The marked contribution of molecular oncology within the past three decades has revealed that the multistage process of cancer growth and progression is attributable to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Malignant carcinomas display genetic alterations in multiple oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, harbor epigenetic modifications that result in altered expression of several genes and contain chromosomal alterations, including aneuploidy and loss of heterozigosity (Vogelstein and Kinzler 1993; Lengauer, Kinzler, and Vogelstein 1998).
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Colotta, F. (2008). Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development. In: Colotta, F., Mantovani, A. (eds) Targeted Therapies in Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 610. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73898-7_3
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