Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Advanced Dairy Chemistry pp 391–456Cite as

Nutritional Aspects of Minerals in Bovine and Human Milks

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This review summarizes the nutritional aspects of the 21 mineral elements present in bovine and human milks and considered essential or beneficial for human health (Table 10.1). This includes discussion of their respective physiological roles, signs of deficiency and toxicity, current recommended intakes, chemical presence as compounds that affect bioavailability and utilization and known enhancers and/or inhibitors of their absorption. The term “mineral” is not an accurate descriptor for the chemical nature of some of these elements but is a widely accepted terminology in the field of nutrition. The mineral elements occur in the body in one or more chemical forms, including inorganic ions and salts, complexes or constituents of organic molecules.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrams, S.A. 2005. Calcium supplementation during childhood: long-term effects on bone mineralization. Nutr. Rev. 63, 251–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, S.A. 2006. Building bones in babies: can and should we exceed the human milk-fed infant's rate of bone calcium accretion? Nutr. Rev. 64, 487–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, S.A., Copeland, K.C., Gunn, S.K., Gundberg, C.M., Klein, K.O., Ellis, K.J. 2000. Calcium absorption, bone mass accumulation, and kinetics increase during early pubertal development in girls. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 1805–1809.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abrams, S.A., O'Grien, K.O., Stuff, J.E. 1996. Changes in calcium kinetics associated with menarche. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 2017–2020.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abumrad, N.N., Schneider, A.J., Steel, D., Rogers, L.S. 1981. Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 2551–2559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Awadi, F.M., Srikumar, T.S. 2000. Trace-element status in milk and plasma of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti lactating mothers. Nutrition 16, 1069–1073.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • al-Saleh, I., al-Doush, I., Faris, R. 1997. Selenium levels in breast milk and cow's milk: a preliminary report from Saudi Arabia. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 16, 41–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alkanani, T., Friel, J.K., Jackson, S.E., Longerich, H.P. 1994. Comparison between digestion procedures for the multielemental analysis of milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42, 1965–1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics 2005. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 115, 496–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.R. 1992. Comparison of trace elements in milk of four species. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 3050–3055.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.A., Bryden, N.A., Polansky, M.M. 1992. Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 32, 117–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.A., Bryden, N.A., Polansky, M.M. 1997a. Lack of toxicity of chromium chloride and chromium picolinate in rats. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 16, 273–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, R.A., Cheng, N., Bryden, N.A., Polansky, M.M., Chi, J., Feng, J. 1997b. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46, 1786–1791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.J.B., Klemmer, P.J., Watts, M.L.S., Garner, S.C., Calvo, M.S. 2006. Phosphorus. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 383–399, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anke, M. 1986. Arsenic. In: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th edn. (W. Mertz, ed.), pp. 347–372, Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anke, M., Angelow, M., Müller, M., Glei, M. 1993. Dietary trace element intake and excretion of man. In: Trace Elements in Man and Animals – TEMA 8 (M. Anke, D. Meissner and C.F. Mills, eds.), pp. 180–188, Verlag Media Touristik, Gersdorf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anke, M., Glei, M., Arnhold, C., Drobner, C., Seifert, M.F. 1997. Arsenic. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O'Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 631–639, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appel, L.J., Moore, T.J., Obarzanek, E., Vollmer, W.M., Svetkey, L.P., Sacks, F.M., Bray, G.A., Vogt, T.M., Cutler, J.A., Windhauser, M.M., Lin, P.H., Karanja, N. 1997. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 1117–1124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archibald, J.G. 1951. Molybdenum in bovine milk. J. Dairy Sci. 34, 1026–1029.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archibald, J.G. 1958. Trace elements in milk: a review – part II. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 20, 799–812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, T.A., Spears, J.W., Crenshaw, T.D., Nielsen, F.H. 2000. Boron supplementation of a semipurified diet for weanling pigs improves feed efficiency and bone strength characteristics and alters plasma lipid metabolites. J. Nutr. 130, 2575–2581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud, J., Prual, A., Preziosi, P., Favier, A., Hercberg, S. 1993. Selenium determination in human milk in Niger: influence of maternal status. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 7, 199–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atac, A., Altay, N., Olmez, S. 2001. Fluoride content of infant formulas and market milk in Turkey. Turk. J. Pediatr. 43, 102–104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auso, E., Lavado-Autric, R., Cuevas, E., Del Rey, F.E., Morreale De Escobar, G., Berbel, P. 2004. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology 145, 4037–4047.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awumey, E.M., Bukoski, R.D. 2006. Cellular functions and fluxes of calcium. In: Calcium in Human Health (C.M. Weaver and R.P. Heaney, eds.), pp. 13–35, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bader, N., Moller, U., Leiterer, M., Franke, K., Jahreis, G. 2005. Pilot study: tendency of increasing iodine content in human milk and cow's milk. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 113, 8–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagchi, D., Stohs, S.J., Downs, B.W., Bagchi, M., Preuss, H.G. 2002. Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Toxicology 180, 5–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, Y., Hunt, C.D. 1996. Dietary boron enhances efficacy of cholecalciferol in broiler chicks. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 9, 117–132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken, N.A., Hunt, C.D. 2003. Dietary boron decreases peak pancreatic in situ insulin release in chicks and plasma insulin concentrations in rats regardless of vitamin D or magnesium status. J. Nutr. 133, 3516–3522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J.A., Beach, M., Mandel, J.S., van Stolk, R.U., Haile, R.W., Sandler, R.S., Rothstein, R., Summers, R.W., Snover, D.C., Beck, G.J., Bond, J.H., Greenberg, E.R. 1999. Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 101–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazrafshan, H.R., Mohammadian, S., Ordookhani, A., Abedini, A., Davoudy, R., Pearce, E.N., Hedayati, M., Azizi, F., Braverman, L.E. 2005. An assessment of urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations in lactating mothers from Gorgan, Iran, 2003. Thyroid 15, 1165–1168.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beard, J. 2006. Iron. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 430–444, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard, J.L. 2001. Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. J. Nutr. 131, 568S–580S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, M.A., Levander, O.A., Handy, J. 2003. Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J. Nutr. 133, 1463S–1467S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belver, A., Donaire, J.P. 1983. Partial purification of soluble lipoxygenase of sunflower cotyledons: action of boron on the enzyme and lipid constituents. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 109, 309–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, M.L., Cruz, A., Zanetti, M.A., Dorea, J.G. 1999. Dietary intake of selenium and its concentration in breast milk. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 70, 273–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blakeborough, P., Salter, D.N., Gurr, M.I. 1983. Zinc binding in cow's milk and human milk. Biochem. J. 209, 505–512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleys, J., Navas-Acien, A., Guallar, E. 2007. Serum selenium and diabetes in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 30, 829–834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bougle, D., Bureau, F., Foucault, P., Duhamel, J.F., Muller, G., Drosdowsky, M. 1988. Molybdenum content of term and preterm human milk during the first 2 months of lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48, 652–654.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bratter, P., Blasco, I.N., Negretti de Bratter, V.E., Raab, A. 1998. Speciation as an analytical aid in trace element research in infant nutrition. Analyst 123, 821–826.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bratter, P., Bratter, V.E., Recknagel, S., Brunetto, R. 1997. Maternal selenium status influences the concentration and binding pattern of zinc in human milk. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 11, 203–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, J.H. 2002. The physiology of lactoferrin. Biochem. Cell Biol. 80, 1–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronner, F., Abrams, S.A. 1998. Development and regulation of calcium metabolism in healthy girls. J. Nutr. 128, 1474–1480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruhn, J.C., Franke, A.A. 1983. Iodine in human milk. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 1396–1398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher, H.C., Cook, R.J., Guyatt, G.H., Lang, J.D., Cook, D.J., Hatala, R., Hunt, D.L. 1996. Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 275, 1016–1022.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burk, R.F., Hill, K.E. 2005. Selenoprotein P: an extracellular protein with unique physical characteristics and a role in selenium homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 25, 215–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butte, N.F., Garza, C., Johnson, C.A., Smith, E.O., Nichols, B.L. 1984. Longitudinal changes in milk composition of mothers delivering preterm and term infants. Early Hum. Dev. 9, 153–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butte, N.F., Garza, C., Smith, E.O., Wills, C., Nichols, B.L. 1987. Macro- and trace-mineral intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 42–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buzalaf, M.A., de Almeida, B.S., Cardoso, V.E., Olympio, K.P., Furlani Tde, A. 2004. Total and acid-soluble fluoride content of infant cereals, beverages and biscuits from Brazil. Food Addit. Contam. 21, 210–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cade, J.E., Burley, V.J., Greenwood, D.C. 2004. The UK Women's Cohort Study: comparison of vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters. Public Health Nutr. 7, 871–878.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, K.L., Jones, R., Hollowell, J.G. 2005. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Thyroid 15, 692–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, E.M. 1997. Silicon. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O’Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 603–618, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, J.D. 2003. Advances in nutritional modifications of infant formulas. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77, 1550S–1554S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, C.E. 1977. The content of some trace elements in infant milk foods and supplements available in New Zealand. NZ Med. J. 85, 275–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, C.E., Hambidge, K.M., Neville, M.C. 1985. Studies in human lactation: zinc, copper, manganese and chromium in human milk in the first month of lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41, 1193–1200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, C.E., Neville, M.C. 1987. Studies in human lactation 3: molybdenum and nickel in human milk during the first month of lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 921–926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapuy, M.C., Arlot, M.E., Duboeuf, F., Brun, J., Crouzet, B., Arnaud, S., Delmas, P.D., Meunier, P.J. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N. Engl. J. Med. 327, 1637–1642.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chevalley, T., Rizzoli, R., Nydegger, V., Slosman, D., Rapin, C.H., Michel, J.P., Vasey, H., Bonjour, J.P. 1994. Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos. Int. 4, 245–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuckpaiwong, S., Nakornchai, S., Surarit, R., Soo-ampon, S. 2000. Fluoride analysis of human milk in remote areas of Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 31, 583–586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Committee on Minerals and Toxic Substances in Diets and Water for Animals (2005). Mineral Tolerance of Animals. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousins, R.J. 2006. Zinc. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 445–457, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, R.G., Nevitt, M.C. 1997. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 1321–1329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curhan, G.C., Willett, W.C., Rimm, E.B., Stampfer, M.J. 1993. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N. Engl. J. Med. 328, 833–838.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curhan, G.C., Willett, W.C., Speizer, F.E., Spiegelman, D., Stampfer, M.J. 1997. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 497–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dabeka, R.W. 1989. Survey of lead, cadmium, cobalt and nickel in infant formulas and evaporated milks and estimation of dietary intakes of the elements by infants 0-12 months old. Sci. Total Environ. 89, 279–289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, L., Opsahl, J.A., Meltzer, H.M., Julshamn, K. 2003. Iodine concentration in Norwegian milk and dairy products. Br. J. Nutr. 90, 679–685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidovits, M., Levy, Y., Avramovitz, T., Eisenstein, B. 2006. Calcium-deficiency rickets in a four-year-old boy with milk allergy. J. Pediatr. 122, 249–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, L., Cederblad, A., Lonnerdal, B., Sandstrom, B. 1989. Manganese absorption from human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas in humans. Am. J. Dis. Child. 143, 823–827.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson, L., Kastenmayer, P., Yuen, M., Lonnerdal, B., Hurrell, R.F. 1994. Influence of lactoferrin on iron absorption from human milk in infants. Pediatr. Res. 35, 117–124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson-Hughes, B. 2006. Calcium throughout the life cycle. In: Calcium in Human Health (C.M. Weaver and R.P. Heaney, eds.), pp. 371–385, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S.S., Krall, E.A., Dallal, G.E. 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 670–676.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S.S., Krall, E.A., Dallal, G.E. 2000. Effect of withdrawal of calcium and vitamin D supplements on bone mass in elderly men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72, 745–750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Maria, C.G. 1978. Trace element content in colostrum of different ruminant species at various post-partum intervals. Ann. Rech. Vet. 9, 277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, K.G., Lonnerdal, B. 1983. Milk and nutrient intake of breast-fed infants from 1 to 6 months: relation to growth and fatness. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2, 497–506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domellof, M., Lonnerdal, B., Abrams, S.A., Hernell, O. 2002. Iron absorption in breast-fed infants: effects of age, iron status, iron supplements, and complementary foods. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 198–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domellof, M., Lonnerdal, B., Dewey, K.G., Cohen, R.J., Hernell, O. 2004. Iron, zinc, and copper concentrations in breast milk are independent of maternal mineral status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79, 111–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorea, J.G. 2007. Maternal smoking and infant feeding: breastfeeding is better and safer. Matern. Child Health J. 11, 287–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffield-Lillico, A.J., Reid, M.E., Turnbull, B.W., Combs, G.F., Jr., Slate, E.H., Fischbach, L.A., Marshall, J.R., Clark, L.C. 2002. Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11, 630–639.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffield-Lillico, A.J., Slate, E.H., Reid, M.E., Turnbull, B.W., Wilkins, P.A., Combs, G.F., Jr., Park, H.K., Gross, E.G., Graham, G.F., Stratton, M.S., Marshall, J.R., Clark, L.C. 2003. Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95, 1477–1481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eder, K., Kirchgessner, M. 1997. Nickel. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O'Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 439–451, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elders, P.J., Netelenbos, J.C., Lips, P., van Ginkel, F.C., Khoe, E., Leeuwenkamp, O.R., Hackeng, W.H., van der Stelt, P.F. 1991. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73, 533–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmett, P.M., Rogers, I.S. 1997. Properties of human milk and their relationship with maternal nutrition. Early. Hum. Dev. 49 Suppl, S7–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ereman, R.R., Lonnerdal, B., Dewey, K.G. 1987. Maternal sodium intake does not affect postprandial sodium concentrations in human milk. J. Nutr. 117, 1154–1157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esala, S., Vuori, E., Helle, A. 1982. Effect of maternal fluorine intake on breast milk fluorine content. Br. J. Nutr. 48, 201–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esworthy, R.S., Yang, L., Frankel, P.H., Chu, F.F. 2005. Epithelium-specific glutathione peroxidase, Gpx2, is involved in the prevention of intestinal inflammation in selenium-deficient mice. J. Nutr. 135, 740–745.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Favus, M.J., Bushinsky, D.A., Lemann, J.J. 2006. Regulation of calcuim, magnesium, and phosphate metabolism. In: Rimer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 6th edn. (1 M.J. Favus, ed.), pp. 76–83, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, A. 1992. Minerals and trace elements in milk. Adv. Food Nutre. Res. 36, 209–252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, A., Shortt, C., Morrissey, P.A. 1990. Sodium and potassium intakes in Ireland. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49, 323–332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomon, S.J., Ekstrand, J. 1999. Fluoride intake by infants. J. Public Health Dent. 59, 229–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomon, S.J., Ziegler, E.E., Nelson, S.E. 1993. Erythrocyte incorporation of ingested 58Fe by 56-day-old breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Pediatr. Res. 33, 573–576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine 1997, Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine 1998, Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B 6 , Folate, Vitamin B 12 , Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine 2000, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fort, D.J., Stover, E.L., Rogers, R.L., Copley, H.F., Morgan, L.A., Foster, E.R. 2000. Chronic boron or copper deficiency induces limb teratogenesis in Xenopus. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 77, 173–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis, S., Philippou, G., Tsatsoulis, A. 2007. The role of iodine in the evolution of thyroid disease in Greece: from endemic goiter to thyroid autoimmunity. Hormones (Athens) 6, 25–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, R.M. 2008. What do we currently know about nutrition and bone health in relation to United Kingdom public health policy with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D? Br. J. Nutr. 99, 155–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fransson, G.B., Lonnerdal, B. 1983. Distribution of trace elements and minerals in human and cow's milk. Pediatr. Res. 17, 912–915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friel, J.K., Andrews, W.L., Jackson, S.E., Longerich, H.P., Mercer, C., McDonald, A., Dawson, B., Sutradhar, B. 1999. Elemental composition of human milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants during the first 3 months of lactation. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 67, 225–247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friel, J.K., Aziz, K., Andrews, W.L., Harding, S.V., Courage, M.L., Adams, R.J. 2003. A double-masked, randomized control trial of iron supplementation in early infancy in healthy term breast-fed infants. J. Pediatr. 143, 582–586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Aznar, J.M., Rueberg, T., Doblare, M. 2005. A bone remodelling model coupling micro-damage growth and repair by 3D BMU-activity. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 4, 147–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Lorda, P., Salas-Salvado, J., Fernandez Ballart, J., Murphy, M.M., Bullo, M., Arija, V. 2007. Dietary calcium and body mass index in a Mediterranean population. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 77, 34–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaucheron, F. 2005. The minerals of milk. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 45, 473–483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannucci, E., Rimm, E.B., Wolk, A., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C. 1998. Calcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 58, 442–447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goes, H.C., Torres, A.G., Donangelo, C.M., Trugo, N.M. 2002. Nutrient composition of banked human milk in Brazil and influence of processing on zinc distribution in milk fractions. Nutrition 18, 590–594.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, I.J., Abrams, S.A. 2001. Iron and breastfeeding. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 48, 401–413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallanger Johnson, J.E., Kearns, A.E., Doran, P.M., Khoo, T.K., Wermers, R.A. 2007. Fluoride-related bone disease associated with habitual tea consumption. Mayo Clin. Proc. 82, 719–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hambidge, K.M., Krebs, N.F. 1989. Upper limits of zinc, copper and manganese in infant formulas. J. Nutr. 119, 1861–1864.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamill, T.W., Young, E.R., Eitenmiller, R.R., Hogarty, C.D., Soliman, A.M. 1989. Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn, Na, K and Cl contents of infant formulas manufactured in the United States. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2, 132–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, O., Failla, M.L., Hill, A.D., Morris, E.R., Smith, J.C., Jr. 1995. Reduction of Fe(III) is required for uptake of nonheme iron by Caco-2 cells. J. Nutr. 125, 1291–1299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harinarayan, C.V., Ramalakshmi, T., Prasad, U.V., Sudhakar, D., Srinivasarao, P.V., Sarma, K.V., Kumar, E.G. 2007. High prevalence of low dietary calcium, high phytate consumption, and vitamin D deficiency in healthy south Indians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85, 1062–1067.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, E.D. 1997. Copper. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O'Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 231–273, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, L.I., Owen, E.C., Proudfoot, R. 1967. The influence of dietary molybdenum on the xanthine oxidase activity of the milk of ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 21, 617–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, N., Earl, S., Cooper, C. 2006. Epidemiology of osteoporotic fracgtures. In: Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism (M.J. Favus, ed.), pp. 244–248, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazell, T. 1985. Minerals in foods: dietary sources, chemical forms, interactions, bioavailability. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 46, 1–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heaney, R.P. 1996. Calcium. In: Principles of Bone Biology (J.P. Bilezikian, L.G. Raisz and G.A. Rodan, eds.), pp. 1007–1018, Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaney, R.P. 2006. Bone as the calcium nutrient reserve. In: Calcium in Human Health (C.M. Weaver and R.P. Heaney, eds.), pp. 7–12, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, D.D.D., Burney, J.M., Woski, S.A., Vincent, J.B. 2003. The nutritional supplement chromium picolinate generates oxidative DNA damage and peroxidized lipids in vivo. Polyhedron 22, 455–463.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidiroglou, M., Proulx, J.G. 1982. Factors affecting the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of beef cow milk. Can. J. Comp. Med. 46, 212–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitz, M.F., Jensen, J.E., Eskildsen, P.C. 2007. Bone mineral density and bone markers in patients with a recent low-energy fracture: effect of 1 y of treatment with calcium and vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86, 251–259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoac, T., Lundh, T., Purup, S., Onning, G., Sejrsen, K., Akesson, B. 2007. Separation of selenium, zinc, and copper compounds in bovine whey using size exclusion chromatography linked to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 4237–4243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, C. 1985. The milk salts: their secretion, concentrations and physical chemistry. In: Developments of Diary Chemistry–3: Lactose and Minor Constituents (P.F. Fox, ed.), pp. 143–181, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, C. 1993. Interrelationships of the concentrations of some ionic constituents of human milk and comparison with cow and goat milks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Comp. Physiol. 104, 35–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D. 1988. Boron homeostasis in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick. Proc. N. Dakota Acad. Sci. 42, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D. 1989. Dietary boron modified the effects of magnesium and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 22, 201–220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Butte, N.F., Johnson, L.K. 2005. Boron concentrations in milk from mothers of exclusively breast-fed healthy full-term infants are stable during the first four months of lactation. J. Nutr. 135, 2383–2386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Friel, J.K., Johnson, L.K. 2004. Boron concentrations in milk from mothers of full-term and premature infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 1327–1333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Herbel, J.L., Idso, J.P. 1994. Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutriture on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9, 171–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Herbel, J.L., Nielsen, F.H. 1997. Metabolic response of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65, 803–813.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Johnson, L.K. 2006. Magnesium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of metabolic magnesium balance data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84, 843–852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Johnson, L.K. 2007. Calcium requirement: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of calcium balance data from metabolic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86, 1054–1063.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.D., Meacham, S.L. 2001. Aluminum, boron, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc: concentrations in common Western foods and estimated daily intakes by infants, toddlers, and male and female adolescents, adults, and seniors in the United States. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 101, 1058–1060; Table 1 available at www.eatright.com/images/journal/0901/hunt_tables.pdf.

  • Hunt, J.R., Roughead, Z.K. 1999. Nonheme-iron absorption, fecal ferritin excretion, and blood indexes of iron status in women consuming controlled lactoovovegetarian diets for 8 wk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 944–952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, M., Sinn, J., McGuire, W. 2006. Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD005253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R.D., LaCroix, A.Z., Gass, M., Wallace, R.B., Robbins, J., Lewis, C.E., Bassford, T., Beresford, S.A., Black, H.R., Blanchette, P., Bonds, D.E., Brunner, R.L., Brzyski, R.G., Caan, B., Cauley, J.A., Chlebowski, R.T., Cummings, S.R., Granek, I., Hays, J., Heiss, G., Hendrix, S.L., Howard, B.V., Hsia, J., Hubbell, F.A., Johnson, K.C., Judd, H., Kotchen, J.M., Kuller, L.H., Langer, R.D., Lasser, N.L., Limacher, M.C., Ludlam, S., Manson, J.E., Margolis, K.L., McGowan, J., Ockene, J.K., O'Sullivan, M.J., Phillips, L., Prentice, R.L., Sarto, G.E., Stefanick, M.L., Van Horn, L., Wactawski-Wende, J., Whitlock, E., Anderson, G.L., Assaf, A.R., Barad, D. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 669–683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeejeebhoy, K.N., Chu, R.C., Marliss, E.B., Greenberg, G.R., Bruce-Robertson, A. 1977. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30, 531–538.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.L. 1997. Molybdenum. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O'Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 413–438, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M.A., Smith, M.M., Edmonds, J.T. 1998. Copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in dietary supplements, infant formulas, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 1035S–1040S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josefsson, M., Grunditz, T., Ohlsson, T., Ekblad, E. 2002. Sodium/iodide-symporter: distribution in different mammals and role in entero-thyroid circulation of iodide. Acta Physiol. Scand. 175, 129–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jugdaohsingh, R., Anderson, S.H., Tucker, K.L., Elliott, H., Kiel, D.P., Thompson, R.P., Powell, J.J. 2002. Dietary silicon intake and absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75, 887–893.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jugdaohsingh, R., Tucker, K.L., Qiao, N., Cupples, L.A., Kiel, D.P., Powell, J.J. 2004. Dietary silicon intake is positively associated with bone mineral density in men and premenopausal women of the Framingham offspring cohort. J. Bone Miner. Res. 19, 297–307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juniper, D.T., Phipps, R.H., Jones, A.K., Bertin, G. 2006. Selenium supplementation of lactating dairy cows: effect on selenium concentration in blood, milk, urine, and feces. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 3544–3551.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen, C.L., Bell, J.G., Lonnerdal, B. 1986. The effect of age on manganese uptake and retention from milk and infant formulas in rats. J. Nutr. 116, 395–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelleher, S.L., Lonnerdal, B. 2005. Molecular regulation of milk trace mineral homeostasis. Mol. Aspects Med. 26, 328–339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerstetter, J.E., Wall, D.E., O'Brien, K.O., Caseria, D.M., Insogna, K.L. 2006. Meat and soy protein affect calcium homeostasis in healthy women. J. Nutr. 136, 1890–1895.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, N., Odom, T.W., Sampson, H.W., Yersin, A.G. 1991. The effect of in ovo boron supplementation on bone mineralization of the vitamin D-deficient chicken embryo. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 31, 223–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, P., Geibel, J.P. 2006. Role of calcium and other trace elements in the gastrointestinal physiology. World J. Gastroenterol. 12, 3229–3236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirksey, A., Ernst, J.A., Roepke, J.L., Tsai, T.L. 1979. Influence of mineral intake and use of oral contraceptives before pregnancy on the mineral content of human colostrum and of more mature milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32, 30–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjeldsen, F., Savitski, M.M., Nielsen, M.L., Shi, L., Zubarev, R.A. 2007. On studying protein phosphorylation patterns using bottom-up LC-MS/MS: the case of human alpha-casein. Analyst 132, 768–776.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleerekoper, M., Mendlovic, D.B. 1993. Sodium fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr. Rev. 14, 312–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochersberger, G., Bales, C., Lobaugh, B., Lyles, K.W. 1990. Calcium supplementation lowers serum parathyroid hormone levels in elderly subjects. J. Gerontol. 45, M159–M162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kooienga, L. 2007. Phosphorus balance with daily dialysis. Semin. Dial. 20, 342–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koparal, E., Ertugrul, F., Oztekin, K. 2000. Fluoride levels in breast milk and infant foods. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 24, 299–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosta, L., Byrne, A.R., Dermelj, M. 1983. Trace elements in some human milk samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 29, 261–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumpulainen, J., Salmenpera, L., Siimes, M.A., Koivistoinen, P., Perheentupa, J. 1985. Selenium status of exclusively breast-fed infants as influenced by maternal organic or inorganic selenium supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42, 829–835.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laskey, M.A., Prentice, A., Shaw, J., Zachou, T., Ceesay, S.M., Vasquez-Velasquez, L., Fraser, D.R. 1990. Breast-milk calcium concentrations during prolonged lactation in British and rural Gambian mothers. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 79, 507–512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, R.M., Harris, E.D. 1997. Manganese. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O'Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 335–355, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei, X.G., Cheng, W.H., McClung, J.P. 2007. Metabolic regulation and function of glutathione peroxidase-1. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 27, 41–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levander, O.A., Moser, P.B., Morris, V.C. 1987. Dietary selenium intake and selenium concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, and breast milk in pregnant and postpartum lactating and nonlactating women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46, 694–698.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., Waite, K.V., Ma, G., Eastman, C.J. 2006. Declining iodine content of milk and re-emergence of iodine deficiency in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 184, 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipsman, S., Dewey, K.G., Lonnerdal, B. 1985. Breast-feeding among teenage mothers: milk composition, infant growth, and maternal dietary intake. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 4, 426–434.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B. 1985. Bioavailability of trace elements from human milk, bovine milk and infant formulas. In: Composition and Physiological Properties of Human Milk, (J. Schaub, ed.), pp. 3–16, Elsevier Science Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B. 1986. Effects of maternal dietary intake on human milk composition. J. Nutr. 116, 499–513.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B. 1989. Trace element absorption in infants as a foundation to setting upper limits for trace elements in infant formulas. J. Nutr. 119, 1839–1845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B. 1997. Effects of milk and milk components on calcium, magnesium, and trace element absorption during infancy. Physiol. Rev. 77, 643–669.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B., Glazier, C. 1985. Calcium binding by alpha-lactalbumin in human milk and bovine milk. J. Nutr. 115, 1209–1216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B., Hoffman, B., Hurley, L.S. 1982. Zinc and copper binding proteins in human milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36, 1170–1176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B., Keen, C.L., Hurley, L.S. 1981. Iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in milk. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1, 149–174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B., Keen, C.L., Hurley, L.S. 1985. Manganese binding proteins in human and cow's milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41, 550–559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnerdal, B., Keen, C.L., Ohtake, M., Tamura, T. 1983. Iron, zinc, copper, and manganese in infant formulas. Am. J. Dis. Child. 137, 433–437.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Looker, A.C. 2006. Dietary calcium. Recommendations and intakes around the world. In: Calcium in Human Health (C.M. Weaver and R.P. Heaney, eds.), pp. 105–127, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Looker, A.C., Loria, C.M., Carroll, M.D., McDowell, M.A., Johnson, C.L. 1993. Calcium intakes or Mexican Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks in the United States. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 93, 1274–1279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loomis, W.D., Durst, R.W. 1992. Chemistry and biology of boron. BioFactors 3, 229–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lotz, M., Zisman, E., Bartter, F.C. 1968. Evidence for a phosphorus-depletion syndrome in man. N. Engl. J. Med. 278, 409–415.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozoff, B., De Andraca, I., Castillo, M., Smith, J.B., Walter, T., Pino, P. 2003. Behavioral and developmental effects of preventing iron-deficiency anemia in healthy full-term infants. Pediatrics 112, 846–854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchin, S., Putaux, J.L., Pignon, F., Leonil, J. 2007. Effects of the environmental factors on the casein micelle structure studied by cryo transmission electron microscopy and small-angle x-ray scattering/ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering. J. Chem. Phys. 126, 045101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastroeni, S.S., Okada, I.A., Rondo, P.H., Duran, M.C., Paiva, A.A., Neto, J.M. 2006. Concentrations of Fe, K, Na, Ca, P, Zn and Mg in maternal colostrum and mature milk. J. Trop. Pediatr. 52, 272–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matkovic, V., Jelic, T., Wardlaw, G.M., Ilich, J.Z., Goel, P.K., Wright, J.K., Andon, M.B., Smith, K.T., Heaney, R.P. 1994. Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis. Inference from a cross-sectional model. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 799–808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, M.K., Burgert, S.L., Milner, J.A., Glass, L., Kummer, R., Deering, R., Boucek, R., Picciano, M.F. 1993. Selenium status of infants is influenced by supplementation of formula or maternal diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 643–648.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J.K., Swanson, E.W., Spalding, G.E. 1975. Iodine absorption, excretion, recycling, and tissue distribution in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 58, 1578–1593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki, E., Kato, J., Kobune, M., Okumura, K., Sasaki, K., Shintani, N., Arosio, P., Niitsu, Y. 2002. Denatured H-ferritin subunit is a major constituent of haemosiderin in the liver of patients with iron overload. Gut 50, 413–419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moshfegh, A., Goldman, J., Cleveland, L., 2005. What we eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: Usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes. www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/usualintaketables2001-02.pdf, accessed 30 September 2005.

  • Muniz-Naveiro, O., Dominguez-Gonzalez, R., Bermejo-Barrera, A., Cocho de Juan, J.A., Fraga Bermudez, J.M., Goris Pereiras, A., Lopez Santamarina, A., Martinez Lede, I., Valledor Puente, J., Fernandez-Couto Gomez, L., Bermejo-Barrera, P. 2005. Selenium content and distribution in cow's milk supplemented with two dietary selenium sources. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 9817–9822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, G.K., Thomas, J.W. 1974. Trace elements in milk. Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 4, 1–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myron, D.R., Givand, S.H., Nielsen, F.H. 1977. Vanadium content of selected foods as determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 297–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naghii, M.R., Samman, S. 1997. The effect of boron supplementation on its urinary excretion and selected cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 56, 273–286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council 1980. Recommended Dietary Allowances. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, F.H. 1997. Vanadium. In: Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements (B.L. O'Dell and R.A. Sunde, eds.), pp. 619–630, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, F.H. 2006. Boron, manganese, molybdenum, and other trace elements. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 506–526, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, F.H., Gallagher, S.K., Johnson, L.K., Nielsen, E.J. 1992. Boron enhances and mimics some effects of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 5, 237–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilas, L. 1993. Calcium intake and osteoporosis. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 73, 1–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, I., Sperling, O., Liberman, U.A., Frank, M., De Vries, A. 1971. Deficiency of xanthine oxidase activity in colostrum of a xanthinuric female. Biochem. Med. 5, 279–280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ontsouka, C.E., Bruckmaier, R.M., Blum, J.W. 2003. Fractionized milk composition during removal of colostrum and mature milk. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 2005–2011.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmese, S., Pezza, M., De Robertis, E. 2005. Hypophosphatemia and metabolic acidosis. Minerva Anestesiol. 71, 237–242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, M., Li, Q., Shcheynikov, N., Zeng, W., Muallem, S. 2004. NaBC1 is a ubiquitous electrogenic Na(+)-coupled borate transporter essential for cellular boron homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation. Mol. Cell 16, 331–341.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parr, R.M., DeMaeyer, E.M., Iyengar, V.G., Byrne, A.R., Kirkbright, G.F., Schoch, G., Niinisto, L., Pineda, O., Vis, H.L., Hofvander, Y., Omololu, A. 1991. Minor and trace elements in human milk from Guatemala, Hungary, Nigeria, Philippines, Sweden, and Zaire. Results from a WHO/IAEA joint project. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 29, 51–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, E.N., Leung, A.M., Blount, B.C., Bazrafshan, H.R., He, X., Pino, S., Valentin-Blasini, L., Braverman, L.E. 2007. Breast milk iodine and perchlorate concentrations in lactating Boston-area women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 1673–1677.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, J.A., Wilson, D.B., Young, B.E., Johnson, R.D., Vanderveen, J.E. 1987. Mineral content of market samples of fluid whole milk. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 87, 1036–1042.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, J.A.T., Jones, J.W. 1987. Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium in total diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 87, 1644–1650.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Lopez, F.R. 2007. Iodine and thyroid hormones during pregnancy and postpartum. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 23, 414–428.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phang, J.M., Berman, M., Finerman, G.A., Neer, R.M., Rosenberg, L.E., Hahn, T.J. 1969. Dietary perturbation of calcium metabolism in normal man: compartmental analysis. J. Clin. Invest. 48, 67–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D.I., Nelson, M., Barker, D.J., Morris, J.A., Wood, T.J. 1988. Iodine in milk and the incidence of thyrotoxicosis in England. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 28, 61–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preuss, H.G. 2006. Electrolytes: sodium, chloride, and potassium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 409–421, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prohaska, J.R. 2006, Copper. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 458–470, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajalakshmi, K., Srikantia, S.G. 1980, Copper, zinc, and magnesium content of breast milk of Indian women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 664–669.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran, K.G., Burnham, B.S., Sood, C.A., Spielvogel, B.F., Shaw, B.R., Hall, I.H. 1994, Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic activities of base-boronated nucleosides and phosphate-boronated nucleotides in rodents. J. Pharm. Sci. 83, 1391–1395.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajpathak, S., Rimm, E., Morris, J.S., Hu, F. 2005, Toenail selenium and cardiovascular disease in men with diabetes. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 24, 250–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayman, M.P. 2000. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356, 233–241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recker, R., Lappe, J., Davies, K., Heaney, R. 2000. Characterization of perimenopausal bone loss: a prospective study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15, 1965–1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renner, E. 1983. Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition. Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renner, E., Schaafsma, G., Scott, K.J. 1989. Micronutrients in milk. In: Micronutrients in Milk and Milk-Based Food Products (E. Renner, ed.), pp. 1–70, Elsevier Applied Science, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roh, J.K., Bradley, R.L., Richardson, T., Weckel, K.G. 1976. Removal of copper from milk. J. Dairy Res. 59, 382–385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, A.F., Miles, R.D., Damron, B.L., Flunker, L.K. 1993. Effects of dietary boron supplementation on broilers. Poul. Sci. 72, 2124–2130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossipal, E., Krachler, M. 1998. Pattern of trace elements in human milk during the course of lactation. Nutr. Res. 18, 11–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roughead, Z.K., Johnson, L.K., Lykken, G.I., Hunt, J.R. 2003. Controlled high meat diets do not affect calcium retention or indices of bone status in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 133, 1020–1026.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, C., Rubin, J. 2006. Biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone. In: Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 6th edn. (M.J. Favus, ed.), pp. 36–42, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sazawal, S., Black, R.E., Ramsan, M., Chwaya, H.M., Stoltzfus, R.J., Dutta, A., Dhingra, U., Kabole, I., Deb, S., Othman, M.K., Kabole, F.M. 2006. Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 367, 133–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H.A., Vinton, W.H., Jr., Balassa, J.J. 1963. Effect of chromim, cadmium and other trace metals on the growth and survival of mice. J. Nutr. 80, 39–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuurman, A.G., van den Brandt, P.A., Dorant, E., Goldbohm, R.A. 1999. Animal products, calcium and protein and prostate cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. Br. J. Cancer 80, 1107–1113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, K., Mertz, W. 1959. Chromium(III) and the glucose tolerance factor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 85, 292–295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, R., Heaney, R.P. 2003. Co-dependence of calcium and phosphorus for growth and bone development under conditions of varying deficiency. Bone 32, 532–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheng, M.H.-C., Taper, L.J., Veit, H., Thomas, E.A., Ritchey, S.J., Lau, K.-H.W. 2001. Dietary boron supplementation enhances the effects of estrogen on bone mineral balance in ovariectomized rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 81, 29–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieck, B., Takagi, S., Chow, L.C. 1990. Assessment of loosely-bound and firmly-bound fluoride uptake by tooth enamel from topically applied fluoride treatments. J. Dent. Res. 69, 1261–1265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siimes, M.A., Salmenpera, L., Perheentupa, J. 1984. Exclusive breast-feeding for 9 months: risk of iron deficiency. J. Pediatr. 104, 196–199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, H., Flynn, A., Fox, P.F. 1989. Zinc binding in bovine milk. J. Dairy Res. 56, 249–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skeaff, S.A., Ferguson, E.L., McKenzie, J.E., Valeix, P., Gibson, R.S., Thomson, C.D. 2005. Are breast-fed infants and toddlers in New Zealand at risk of iodine deficiency? Nutrition 21, 325–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sood, S.M., Herbert, P.J., Slattery, C.W. 1997. Structural studies on casein micelles of human milk: dissociation of beta-casein of different phosphorylation levels induced by cooling and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J. Dairy Sci. 80, 628–633.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soremark, R. 1967. Vanadium in some biological specimens. J. Nutr. 92, 183–190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spielberg, S.P., Butler, J.D., MacDermot, K., Schulman, J.D. 1979. Treatment of glutathione synthetase deficient fibroblasts by inhibiting gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity with serine and borate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 89, 504–511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stabler, S.P. 2006. Vitamin B12. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 302–313, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stastny, D., Vogel, R.S., Picciano, M.F. 1984. Manganese intake and serum manganese concentration of human milk-fed and formula-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 39, 872–878.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, J.S., Roberts, P.D., Hoffbrand, A.V. 1970. Response of dietary vitamin-B12 deficiency to physiological oral doses of cyanocobalamin. Lancet 2, 542–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoecker, B.J. 2006. Chromium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 498–505, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stranges, S., Marshall, J.R., Natarajan, R., Donahue, R.P., Trevisan, M., Combs, G.F., Cappuccio, F.P., Ceriello, A., Reid, M.E. 2007. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 147, 217–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunde, R.A. 2006. Selenium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 480–497, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, M.S. 1998. Role of cupper in Indian childhood cirrhosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 1074S–1081S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thacher, T.D., Fischer, P.R., Strand, M.A., Pettifor, J.M. 2006. Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 26, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsongas, T.A., Meglen, R.R., Walravens, P.A., Chappell, W.R. 1980. Molybdenum in the diet: an estimate of average daily intake in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 1103–1107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tudhope, G.R., Swan, H.T., Spray, G.H. 1967. Patient variation in pernicious anaemia, as shown in a clinical trial of cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin–zinc tannate. Br. J. Haematol. 13, 216–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 2006. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19. Available at: www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp., accessed 28 August, 2007.

  • US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 2007. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl., accessed 29 December, 2007.

  • Vanderpas, J.B., Contempre, B., Duale, N.L., Deckx, H., Bebe, N., Longombe, A.O., Thilly, C.H., Diplock, A.T., Dumont, J.E. 1993. Selenium deficiency mitigates hypothyroxinemia in iodine-deficient subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 271S–275S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Velona, T., Abbiati, L., Beretta, B., Gaiaschi, A., Flauto, U., Tagliabue, P., Galli, C.L., Restani, P. 1999. Protein profiles in breast milk from mothers delivering term and preterm babies. Pediatr. Res. 45, 658–663.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J.B., Bennett, R. 2007. Potential and purported roles for chromium in insulin signaling: the search for the holy grail. In: The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium (III) (J.B. Vincent, ed.), pp. 139–160, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volpe, S.L. 2006. Magnesium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 400–408, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuori, E., Makinen, S.M., Kara, R., Kuitunen, P. 1980. The effects of the dietary intakes of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc on the trace element content of human milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 227–231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walravens, P.A., Hambidge, K.M. 1976. Growth of infants fed a zinc supplemented formula. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29, 1114–1121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, P.P., Conneely, O.M. 2004. Lactoferrin: role in iron homeostasis and host defense against microbial infection. Biometals 17, 203–208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, C. 2006. Calcium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 373–382, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, C.M., Heaney, R.P. 2006. Food sources, supplements, and bioavailability. In: Calcium in Human Health (C.M. Weaver and R.P. Heaney, eds.), pp. 129–142, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, C.M., Proulx, W.R., Heaney, R. 1999. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 543S–548S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedler, F.C. 1994. Biochemical and nutritional role of manganese: an overview. In: Manganese in Health and Disease, pp. 1–35, CRC, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, E.D. 2007. Antibiotic properties and applications of lactoferrin. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13, 801–811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, S.M., Fleet, G.H., Ashley, R.J. 1983. Effect of processing upon concentration and distribution of natural and iodophor-derived iodine in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 187–195.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.H., Ruzler, P.L. 1997. Effects of boron on growing pullets. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 56, 287–294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winzenberg, T., Shaw, K., Fryer, J., Jones, G. 2006. Effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in healthy children: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Bmj 333, 775.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, K., Willett, W.C., Fuchs, C.S., Colditz, G.A., Giovannucci, E.L. 2002. Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94, 437–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamawaki, N., Yamada, M., Kan-no, T., Kojima, T., Kaneko, T., Yonekubo, A. 2005. Macronutrient, mineral and trace element composition of breast milk from Japanese women. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 19, 171–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeise, L., Zikakis, J.P. 1987. Characterization of human colostral xanthine oxidase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 35, 942–947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, B.F., Stamler, J., Dennis, B., Moag-Stahlberg, A., Okuda, N., Robertson, C., Zhao, L., Chan, Q., Elliott, P. 2003. Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: the INTERMAP study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 17, 623–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, E.E., Fomon, S.J. 1989. Potential renal solute load of infant formulas. J. Nutr. 119, 1785–1788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, M.B. 2006. Iodine and the iodine deficiency disorders. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, (B.A. Bowman and R.M. Russell, eds.), pp. 471–479, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, P.O. Box 9034, Grand Forks, ND, USA, 58202-9034

    C.D. Hunt & F.H. Nielsen

Authors
  1. C.D. Hunt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F.H. Nielsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fac. Food Technology & Nutrition, Dept. Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Paul McSweeney

  2. Fac. Food Technology & Nutrition, Dept. Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Patrick F. Fox

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hunt, C., Nielsen, F. (2009). Nutritional Aspects of Minerals in Bovine and Human Milks. In: McSweeney, P., Fox, P. (eds) Advanced Dairy Chemistry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84865-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation