Keywords
- Livelihood Strategy
- Wildlife Management Area
- Livestock Holding
- Wildlife Tourism
- Irrigate Cultivation
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptions





Notes
- 1.
1 But see Sachedina 2008 for details of involvement with NGOs around Tarangire
References
Adams, W.M., and Hulme, D., 2001, If community conservation is the answer in Africa, what is the question? Oryx 35(3), 193–200.
Adams, W., Aveling, R., Brockington, D., Dickson, B., Elliott, J., Hutton, J., Roe, D., Vira, B., and Wolmer, W., 2004, Biodiversity conservation and the eradication of poverty. Science 306, 1146–1149.
Adams, W., and Hutton, J., 2007, People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation. Conservation and Society 5(2), 147–183.
Alexander, J., and MacGregor, J., 2000, Wildlife and politics: CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe. Development and Change 31(3), 605–627.
Anderson, D., and Broch-Due, V., 1999, The Poor are Not Us. James Currey.
AWF, 2005, Kilimanjaro Heartlands: a summary of AWF's engagement and related GIS data. Presentation given at ILRI Reto-o-Reto conference, January 2005.
Baxter, P., and Hogg, R., 1990 Property, poverty and people: changing rights in property and problems of pastoral development. Department of Social Anthropology and International Development, University of Manchester.
Berntsen, J., 1976, The Maasai and their neighbours: variables of interaction. African Economic History 2, 1–11.
Bishop, E., 2007, Schooling and Pastoralists' Livelihoods: A Tanzanian Case Study. PhD thesis. University College London, University of London.
Blaikie, P., 2006, Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana. World Development 34, 1942–1957.
Broch-Due, V., 1999, Remembered cattle, forgotten people: the morality of exchange and the exclusion of the Turkana poor, pp 50–88. In The Poor are Not Us. Edited by D. Anderson and V. Broch-Due. James Currey.
Boone, R., BurnSilver, S., and Thornton, P., 2006, Optimizing aspects of land use intensification in Southern Kajiado District, Kenya. Final Report to the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. Reto-o-Reto Project, DGIC, December 2006. Available at: www. reto-o-reto.org
Brandon, K., and Wells, M., 1992, Planning for people and parks: design dilemmas. World Development 20, 557.
Brockington, D., 2001, Women's income and livelihood strategies of dispossessed pastoralists. The case of Mkomazi Game Reserve. Human Ecology 29, 307–338.
Brockington, D., 2002, Fortress conservation: the preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. The International African Institute in association with James Currey, 2002.
Brockington, D., Igoe, J., and Schmidt Soltau, K., 2006, Conservation, human rights and poverty reduction. Conservation Biology, The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology 20(1), 250–252.
Brockington, D., and Schmidt-Soltau, K., 2004, The social and environmental impacts of wilderness and development. Oryx 38, 1–3.
Campbell, D., Lusch, D., Smucker, T., and Wangui, E., 2003, Root causes of land use change in the Loitokitok area, Kajiado District, Kenya. Land use change and impacts and dynamics (LUCID) Project working paper no. 19. Nairobi, Kenya, ILRI and UEP/GEF.
CBS, 2003, Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Kenya.
CBS, 2006 Central Bureau of Statistics/Kenya National Bureau of Statistics: www.cbs.go.ke;www.knbs.go.ke
Coast, E., 2002, Maasai socioeconomic conditions: a cross-border comparison. Human Ecology 30(1), 79–105.
Coast, E., 2006, Local understandings of, and responses to, HIV: rural-urban migrants in Tanzania. Social Science and Medicine 63(4), 1000–1010.
Dahl, G., and Hjort, A., 1976, Having herds: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology.
DeLuca, L., 2004, Tourism, Conservation, and Development Among the Maasai of Ngorongoro District, Tanzania: Implications for Political Ecology and Sustainable Livelihoods. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Colorado.
Emerton, L., 2001, The nature of benefits and the benefits of nature. In African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation, Edited by D. Hulme and M. Murphree, James Currey, Oxford.
