Med J. 1998;74(868):72–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wong MM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: two cases without muscle rigidity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1996;30(3):415–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Peiris DT, Kuruppuarachchi K, Weerasena LP, Seneviratne SL, Tilakaratna YT, De Silva HJ, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome without fever: a report of three cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69(2):277–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hall RC, Appleby B, Hall RC. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting as fever of unknown origin in the elderly. South Med J. 2005;98(1): 114–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Taniguchi N, Tanii H, Nishikawa T, Miyamae Y, Shinozaki K, Inoue Y, et al. Classification system of complications in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1997;19(3): 193–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Naramoto A, Koizumi N, Itoh N, Shigematsu H. An autopsy case of cerebellar degeneration following lithium intoxication with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1993;43(1–2):55–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sakkas P, Davis JM, Janicak PG, Wang ZY. Drug treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991;27(3):381–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Storm C, Gebker R, Kruger A, Nibbe L, Schefold JC, Martens F, et al. A rare case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome presenting with serious hyperthermia treated with a non-invasive cooling device: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2009;3:6170.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wang HC, Hsieh Y. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with subcutaneous apomorphine monotherapy. Mov Disord. 2001;16(4):765–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lattanzi L, Mungai F, Romano A, Bonuccelli U, Cassano GB, Fagiolini A. Subcutaneous apomorphine for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(8):1450–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tsutsumi Y, Yamamoto K, Matsuura S, Hata S, Sakai M, Shirakura K. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome using dantrolene sodium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;52(4):433–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Thomas P, Maron M, Rascle C, Cottencin O, Vaiva G, Goudemand M. Carbamazepine in the treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43(4):303–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rosebush PI, Stewart T, Mazurek MF. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Are dantrolene and bromocriptine useful adjuncts to supportive care? Br J Psychiatry. 1991;159:709–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Davis JM, Janicak PG, Sakkas P, Gilmore C, Wang Z. Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Convuls Ther. 1991;7(2):111–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Meagher LJ, McKay D, Herkes GK, Needham M. Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome: the role of electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Neurosci. 2006; 13(8):857–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Adityanjee, Sajatovic M, Munshi KR. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005;28(4):197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Sato Y, Asoh T, Metoki N, Satoh K. Efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy on neuroleptic malignant syndrome in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(5):574–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rushton JL, Whitmire JT. Pediatric stimulant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prescription trends—1992 to 1998. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(5):560–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(6):705–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson AH, Whyte IM. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM. 2003;96(9):635–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Demirkiran M, Jankovic J, Dean JM. Ecstasy intoxication: an overlap between serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clin Neuro­pharmacol. 1996;19(2):157–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Attar-Herzberg D, Apel A, Gang N, Dvir D, Mayan H. The serotonin syndrome: initial misdiagnosis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2009;11(6):367–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lane R, Baldwin D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced serotonin syndrome: review. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(3):208–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Isbister GK, Buckley NA. The pathophysiology of serotonin toxicity in animals and humans: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(5):205–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mekler G, Woggon B. A case of serotonin syndrome caused by venlafaxine and lithium. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30:272–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Nisijima K, Shimizu M, Abe T, Ishiguro T. A case of serotonin syndrome induced by concomitant treatment with low-dose trazodone and amitriptyline and lithium. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(4): 289–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gillman PK. Serotonin syndrome: history and risk. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1998;12:482–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kaminski CA, Robbins MS, Weibley RE. Sertraline intoxication in a child. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23: 1371–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Horowitz BZ, Mullins ME. Cyproheptadine for serotonin syndrome in an accidental pediatric sertraline ingestion. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15(5):325–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Schwartz RH, Miller NS. MDMA (Ecstasy) and the rave: a review. Pediatrics. 1997;100(4):705–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Vuori E, Henry JA, Ojanpera I, Nieminen R, Savolainen T, Wahlsten P, et al. Death following ingestion of MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide. Addiction. 2003;98(3):365–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Schifano F, Corkery J, Naidoo V, Oyefeso A, Ghodse H. Overview of amphetamine-type stimulant mortality data–UK, 1997–2007. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;61(3):122–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ganetsky M, Bird SB, Liang IE. Acute myocardial infarction associated with the serotonin syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(10):782–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Soldin OP, Tonning JM. Serotonin syndrome associated with triptan monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(20):2185–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Wooltorton E. Triptan migraine treatments and antidepressants: risk of serotonin syndrome. Can Med Assoc J. 2006;175(8):874–5.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Evans RW, The FDA. Alert on serotonin syndrome with combined use of SSRIs or SNRIs and Triptans: an analysis of the 29 case reports. MedGenMed. 2007;9(3):48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sclar DA, Robison LM, Skaer TL. Concomitant triptan and SSRI or SNRI use: a risk for serotonin syndrome. Headache. 2008;48(1):126–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Huang V, Gortney JS. Risk of serotonin syndrome with concomitant administration of linezolid and serotonin agonists. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26(12): 1784–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Martin TG. Serotonin syndrome. Ann Emerg Med. 1996;28(5):520–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. McDaniel WW. Serotonin syndrome: early management with cyproheptadine. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35(7–8):870–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Van Gerpen JA. Drug-induced parkinsonism. Neurologist. 2002;8(6):363–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Diaz-Corrales FJ, Sanz-Viedma S, Garcia-Solis D, Escobar-Delgado T, Mir P. Clinical features and 123I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging in drug-induced parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(3):556–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Chuang C, Constantino A, Balmaceda C, Eidelberg D, Frucht SJ. Chemotherapy-induced parkinsonism responsive to levodopa: an underrecognized entity. Mov Disord. 2003;18(3):328–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Woodford H, Walker R. Emergency hospital admissions in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(9):1104–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Jang H, Boltz DA, Webster RG, Smeyne RJ. Viral parkinsonism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1792(7): 714–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Solbrig MV, Nashef L. Acute parkinsonism in suspected herpes simplex encephalitis. Mov Disord. 1993;8(2):233–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Robinson RL, Shahida S, Madan N, Rao S, Khardori N. Transient parkinsonism in West Nile virus encephalitis. Am J Med. 2003;115(3):252–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lopez-Alberola R, Georgiou M, Sfakianakis GN, Singer C, Papapetropoulos S. Contemporary Enceph­alitis Lethargica: phenotype, laboratory findings and treatment outcomes. J Neurol. 2009;256(3): 396–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Lees AJ, Adcock JE, Harding B, et al. Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 1):21–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. McKee DH, Sussman JD. Case report: severe acute Parkinsonism associated with streptococcal infection and antibasal ganglia antibodies. Mov Disord. 2005;20(12):1661–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dimova PS, Bojinova V, Georgiev D, Milanov I. Acute reversible parkinsonism in Epstein-Barr virus-related encephalitis lethargica-like illness. Mov Disord. 2006;21(4):564–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Cooper MK, Brock DG, McDaniel CM. Interaction between levodopa and enteral nutrition. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(3):439–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Brashear A, Dobyns WB, de Carvalho AP, Borg M, Frijns CJ, Gollamudi S, et al. The phenotypic spectrum of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP) and mutations in the ATP1A3 gene. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 3):828–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Svetel M, Ozelius LJ, Buckley A, Lohmann K, Brajkovic L, Klein C, et al. Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism: case report. J Neurol. 