Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsBibliography
Aberg N, Sundell J, Eriksson B, Hesselmar B. 1996. Prevalence of allergic disease in school children in relation to family history, upper respiratory tract infections and residential characteristics. Allergy. 51:232–237.
Akdis CA, Blasker K. 1999. IL-10-induced anergy in peripheral T cells and reactivation by micro environmental cytokines: Two key steps in specific immunotherapy. FASEB J. 13:603–609.
Akdis CA, Blaser K. 2003. Histamine in the immune regulation of allergic inflammation. J All Clin Immunol. 112:15–22.
Akdis M, Blaser K, Akdis CA. 2005. T regulatory cells in allergy: Novel concepts in the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. J All Clin Immunol. 116:9961–969.
Alam R, Kampern G. 2002. Cytokines in allergic inflammation. J Clin All Immunol. 16:255–274.
Annesi I, Oryszczyn M, Frette C, Neukirch F, et al. 1992. Total circulating IgE and FEV1 in adult men: An epidemiologic longitudinal study. Chest. 101:642–648.
Annunziato F, Cosmi L, Galli G, Beltrame C, et al. 1999. Assessment of chemokine receptor expression by human Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo. J Leukoc Biol. 65:691–699.
Bach J-F. 2002. The effects of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. NEJM. 347:911–920.
Barnes PJ. 1991. Neuropeptides and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 143:S28–S32.
Barnes PJ. 1999. Anti-IgE antibody therapy for asthma. NEJM. 341:2006–2008.
Barnes PJ. 2000. New directions in allergic diseases: Mechanism based anti-inflammatory therapies. J All Clin Immunol. 106:5–16.
Beasley R, Burgess R, Crane J, Pearce N, et al. 1993. Pathology of asthma and its clinical implications. J All Clin Immunol. 92:148–154.
Bisset LR, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. 2005. Chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma: Progress and perspective. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 11:35–42.
Boulet LP, Chapman KR, Cote J, Kalra S, et al. 1997. Inhibitory effects of an anti-IgE antibody E25 on allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1835–1840.
Bousquet J, Jeffery PK, Busse WW, Johnson M, et al. 2000. Asthma: From bronchoconstriction to airway inflammation and remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161:1720–1745.
Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, et al. 2002. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. NEJM. 347:869–877.
Burrows B, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Barbee RA, et al. 1989. Association of asthma with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens. NEJM. 320:271–277.
Busse WW, Coffman RL, Gelfand EW, Kay AB, et al. 1995. Mechanisms of persistent airway inflammation in asthma. A role for T cells and T-cell products. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152:388–393.
Busse WW, Fahy JV, Rick RB. 1998. A pilot study of the effects of an anti-IgE antibody (E25) on airway inflammation in moderate-severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157:456A.
Busse WW. 2000. Mechanisms and advances in allergic diseases. J All Clin Immunol. 105:S593–S598.
Busse W, Kraft M. 2005. Cysteinyl leukotrienes in allergic inflammation: Strategic target for therapy. Chest. 127:1312–1326.
Chen W, Hershey GKK. 2007. Signal transducer and activator of transcriptional signals in allergic disease. J All Clin Immunol. 119:529–541.
Cherwinski HM, Schumaker JH, Brown KD, Mosmann TR. 1987. Two types of mouse helper T cell clone. III. Further differences in lymphokine synthesis between Th1 and Th2 clones revealed by RNA hybridization, functionally monospecific bioassays, and monoclonal antibodies. J Exp Med. 166:1299–1244.
Chung F. 2001. Anti-inflammatory cytokines in asthma and allergy: Interleukin 10, interleukin 12, interferon gamma. Mediators Inflamm. 10:51–59.
Cohn L, Homer RJ, Niu N, Bottomly K. 1999. T helper 1 cells and interferon regulate allergic airway inflammation and mucus production. J Exp Med. 190:1309–1317.
Contopoulos-Loannidis DG, Kouri LN, Loannidis JPA. 2007. Genetic predisposition to asthma and atopy. Respiration. 74:8–12.
Corren J, Diaz-Sanchez D, Reimann J, ,Saxon A, Adelman D. 1998. Effects of anti-IgE antibody therapy on nasal reactivity to allergen and IgE synthesis in vivo. J All Clin Immunol.101:S105.
Cosmi L, Annunziato F, Iwasaki M, Galli G, et al. 2000. CRTH2 is the most reliable marker for detection of circulating human type 2 Th2 and type 2 T cytotoxic cells in health and disease. Eur J Immunol. 30:2972–2979.
Creticos PS, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG, Balcer-Whaley SL, et al. 2006. Immunotherapy with a ragweed-toll like receptor 9 agonist vaccine for allergic rhinitis. NEJM. 355:1445–1455.
Cui ZH, Joetham M, Aydintug MK, Hahn YS, et al. 2003. Reversal of allergic airway hyperactivity after long term allergen challenge depends on (gamma) (delta) T cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 168:1324–1332.
Davis P. 2005. Carl Prausnitz and the mysteries of allergy. Biomed Sci. December:1247.
Demoly P, Bousquet J. 1997. Anti-IgE therapy for asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1825–1827.
Denburg JA. (Ed.) 1998. Allergy and Allergic Disease: The New Mechanisms and Therapeutics. Humana Press: New Jersey. ISBN: 0-89603-404-6.
Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM, Jacobsen MR, et al. 1999. Long-term clinical efficacy of grass pollen immunotherapy. NEJM. 341:468–475.
Elias JA. 2000. Airway remodeling in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161:S168–S171.
Emanuel MB. 1988. Hay fever, a post industrial revolution epidemic: A History of its growth during the 19th century. Clin Allergy. 18:295–304.
Erpenbeck VJ, Hohlfeld JM, Discher M, Krentel H, et al. 2003. Increased messenger RNA expression of C-maf and GATA-3 after segmental allergen challenge in allergic asthmatics. Chest. 123:370S–371S.
Fahey JV, Fleming HE, Wong HH, Liu J, et al. 1997. The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early-and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1828–1834.
Fireman P. 2003. Understanding asthma pathophysiology. Allergy Asthma Proc. 24:79–83.
Freeman J. 1911. Further observations on the treatment of hay fever by hypodermic inoculations of pollen vaccine. Lancet. 2:814–817.
Freeman J. 1914. Vaccination against hay fever: Report of results during the first three years. Lancet. 1:1178–1180.
Frew AJ, Corrigan CJ, Maestrelli P, Tsai JJ, et al. 1989. T lymphocytes in allergen-induced late-phase reaction and asthma. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 88:63–67.
Frew AJ, Kay AB. 1990. Eosinophils and T-lymphocytes in late phase allergic reactions. J All Clin Immunol. 85:533–539.
Galli SJ. 1993. New concepts about the mast cells. NEJM. 328:257–265.
Gangur V, Oppenheim JJ. 2000. Are chemokines essential or secondary participants in allergic responses? Ann All Asthma Immunol. 84:569–581.
Gell PGH, Coombs RRA. (Eds.). 1963. Clinical Aspects of Immunology. 1st Ed., Blackwell, Oxford, England.
Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Beavil AJ, Beavil RL, et al. 2003. The biology of IgE and the basis of allergic disease. Ann Rev Immunol. 21:579–628.
Guarner F, Bourdet-Sicard R, Brandtzaeg P, Gill HS, et al. 2006. Mechanisms of disease: The hygiene hypothesis revisited. Nat Clin Prct Gastroenterol Hepatol. 3:275–284.
Hang LW, Hsia TC, Chen WC, Chen HY, et al. 2003. Tap 1 Gene Acc1 polymorphism is associated with atopic bronchial asthma. J Clin Lab Anal. 17:57–60.
Hauber HP, Bergeron C, Hamid Q. 2004. IL-9 in allergic inflammation. Int Arch All Immunol. 134:79–87.
Hawrylowicz CM, O’Garra A. 2005. Potential role of interleukin-10 secreting regulatory T cells in allergy and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol. 5:271–283.