Fratkin, E., 2008, Maasai and the Kenyan State: From Disenfranchised Nomads to Political Henchmen, and Back Again. Paper presented at African Studies Association Meetings, New York City panel ‘ Memories of Nation-Building and Their Impact Today’ Organized by Peter Geschiere and Miriam Goheen, October 19, 2007.
Galaty, J., 1993, The rhetoric of rights: construing Maasai land claims. In Justice and Paradox in the Conflicts and Claims of Indigenous Peoples. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
Galaty, J., and Bonte, J., 1991, Herders, Warriors and Traders. Pastoralism in Africa. Westview Press.
Gereta, E., Wolanski, E., and Chiombola, E., 2003, Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara River catchment in Kenya. Tanzania National Parks and Frankfurt Zoological Society.
Grandin, B., 1986, Land tenure, subdivision and residential change on a Maasai group Ranch. Development Anthropology Network. Bulletin of the Institute for Development Anthropology 4(2), 9–13.
Grandin, B., 1988, Wealth and pastoral dairy production. Human Ecology 16, 1–21.
Heffernan, C., Misturelli, F., and Nielsen, L., 2001, Restocking and poverty alleviation: the perceptions and realities of livestock-keeping among poor pastoralists in Kenya. Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Unit, Department of Agriculture, Reading.
Hodgson, D., 1999, Women as children: culture, political economy and gender inequality. Nomadic Peoples 3(2), 115–130.
Homewood, K., 2008, Ecology of African pastoralist societies. James Currey, Oxford and Ohio University Press.
Homewood, K., Lambin, E.F., Coast, E., Kariuki, A., Kikula, I., Kivelia, J., Said, M., Serneels, S., and Thompson, M., 2001, Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover: pastoralism, population or policies? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(22), 12544–12549.
Homewood, K., Coast, E., and Thompson, M., 2004, In-migration and exclusion in East African rangelands: access, tenure and conflict. Africa 74(4), 567–610.
Hutton, J., Adams, W., and Murombedzi, J., 2005, Back to the barriers? Changing narratives in biodiversity conservation. Forum for Development Studies 2, 341–370.
Igoe, J., 2007, Human rights, conservation and the privatization of sovereignty in Africa – a discussion of recent changes in Tanzania. Policy Matters 15, 241–254.
Igoe, J., and Brockington, D., 1999, Pastoral land tenure and community conservation: a case study from North-East Tanzania. Pastoral Land Tenure Series No 11. IIED, London.
Iliffe, J., 1987, The African Poor: A History. Cambridge University Press.
Iliya, M., and Swindell, K., 1997, Winners and losers: household fortunes in the urban peripheries of Northern Nigeria, Chap. 5, pp 85–100. In Farewell to Farms. De-agrarianisation and Employment in Africa. Edited by D. Bryceson and V. Jamal. Ashgate, Aldershot.
Kabubo-Mariara, J., Mwabu G., and Kimuyu P., 2006, Farm productivity and poverty in Kenya: the effect of soil conservation. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 4(2), 291–297. Available at: www.world-food.net.
Kimani, K., and Pickard, J., 1998, Recent trends and implications of Group Ranch Sub-Division and fragmentation in Kajiado District, Kenya. The Geographical Journal 164, 202–213.
Lewa Wildlife Conservancy publicity release: www.lewa.org
Klopp, J., 2001, “Ethnic clashes” and winning elections: the case of Kenya's electoral despotism. Canadian Journal of African Studies 35(3), 473–515.
Lambin, E.F., and Mertens, B., 2001, Abrupt and periodic shifts in a marsh location, and their impact on biodiversity and farming activities in Shompole, Kenya. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22(5), 711–716.
Lamprey, R.H., and Reid, R.S., 2004, Expansion of human settlement in Kenya's Maasai Mara: what future for pastoralism and wildlife? Journal of Biogeography 31(6), 997–1032.
Liganga, L., 2007, As We Talk About Cattle Herders: Mbeya Now Goes to Lindi! www.thisday. co.tz/News/1565.html
Little, P., Smith, K., Cellarius, B., Coppock, D., and Barrett, C., 2001, Avoiding disaster: diversification and risk management among East African herders. Development and Change 32, 410–433.