2010;257(3): 472–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Factor SA, Molho ES. Emergency department presentations of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18(2):209–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Karstaedt PJ, Pincus JH. Protein redistribution diet remains effective in patients with fluctuating parkinsonism. Arch Neurol. 1992;49(2):149–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Thomas AA, Friedman JH. Current use of clozapine in parkinson disease and related disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010;33(1):14–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Merims D, Balas M, Peretz C, Shabtai H, Giladi N. Rater-blinded, prospective comparison: quetiapine versus clozapine for Parkinson’s disease psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29(6):331–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ondo WG, Tintner R, Voung KD, Lai D, Ringholz G. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapine for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(8):958–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Oechsner M, Korchounov A. Parenteral ziprasidone: a new atypical neuroleptic for emergency treatment of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease? Hum Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(3):203–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Gomez-Esteban JC, Zarranz JJ, Velasco F, Lezcano E, Lachen MC, Rouco I, et al. Use of ziprasidone in parkinsonian patients with psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(3):111–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;294(15):1934–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pontone GM, Williams JR, Anderson KE, Chase G, Goldstein SA, Grill S, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders and anxiety subtypes in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(9): 1333–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Sieber FE, Zakriya KJ, Gottschalk A, Blute MR, Lee HB, Rosenberg PB, et al. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(1):18–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Crosby G, Culley DJ, Marcantonio ER. Delirium: a cognitive cost of the comfort of procedural sedation in elderly patients? Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(1): 12–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Devlin JW, Roberts RJ, Fong JJ, Skrobik Y, Riker RR, Hill NS, et al. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(2): 419–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Khouzam HR. Quetiapine in the treatment of postoperative delirium. A report of three cases. Compr Ther. 2008;34(3–4):207–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Pandharipande PP, Pun BT, Herr DL, Maze M, Girard TD, Miller RR, et al. Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;298(22):2644–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Reade MC, O’Sullivan K, Bates S, Goldsmith D, Ainslie WR, Bellomo R. Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: a randomised open-label trial. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Rozet I, Muangman S, Vavilala MS, Lee LA, Souter MJ, Domino KJ, et al. Clinical experience with dexmedetomidine for implantation of deep brain stimulators in Parkinson’s disease. Anesth Analg. 2006;103(5): 1224–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Nazem S, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Brown GK, Ten Have T, Stern MB, et al. Suicidal and death ideation in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23(11): 1573–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Voon V, Krack P, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Dujardin K, Schupbach M, et al. A multicentre study on suicide outcomes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 10):2720–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Glass GA, Josephs KA, Ahlskog JE. Respiratory insufficiency as the primary presenting symptom of multiple-system atrophy. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(7): 978–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Silber MH, Levine S. Stridor and death in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2000;15(4):699–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Li L, Saigusa H, Nagayama H, Nakamura T, Aino I, Komachi T, et al. A case of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease with bilateral vocal fold abductor paralysis. J Voice. 2009;23(5):635–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Isozaki E, Naito A, Horiguchi S, Kawamura R, Hayashida T, Tanabe H. Early diagnosis and stage classification of vocal cord abductor paralysis in patients with multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(4):399–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Kuzniar TJ, Morgenthaler TI, Prakash UB, Pallanch JF, Silber MH, Tippmann-Peikert M. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on stridor in multiple system atrophy-sleep laryngoscopy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(1):65–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Nonaka M, Imai T, Shintani T, Kawamata M, Chiba S, Matsumoto H. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for laryngeal contraction disorder during sleep in multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci. 2006;247(1):53–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Jin K, Okabe S, Chida K, Abe N, Kimpara T, Ohnuma A, et al. Tracheostomy can fatally exacerbate sleep-disordered breathing in multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 2007;68(19):1618–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Munschauer FE, Loh L, Bannister R, Newsom-Davis J. Abnormal respiration and sudden death during sleep in multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure. Neurology. 