Hennino A, Vocanson M, Toussiant Y, Rodet K, et al. 2007. Skin-infiltrating CD8+ T cells initiate atopic dermatitis lesions. J Immunol. 178:5571–5577.
Hollingsworth JW, Whitehead GS, Lin K, Nakano H, et al. 2006. TLR4 signaling attenuates ongoing allergic inflammation. J Immunol. 176:5856–5862.
Howarth PH, Salagean M, Dokic D. 2000. Allergic rhinitis: Not purely a histamine-related disease. Allergy, 55: 7–16.
Illig T, Wjst M. 2002. Genetics of asthma and related phenotypes. Paed. Respir Rev. 3:47–51.
Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T. 1967. Identification of gamma-E-antibodies as carrier of reaginic activity. J Immunol. 99:1187–1198.
Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T, Terry WD. 1967. Antigenic structure of gamma-E-globulin and reaginic antibody. J Immunol. 99:849–858.
Johansson SGO. 1967. Raised levels of a new immunoglobulin class (IgND) in asthma. Lancet. 2:951–953.
Johansson SGO, Bennich H, Wide L. 1968. A new class of immunoglobulins in human serum. Immunology,. 14: 265–272.
Joos GF, DeSwert KO, Schelfhout V, Pauwels RA. 2003. The role of neural inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann NY Acad Sci. 992:218–230.
Kaliner M, Lemanske R. 1984. Inflammatory responses to mast cell granules. Fed Proc. 43:2846–2851.
Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, et al. 2003. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4 year follow up of a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 361:1869–1871.
Karlsson MR, Rugtveit J, Brandtzaeg P. 2004. Allergen responsive CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cow’s milk allergy. J Exp Med. 12:1679–1688.
Kaufman HS, Frick OL. 1976. The development of allergy in infants of allergic parents: A prospective study concerning the role of heredity. Ann Allergy. 37:410–415.
Kay AB. 2001a. Allergy and allergic diseases – First of two parts. NEJM. 344:30–37.
Kay AB. 2001b. Allergy and allergic diseases – Second of two parts. NEJM. 344:109–113.
Kozyrskyj AL, Ernst P, Becker AB. 2007. Increased risk of childhood asthma from antibiotic use in early life. Chest. 131:1753–1759.
Lasley MV. 1999. Allergic disease prevention and risk factor identification. Immunol. All. Clin North Am. 19:149–159.
Lauener RP, birchler T, Adamski J, Braun-Fahrlander C, et al. 2002. Expression of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 in farmer’s children. Lancet. 36:465–466.
Lawlor GJ, Fischer TJ, Adelman DC, eds. 1995. Manual of Allergy and Immunology. 3rd Ed. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.
Lichtenstein LM, Ishizaka K, Norman PS, Sobotka AD, et al. 1973. IgE antibody measurements in ragweed hay fever relationship to clinical severity and the results of immunotherapy. J Clin Inv. 52:472–482.
Luckacs NW. 2001. Role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of asthma. Nat Rev Immunol. 1:108–116.
Martinez FD. 2007. Gene-environment interaction in asthma: With apologies t William of Ockham. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 4:26–31.
Miyahara N, Takeda K, Kodama T, Joetham A, et al. 2004. Contribution of antigen-primed CD8+ T cells to the development of airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation is associated with IL-13. J Immunol. 172:2549–2558.
Mosmann TR, Coffman R. 1989. TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann Rev Immunol. 7:145–173.
Nagata K, Tanaka K, Ogawa K, Kemmostu K, et al. 1999. Selective expression of a novel surface molecule by human Th2 cells in vivo. J Immunol. 162:1278–1286.
Nakajima H, Takatsu K. 2007. Role of cytokines in allergic airway inflammation. Int Arch All Immunol. 142:265–273.
Nassenstein C, Braun A, Erpenbeck A, Lommatzsch M, et al. 2003. The neurotrophins nerve growth factors, brain derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4 are survival and activation factors for eosinophils in patients with allergic bronchial asthma. J Exp Med. 198:455–467.
Nassenstein C, Braun A, Nockher WA, Renz H. 2005. Neurotrophin effects of eosinophils in allergic inflammation. Curr All Asthma Rep. 5:204–211.
Ngoc PL, Gold DR, Tzianbos AO, Weiss ST, et al. 2005. Cytokines, allergy and asthma. Curr Opin All Clin Immunol. 5:161–166.
Nigo YI, Yamashita M, Hirahara K, Shinnakasu R. 2006. Regulation of allergic airway inflammation through the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated modification of mast cell function. PNAS USA. 103:2286–2291.
Nockher WA, Renz H. 2006. Neurotrophins and asthma: Novel insight into neuroimmune interaction. J All Clin Immunol. 117:67–71.
Noon L. 1911. Prophylactic inoculation against hayfever. Lancet. 1:1572–1573.
Norman PS, Ohman JL, Long AA, Creticos PS, et al. 1996. Treatment of cat allergy with T-cell reactive peptides. Am J Respir. Crit Care Med. 154:1623–1628.
O’Byrne PM. 2006. Cytokines and their antagonists for the treatment of asthma. Chest. 130:244–250.
Oliver PM, Cao X, Worthen GS, Shi P, et al. 2006. Ndfip1 protein promotes the function of itch ubiquitin ligase to prevent T cell activation and T helper 2 cell-mediated inflammation. Immunity. 25:929–940.
Ono S. 2000. Molecular genetics of allergic diseases. Ann Rev Immunol. 18:347–366.
Panina-Bordignon P, Papi A, Mariani M, DiLucia P. 2001. The C–C chemokine receptors and CCR4 and CCR8 identify airway T cells of allergen-challenged atopic asthmatics. J Clin Inv. 107:1357–1364.
Passalacqua G. 2007. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update. Allergen immunotherapy. J All Clin Immunol. 119:881–891.
Pepys J. 1994. “Atopy;” a study in definition. Allergy. 49:397–399.
Pernis AB, Rothman PB. 2002. JAK-STAT signaling in asthma. J Clin Inv. 109:1279–1283.
Platts-Mills TA. 2001. The role of immunoglobulin E in allergy and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 164:S1–S5.
Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. 2003. IgE, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. J All Clin Immunol. 111:5486–5494.
Racila DM, Kline JN. 2005. Perspectives in asthma: Molecular use of microbial products in asthma prevention and treatment. J All Clin Immunol. 116:1202–1205.
Rajan TV. 2003. The Gell-Coombs classification of hypersensitivity reactions: A reinterpretation. Trends Immunol. 24:376–379.
Ray A, Cohn L. 1999. TH2 cells and GATA-3 in asthma: New insights into the regulation of airway inflammation. J Clin Inv. 104:995–1006.
Reynolds C, Ozerovitch L, Wilsen R, Altmann D, et al. 2007. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and innate immunity in neutrophilic asthma and idiopathic bronchiectasis. Thorax. 62:279.
Robertson DG, Kerigan AT, Hargreave FE, Chalmers R, et al. 1974. Late asthmatic responses induced by ragweed pollen allergen. J All Clin Immunol. 54:244–254.
Rochlitzer S, Nassenstein C, Braun A. 2006. The contribution of neurotrophins to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Biochem Soc Trans. 34:594–599.
Romagnani S. 1994. Lymphokine production by human T cells in disease states. Ann Rev Immunol. 12:227–257.
Romagnani S. 2000. The roles of lymphocytes in allergic disease. J All Clin Immunol. 105:399–408.
Romagnani S. 2002. Cytokines and chemoattractants in allergic inflammation. Mol Immunol. 38:881–885.
Rothenberg ME. 1998. Eosinophilia. NEJM. 338:1592–1600.
Schaub Bm, Lauener R, Von ME. 2006. The many faces of the hygiene hypothesis. J All Clin Immunol. 117:969–977.
Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Kopf M. 2003. The IL-1 receptor 1 is critical for TH2 cell type airway immune responses in a mild but not in more severe asthma model. Eur J Immunol. 33:991–1000.
Schnare M, Barton GM, Holt AC, Taked K, et al. 2001. Toll-like receptors control activation of adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol. 2:947–950.
Schoenwetter WF. 2000. Allergic rhinitis: Epidemiology and natural history. Allergy Asthma Proc. 21:1–6.
Sel S. Wegmann M. Sel S, Bauer S, et al. 2007. Immunomodulatory effects of viral TLR ligands on experimental asthma depend on the additive effects of IL-12 and Il-10. J Immunol. 178:7805–7813.
Seneviratne SL, Jones L, King AS, Black A, et al. 2002. Allergen specific CD8+ T cells in atopic disease. J Clin Inv. 110:P1283–1291.
Serafin WE, Austen KF. 1987. Mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. NEJM. 317:30–34.
Simpson JL, Grissell TV, Douwes J, Scott RJ, et al. 2007. Innate immune activation in neutrophilic asthma and bronchiectasis. Thorax. 62:211–218.
Solley GO, Gleich GJ, Jordon RE, Schroeter AL. 1976. The late phase of the immediate wheal and flare skin reaction. Its dependence upon IgE antibodies. J Clin Inv. 58:408–420.
Spitz E, Gelfand EW, Sheffer AL, Austen KF. 1972. Serum IgE in clinical immunology and allergy. J All Clin Immunol. 49:337–347.
Strachan DP. 1989. Hay fever, hygiene and household size. Brit Med J. 299:1259–1260.
Strachan DP. 2000a. Family size, infection and atopy: The first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis.” Thorax. 55:S2–S10.
Strachan DP. 2000b. Family size, infection and atopy: The first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis.” Thorax. 1:S2–S10.
Strachan DP, Wong HJ, Spector TD. 2001. Concordance and interrelationship of atopic diseases and markers of allergic sensitization among adult female twins. J All Clin Immunol. 108:901–907.
Takhar P, Smurthwaite L, Coker HA, Fear DJ, et al. 2005. Allergen derives class switching to IgE in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. J Immunol. 174:5024–5032.
Umetuse DT, DeKruff RH. 2006. The regulation of allergy and asthma. Immunol Rev. 212:238–255.
Undem BJ, Carr MJ. 2002. The role of nerves in asthma. Curr All Asthma Rep. 2:159–165.
Van Hove CL, Maes T, Joos GF, Tournoy KG. 2007. Prolonged inhaled allergen exposure can induce persistent tolerance. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 36:573–584.
Varney VA, Gaga M, Frew AJ, Eber VR, et al. 1991. Usefulness of immunotherapy in patients with severe summer hayfever uncontrolled by anti-allergic drugs. Br Med J. 302:265–269.
Von Mutius E. 2002. Environmental factors influencing the development of progression of pediatric asthma. J All Clin Immunol. 109:525–532.
Wagner R. 1968. Clemens Von Priquet: His Life and Work. The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.
Wang YH, Ito T, Wang YH, Homey B, et al. 2006. Maintenance and polarization of human Th2 central memory T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin activated dendritic cells. Immunity. 24:827–838.
Weber RW. 1997. Immunotherapy with allergens. JAMA. 278:1881–1887.
Weiss ST. 2002. Eat dirt – The hygiene hypothesis and allergic diseases. 347:930–931.
Widdicombe JG. 2003. Overview of neural pathways in allergy and asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 16:23–30.
Wills-Karp M. 2001. IL-12/IL-13 axis in allergic asthma. J All Clin Immunol. 107:9–18.
Woodfolk JA. 2007. T-cell responses to allergens. J All Clin Immunol. 119:280–294.
Zuany-Amorim C, Ruffie C, Haile S, Vargaftig BB, et al. 1998. Requirement of γδ T cells in allergic airway inflammation. Science. 280:1265–1267.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Khan, M.M. (2008). Allergic Disease. In: Immunopharmacology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77976-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77976-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-77975-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-77976-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)