Little, P., McPeak, J., Barrett, C., and Kristjanson, P., 2006, The Multiple Dimensions of Poverty in Pastoral Areas of East Africa. Overview paper for ‘ Pastoralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa: A Policy Research Conference’ : 27–28 June 2006, held at the Safari Park Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya. Available at: http://www.ilri.org/research/Content.asp?CCID=27&SID=2&Pu blicationsPage=6
Little, P. , McPeak, J., Barrett, C., and Kristjanson, P. , 2008 , Challenging Stereotypes: The Complexity of Poverty in Pastoral Areas of East Africa, Development and Change 39(4), 585–609.
Mace, R., 1989, Gambling with goats: variability in herd growth among restocked pastoralists in Kenya Pastoralist Development network 28a. Overseas Development Institute, London.
Mace, R., 1993, Transitions between cultivation and pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology 34(4), 363–381.
Mapedza, E., and Bond, I., 2006, Political deadlock and devolved wildlife management in Zimbabwe. Journal of Environment & Development 15(4), 407–427.
May, A., 2002, Unexpected Migrations: Urban Labor Migration of Rural Youth and Maasai Pastoralists. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Colorado.
May, A., and Ole Ikayo, F., 2007, Wearing IlKarash: narratives of image, identity and change among Maasai labor migrants in Tanzania. Development and Change 38(2), 275–298.
McPeak, J., and Little, P. (Eds.) 2006, P astoral livestock marketing in Eastern Africa. Research and policy challenges. Intermediate Technology Publications.
Menzies, N., 2004, Communities and their partners: governance and community-based forest management. Conservation and Society 2, 449–456.
Mortimore, M., 2005, Social resilience in African dryland livelihoods: deriving lessons for policy. In Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts over Natural Resource Management Edited by Q. Gausset, M.A. Whyte,and T. Birch-Thomsen. Stockholm: Elanders Gotab.
MoLF, 2006, Draft National Livestock Policy 2006. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Nairobi.
MTW, 2007, Draft Wildlife Bill 2007. Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife. Nairobi.
Murombedzi, J., 1999, Devolution and stewardship in Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE programme? Journal of International Development 11(2), 287–293.
Nelson, F., 2004, The evolution and impacts of community-based ecotourism in northern Tanzania Drylands Issue paper no. 131 International Institute for Environment and Development , London.
Nelson, F., 2007, Emergent or illusory? Community management in Tanzania. IIED Issues Paper no. 146: 1–32. ISSN 1357 9312; ISBN 978-1-84369-661-2.
Nkedianye, D., Kaelo, D., Reid, R., Neselle, M., Onetu, L., Makui, O., Said, M., Kiruswa, S., Kristjanson, P., Kamuaro, O., Shem Kifugo, S., Dickson, N., and Clark, W., in prep., Linking Knowledge with Action and Alleviating Poverty Sustainably Using Researcher-Community-Facilitators to S pan B oundaries: Lessons from the Maasai in East Africa.
Nkedianye, D.K., Ole. 2003, Testing the Attitudinal Impact of a Conservation Tool Outside a Protected area: The Case of the Kitengela Wildlife Conservation Lease Programme for Nairobi National Park. Master's Thesis. Department of Rural Sociology and Community Development, University of Nairobi.
Nkwame, V.M., 2007 , EA's last tribal bushmen in stiff survival battle in Mbulu valley, www. thisday.co.tz/News/1878.html
Norton-Griffiths, M., 2007, How many wildebeest do you need? World Economics 8(2), 41–64.
Norton-Griffiths, M., and Said, M., in press , The future for wildlife on Kenya's rangelands: an economic perspective. In: Can Rangelands be Wild Lands? Edited by J. Deutsch, J. Du Toit, and R. Kock. Zoological Society of London Symposium volume with WCS.
Norton-Griffiths, M., Said, M., Serneels, S., Kaelo, D., Coughenour, M., Lamprey, R.H., Thompson, D.M., and Reid, R., 2008 , Land use economics in the Mara area of the Serengeti ecosystem. In Serengeti III. Edited by A. Sinclair, C. Packer, S. Mduma, and J. Fryxell, Chap. 13. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
O'Malley, E.B., 2003, Cattle and Cultivation: Changing Land Use and Labor Patterns in Pastoral Maasai Livelihoods, Loliondo Division, Ngorongoro District, Tanzania. Unpublished PhD thesis. 317 pp. Ann Arbor, MI.
Ottichilo, W.K., de Leeuw, J., Skidmore, A.K., Prins, H.H.T., and Said, M.Y., 2001, Population trends of large non-migratory wild herbivores and livestock in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 1977 and 1997. African Journal of Ecology 38, 202–216.
Oxfam, 2006, Delivering the agenda: Addressing chronic under-development in Kenya's arid lands. Oxfam International Briefing Paper, May 2006.
Paudel, N., 2005, Conservation and Livelihoods: Exploration of Local Responses to Conservation Intervention in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Reading University.
Pearce, D., and Moran, D., 1994, The economic value of biodiversity. Earthscan, London.
Randall, S., 2008, Pastoralist demography. In Ecology of African Pastoralist Societies. Edited by K. Homewood. James Currey, Oxford and Ohio University Press.
Randall, S., and Otieno, F., 2006, Data on pastoralist populations. Discussion paper for ILRI workshop of pastoralist poverty. Nairobi, June 27–28, 2006.
Reid, R.S., Nkedianye, D., Said, M., Kaelo, D., Neselle, M., Makui, O., Onetu, L., and Kristjanson, P., in prep. , Supporting pastoral community action with science: experiences balancing pastoral livelihoods and wildlife conservation in savannas of East Africa.
Ribot, J., 2006, Choose democracy: environmentalists' socio-political response. Global Environmental Policy 16, 115–119.
Sachedina, H., 2008, Wildlife is Our Oil: Conservation, Livelihoods and NGOs in the Tarangire Ecosystem. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Oxford.
Sandford, S., 2006, Foreword. In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa: Research and Policy Challenges. Edited by J. McPeak and P. Little, ITDG Publishing.
Scott, P., 1985, Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press.
Sikana, P., Kerven, C., and Behnke, R., 1993, From subsistence to specialised commodity production: commercialisation and pastoral dairying in Africa. Pastoral Development Network 34, 1–46.
Southgate, C., and Hulme, D., 2000, Uncommon property: the scramble for wetland in southern Kenya. In African Enclosures? Social Dynamics of Land and Water. Edited by P. Woodhouse, H. Bernstein, and D. Hulme. James Currey, Oxford.
Spear, T., and Waller, R., Ed., 1993, Being Maasai. London, Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Athens. James Currey, Mkuki na Nyota EAEP.
SSWG, 2006, Social Science Working Group of the Society for Conservation Biology. http://www.conbio.org/workinggroups/sswg/catalog/AccessedMay2006.
Stige, L., Stave, J., Chan, K.-S., Ciannelli, L., Pettorelli, N., Glantz, M., Herren, H., and Stenseth, N., 2006, The effect of climate variation on agropastoral production in Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(9), 3049–3053.
Stoner, C., Caro, T., Mduma, S., Mlingwa, C., Sabuni, G., and Borner, M., 2007, Assessment of effectiveness of protection strategies in Tanzania based on a decade of survey data for large herbivores. Conservation Biology 21, 635–646.
Sullivan, S., 2003, Protest, conflict and litigation: dissent or libel in resistance to a conservancy in north-west Namibia, pp 69–86. In Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege. Edited by E. Berglund and D. Anderson. Oxford: Berghahn Press.
Talle, A., 1988, Women at a Loss. Changes in Maasai Pastoralism and Their Effects on Gender Relations. Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, No. 19.
Talle, A., 1990, Ways of milk and meat among the Maasai, pp 73–93. In From Water to World Making. African Models and Arid Lands. Edited by G.Palsson. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.
Tenga, R., Mattee, A., Mdoe, N., Mnenwa, R., Mvungi, S., and Walsh, M., 2008, A study on the options for pastoralists to secure their livelihoods in Tanzania. CORDS, PWC, IIED, MMM Ngaramtoni, TNRF, UCRT. Available at www.tnrf.org/node/7487
Thompson, M., Serneels, S., and Lambin, E.F., 2002, Land-use strategies in the Mara Ecosystem (Kenya): A spatial analysis linking socio-economic data with landscape variables. In Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Linking People, Place and Policy. Edited by S.J.Walsh, and K.A. Crews-Meyer, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Thompson, D.M., and Homewood, K., 2002, Elites, entrepreneurs and exclusion in Maasailand. Human Ecology 30, 107–138.
Thornton, P., BurnSilver, S., Boone, R., and Galvin, K., 2006, Modeling the impacts of group ranch subdivision on agro-pastoral households in Kajiado, Kenya. Agricultural Systems 8 7 331–356.
UNDP/UNEP/IIED/IUCN/WRI, 2005, Environment for the MDGs. A Message to the World Summit. Sustaining the Environment to Fight Poverty and Achieve the MDGs: The Economic Case and Priorities for Action. Edited by Karen Holmes. New York: UNDP, www.povertyen-vironment.net/pep
URT, 1997, Livestock and agriculture policy. Section 3: Soil conservation and land use planning, pp 55–68. Section 4: range management, pp 127–131. Policy statements, United Republic of Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
URT, 2002, Integrated Tourism Master Plan for Tanzania, Summary and Action Plan Update – Final Report (online: www.tzonline.org/pdf/tourismmasterplan.pdf).
URT, 2005, Mkukuta: Tanzania's National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty. United Republic of Tanzania: Vice-President's Office. (eg. Annex: Goal 4: reduce income poverty: operational target 7: contribution of wildlife, forest and fish to incomes of rural communities (subcategories natural resources: eg points 4.7.1; 4.7.2; 4.7.3 enshrining CBNRM in all sectors; also operational target 10: reduced land degradation and loss of biodiversity: subcategory land management: establish village forest reserves) and other community-based management initiatives on village land).
Waller, R.D., 1988, Emutai: crisis and response in Maasailand 1883–1902, pp 73–114. In The Ecology of Survival: Case Studies from Northeast African History. Edited by D. Johnson and D. Anderson. Lester Crook Academic Publishing/Westview Press.
Waller, R.D., 1993, Acceptees and aliens. In Being Maasai. Edited by T. Spear and R. Waller. London, Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Athens. James Currey, Mkuki na Nyota EAEP.
Walpole, M.J., and Leader-Williams, N., 2001, Masai Mara tourism reveals partnership benefits. Nature 413, 771.
West, P., Igoe, J., and Brockington, D., 2006, Parks and peoples: the social impact of protected areas. Annual Review of Anthropology 35, 141–14.14.
Western, D., Russell S., and Mutu K., 2006, The Status of Wildlife in Kenya's Protected and Nonprotected Areas. Paper commissioned by Kenya's Wildlife policy review team, presented at the First Stakeholders' Symposium of the Wildlife Policy and Legislation Review, 27–28 September 2006, African conservation Centre, Nairobi. Kenya. Available online.
Wilkie, D., Morelli, G., Demmer, J., Starkey, M., Telfer, P., and Steil, M., 2006, Parks and people: assessing the human welfare effects of establishing protected areas for biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 20, 247–249.
WISP, 2008, A global perspective on the total economic value of pastoralism. World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism. ILRI, for GEF/UNDP/IUCN. Nairobi.
Woodhouse, P., Bernstein, H., and Hulme, D. (Eds.) 2000, African Enclosures? Social Dynamics of Land and Water. Oxford, James Currey.
Zaal, F., Ole Siloma, M., Andiema, R., and Kotomei, A., 2006, The geography of integration: cross border livestock trade in East Africa, Chap. 9, pp 145–168. In Pastoral Livestock Marketing in Eastern Africa. Research and Policy. Edited by J. McPeak and P. Little.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Homewood, K., Trench, P.C., Kristjanson, P. (2009). Staying Maasai? Pastoral Livelihoods, Diversification and the Role of Wildlife in Development. In: Homewood, K., Kristjanson, P., Trench, P.C. (eds) Staying Maasai?. Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87492-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87492-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-87491-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-87492-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)