1990;40(4):677–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Garver DL, Davis DM, Dekirmenjian H, Ericksen S, Gosenfeld L, Haraszti J. Dystonic reactions following neuroleptics: time course and proposed mechanisms. Psychopharmacologia. 1976;47(2):199–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Rupniak NM, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Acute dystonia induced by neuroleptic drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;88(4):403–19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Aguilar EJ, Keshavan MS, Martinez-Quiles MD, Hernandez J, Gomez-Beneyto M, Schooler NR. Predictors of acute dystonia in first-episode psychotic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(12):1819–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. van der PA, van Schaik RH, Sonneveld P. Acute dystonic reaction to metoclopramide in patients carrying homozygous cytochrome P450 2D6 genetic polymorphisms. Neth J Med. 2006;64(5):160–2.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Tait PA. Supraglottic dystonic reaction to metoclopramide in a child. Med J Aust. 2001;174(11):607–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Najjar F, Price LH. Citalopram and dystonia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(1):8–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Dubow JS, Panush SR, Rezak M, Leikin J. Acute dystonic reaction associated with foscarnet administration. Am J Ther. 2008;15(2):184–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Esen I, Demirpence S, Yis U, Kurul S. Cetirizine-induced dystonic reaction in a 6-year-old boy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(9):627–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Priori A, Bertolasi L, Berardelli A, Manfredi M. Acute dystonic reaction to ecstasy. Mov Disord. 1995;10(3):353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Mason MN, Johnson CE, Piasecki M. Ziprasidone-induced acute dystonia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(3):625–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Ramos AE, Shytle RD, Silver AA, Sanberg PR. Ziprasidone-induced oculogyric crisis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(9):1013–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D, Aman MG, et al. Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(5):314–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Grega DM, Perry R, Small AM, Green WH. Haloperidol in the treatment of infantile autism: effects on learning and behavioral symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141(10): 1195–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Fines RE, Brady WJ, DeBehnke DJ. Cocaine-associated dystonic reaction. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15(5):513–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Russell SA, Hennes HM, Herson KJ, Stremski ES. Upper airway compromise in acute chlorpromazine ingestion. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14(5):467–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Hendrickson RG, Morocco AP, Greenberg MI. Acute dystonic reactions to “street Xanax”. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(22):1753.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Roberge RJ. Antiemetic-related dystonic reaction unmasked by removal of a scopolamine transdermal patch. J Emerg Med. 2006;30(3):299–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Schneider SA, Udani V, Sankhla CS, Bhatia KP. Recurrent acute dystonic reaction and oculogyric crisis despite withdrawal of dopamine receptor blocking drugs. Mov Disord. 2009;24(8):1226–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Manji H, Howard RS, Miller DH, Hirsch NP, Carr L, Bhatia K, et al. Status dystonicus: the syndrome and its management. Brain. 1998;121(Pt 2):243–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Marsden CD, Marion MH, Quinn N. The treatment of severe dystonia in children and adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47(11):1166–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Fahn S. High-dosage anticholinergic therapy in dystonia. Adv Neurol. 1983;37:177–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Walker RH, Danisi FO, Swope DM, Goodman RR, Germano IM, Brin MF. Intrathecal baclofen for dystonia: benefits and complications during six years of experience. Mov Disord. 2000;15(6):1242–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Hou JG, Ondo W, Jankovic J. Intrathecal baclofen for dystonia. Mov Disord. 2001;16(6):1201–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Vaamonde J, Narbona J, Weiser R, Garcia MA, Brannan T, Obeso JA. Dystonic storms: a practical management problem. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(4):344–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Teive HA, Munhoz RP, Souza MM, Antoniuk SA, Santos ML, Teixeira MJ, et al. Status Dystonicus: study of five cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2005;63(1): 26–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Mariotti P, Fasano A, Contarino MF, Della MG, Piastra M, Genovese O, et al. Management of status dystonicus: our experience and review of the literature. Mov Disord. 2007;22(7):963–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Elkay M, Silver K, Penn RD, Dalvi A. Dystonic storm due to Batten’s disease treated with pallidotomy and deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord. 2009;24(7):1048–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Apetauerova D, Schirmer CM, Shils JL, Zani J, Arle JE. Successful bilateral deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus for persistent status dystonicus and generalized chorea. J Neurosurg. 2010;113(3):634–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Levy LM, Dalakas MC, Floeter MK. The stiff-person syndrome: an autoimmune disorder affecting neurotransmission of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(7):522–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Mitsumoto H, Schwartzman MJ, Estes ML, Chou SM, La Franchise EF, De Camilli P, et al. Sudden death and paroxysmal autonomic dysfunction in stiff-man syndrome. J Neurol. 1991;238(2):91–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Teive HA, Munhoz RP, Cardoso J, Amaral VC, Werneck LC. Stiff-three limbs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2009;24(2):311–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Murinson BB, Guarnaccia JB. Stiff-person syndrome with amphiphysin antibodies: distinctive features of a rare disease. Neurology. 2008;71(24): 1955–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Munhoz RP, Fameli H, Teive HA. Stiff person syndrome as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Mov Disord. 2010;25(4):516–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Liu YL, Lo WC, Tseng CH, Tsai CH, Yang YW. Reversible stiff person syndrome presenting as an initial symptom in a patient with colon adenocarcinoma. Acta Oncol. 2010;49(2):271–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Fleischman D, Madan G, Zesiewicz TA, Fleischman M. Stiff-person syndrome: commonly mistaken for hysterical paralysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2009; 111(7):644.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Dalakas MC. Stiff person syndrome: advances in pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009;11(2):102–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Dalakas MC. The role of IVIg in the treatment of patients with stiff person syndrome and other neurological diseases associated with anti-GAD antibodies. J Neurol. 2005;252 Suppl 1:I19–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Kim JY, Chung EJ, Kim JH, Jung KY, Lee WY. Response to steroid treatment in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated cerebellar ataxia, stiff person syndrome and polyendocrinopathy. Mov Disord. 2006;21(12):2263–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Baker MR, Das M, Isaacs J, Fawcett PR, Bates D. Treatment of stiff person syndrome with rituximab. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(7):999–1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Seitz RJ, Blank B, Kiwit JC, Benecke R. Stiff-person syndrome with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies: complete remission of symptoms after intrathecal baclofen administration. J Neurol. 1995;242(10):618–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Bardutzky J, Tronnier V, Schwab S, Meinck HM. Intrathecal baclofen for stiff-person syndrome: life-threatening intermittent catheter leakage. Neurology. 2003;60(12):1976–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Vernino S, McEvoy K. Propofol for stiff-person syndrome: learning new tricks from an old dog. Neurology. 2008;70(18):1584–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Nambu A, Takada M, Inase M, Tokuno H. Dual somatotopical representations in the primate subthalamic nucleus: evidence for ordered but reversed body-map transformations from the primary motor cortex and the supplementary motor area. J Neurosci. 1996;16(8):2671–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Chung SJ, Im JH, Lee MC, Kim JS. Hemichorea after stroke: clinical-radiological correlation. J Neurol. 2004;251(6):725–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Biller J, Graff-Radford NR, Smoker WR, Adams Jr HP, Johnston P. MR imaging in “lacunar” hemiballismus. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1986;10(5): 793–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Leira EC, Ajax T, Adams Jr HP. Limb-shaking carotid transient ischemic attacks successfully treated with modification of the antihypertensive regimen. Arch Neurol. 1997;54(7):904–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Ristic A, Marinkovic J, Dragasevic N, Stanisavljevic D, Kostic V. Long-term prognosis of vascular hemiballismus. Stroke. 2002;33(8):2109–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Mohebati A, Brevetti LS, Graham AM. Resolution of hemiballism after carotid endarterectomy: case report. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19(5):737–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Vidakovic A, Dragasevic N, Kostic VS. Hemiballism: report of 25 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57(8):945–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Barlas O, Hanagasi HA, Imer M, Sahin HA, Sencer S, Emre M. Do unilateral ablative lesions of the subthalamic nucleu in parkinsonian patients lead to hemiballism? Mov Disord. 2001;16(2):306–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Chen CC, Lee ST, Wu T, Chen CJ, Huang CC, Lu CS. Hemiballism after subthalamotomy in patients with Parkinson’s disease: report of 2 cases. Mov Disord. 2002;17(6):1367–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Limousin P, Pollak P, Hoffmann D, Benazzouz A, Perret JE, Benabid AL. Abnormal involuntary movements induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in parkinsonian patients. Mov Disord. 1996;11(3):231–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Lin JJ, Lin GY, Shih C, Shen WC. Presentation of striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI in patients with hemiballism-hemichorea caused by non-ketotic hyperglycemia: report of seven new cases and a review of literature. J Neurol. 2001; 248(9):750–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Chu K, Kang DW, Kim DE, Park SH, Roh JK. Diffusion-weighted and gradient echo magnetic resonance findings of hemichorea-hemiballismus associated with diabetic hyperglycemia: a hyperviscosity syndrome? Arch Neurol. 2002;59(3):448–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Ahlskog JE, Nishino H, Evidente VG, Tulloch JW, Forbes GS, Caviness JN, et al. Persistent chorea triggered by hyperglycemic crisis in diabetics. Mov Disord. 2001;16(5):890–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Hashimoto T, Hanyu N, Yahikozawa H, Yanagisawa N. Persistent hemiballism with striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI in a diabetic patient: a 6-year follow-up study. J Neurol Sci. 1999;165(2): 178–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Sorimachi T, Fujii Y, Tsuchiya N, Saito M. Striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images and high-density signal on CT scans obtained in patients with hyperglycemia and no involuntary movement. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2):343–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Shan DE, Ho DM, Chang C, Pan HC, Teng MM. Hemichorea-hemiballism: an explanation for MR signal changes. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(5):863–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Ohara S. Dressing and constructional apraxia in a patient with dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy. J Neurol. 2001;248(12):1106–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Hsu JL, Wang HC, Hsu WC. Hyperglycemia-induced unilateral basal ganglion lesions with and without hemichorea. A PET study. J Neurol. 2004;251(12): 1486–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Stojanovic M, Sternic N, Kostic VS. Clozapine in hemiballismus: report of two cases. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1997;20(2):171–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Safirstein B, Shulman LM, Weiner WJ. Successful treatment of hemichorea with olanzapine. Mov Disord. 1999;14(3):532–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Obeso JA, Marti-Masso JF, Astudillo W, De la PE, Carrera N. Treatment with hemiballism with reserpine. Ann Neurol. 1978;4(6):581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Sitburana O, Ondo WG. Tetrabenazine for hyperglycemic-induced hemichorea-hemiballismus. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):2023–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Sethi KD, Patel BP. Inconsistent response to divalproex sodium in hemichorea/hemiballism. Neurology. 1990;40(10):1630–1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Driver-Dunckley E, Evidente VG. Hemichorea-hemiballismus may respond to topiramate. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(3):142–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. D’Amelio M, Callari G, Gammino M, Saia V, Lupo I, Salemi G, et al. Levetiracetam in the treatment of vascular chorea: a case report. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60(11):835–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Okun MS, Riestra AR, Nadeau SE. Treatment of ballism and pseudobulbar affect with sertraline. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(10):1682–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Mark VW, Oberheu AM, Henderson C, Woods AJ. Ballism after stroke responds to standard physical therapeutic interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(6):1226–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Krauss JK, Mundinger F. Functional stereotactic surgery for hemiballism. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(2): 278–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Slavin KV, Baumann TK, Burchiel KJ. Treatment of hemiballismus with stereotactic pallidotomy. Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;17(1):E7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Nakano N, Uchiyama T, Okuda T, Kitano M, Taneda M. Successful long-term deep brain stimulation for hemichorea-hemiballism in a patient with diabetes. Case report. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(6): 1137–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurology Department, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Robert L. Rodnitzky MD

Authors
  1. Robert L. Rodnitzky MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert L. Rodnitzky MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana, USA

    Karen L. Roos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rodnitzky, R.L. (2012). Movement Disorder Emergencies. In: Roos, K. (eds) Emergency Neurology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88585-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88585-8_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-88584-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-88585-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation