Cardiac pacing can play an integral role in the management of critically ill patients. This role is not limited to the appropriate implementation of temporary cardiac pacing, but also includes maximizing therapies already available through a patient’s previously implanted permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Complications related to the implanted device can also lead to a need for management within the critical care setting. Finally, a permanent cardiac device can interact, and at times interfere, with therapies such as intravenous monitoring line placement, and external cardioversion and defibrillation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Mark AL. The Bezold-Jarish reflex revisited: clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;1:90–102.
Feigl D, Ashkenazy J, Kishon Y. Early and late atrioventricular block in acute inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;4:35–38.
Sclarovsky S, Strasberg B, Hirshberg A, Arditi A, Lewin RF, Agmon J. Advanced early and late atrioventricular block in acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1984;108:19–24.
Tan AC, Lie KI, Durrer D. Clinical setting and prognostic significance of high grade atrioventricular block in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1980;99:4–8.
Nicod P, Gilpin E, Dittrich H, Polikar R, Henning H, Ross J Jr. Long-term outcome in patients with inferior myocardial infarction and complete heart block. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:589–594.
Gupta PK, Lichstein E, Chadda KD. Heart block complicating acute inferior wall myocardial infarctions. Chest 1976;69:599–604.
Berger PB, Ruocco NA Jr, Ryan TJ, Frederick MM, Jacobs AK, Faxon DP. Incidence and prognostic implications of heart block complicating inferior myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy: results from TIMI II. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:533–540.
Clemmensen P, Bates ER, Califf RM, et al. Complete atrioventricular block complicating inferior wall acute myocardial infraction treated with reperfusion therapy. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:255–230.
Hindman MC, Wagner GS, JaRo M, et al. The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 1. Clinical characteristics, hospital mortality, and one-year follow-up. Circulation 1978;58:679–688.
Hindman MC, Wagner GS, JaRo M, et al. The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion. Circulation 1978;58:689–699.
Jones ME, Terry G, Kenmure AC. Frequency and significance of conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1977;94:163–167.
Kyriakidis MK, Kourouklis CB, Papaioannou JT, Christakos SG, Spanos GP, Avgoustakis DG. Sinus node coronary arteries studied with angiography. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:749–750.
Go AS, Barron HV, Rundle AC, Ornato JP, Avins AL. Bundle-branch block and in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Investigators. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:690–697.
Melgarejo-Moreno A, Galcerá-Toms J, García-Alberola A, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic significance of right bundle-branch block in acute myocardial infarction; a study in the thrombolytic era. Circulation 1997;96:1139–1144.
Lamas GA, Muller JE, Turi ZG, et al. A simplified method to predict occurrence of complete heart block during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:1213–1219.
Thomson IR, Dalton BC, Lappas DG, Lowenstein E. Right bundle-branch block and complete heart block caused by the Swan-Ganz catheter. Anesthesiology 1979;51:359–362.
Luck JC, Engel TR. Transient right bundle branch block with “Swan-Ganz” catheterization. Am Heart J 1976;92:263–264.
Morris D, Mulvihill D, Lew WY. Risk of developing complete heart block during bedside pulmonary artery catheterization in patients with left bundle-branch block. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:2005–2010.
Sprung CL, Elser B, Schein RM, et al. Risk of right-bundle branch block and complete heart block during pulmonary artery catheterization. Crit Care Med 1989;17:1–3.
Stein PD, Mahur VS, Herman MV, Levine HD. Complete heart block induced during cardiac catheterization of patients with pre-existent bundle-branch block. The hazard of bilateral bundle-branch block. Circulation 1966;34:783–791.
Harvey JR, Wyman RM, McKay RG, Baim DS. Use of balloon flotation pacing catheters for prophylactic temporary pacing during diagnostic and therapeutic catheterization procedures. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:941–944.
Bellocci F, Santarelli P, Di Gennaro M, Ansalone G, Fenici R. The risk of cardiac complications in surgical patients with bifascicular block. A clinical and electrophysiologic study in 98 patients. Chest 1980;77:343–348.
DiNubile MJ, Calderwood SB, Steinhaus DM, Karchmer AW. Cardiac conduction abnormalities complicating native valve active infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:1213–1217.
Arnett EN, Roberts WC. Valve ring abscess in active infective endocarditis. Frequency, location, and clues to clinical diagnosis from the study of 95 necropsy patients. Circulation 1976;54:140–145.
Roberts NK, Somerville J. Pathological significance of electrocardiographic changes in aortic valve endocarditis. Br Heart J 1969;31:395–396.
Steere AC, Batsford WP, Weinberg M, et al. Lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:8–16.
el-Sherif N, Zeiler RH, Craelius W, Gough WB, Henkin R. QTU prolongation and polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias due to bradycardia-dependent early afterdepolarizations. Afterdepolarizations and ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Res 1988;63:286–305.
Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al. Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 1988;77:392–397.
Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Singh BN. Amiodarone-associated proarrhythmic effects. A review with special reference to torsade de pointes tachycardia. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:529–535.
Rankin AC, Pringle SD, Cobbe SM. Acute treatment of torsade de pointes with amiodarone: proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic association of QT prolongation. Am Heart J 1990;119:185–186.
Nguyen PT, Scheinman MM, Segar J. Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia: clinical characterization, therapy, and the QT interval. Circulation 1986;74:340–349.
Firth BG, Dehmer GJ, Nicod P, Willerson JT, Hillis LD. Effect of increasing heart rate in patients with aortic regurgitation. Effect of incremental atrial pacing on scintigraphic, hemodynamic and thermodilution measurements. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:1860–1867.
Meyer TE, Sareli P, Marcus RH, Patel J, Berk MR. Beneficial effect of atrial pacing in severe acute aortic regurgitation and role of M-mode echocardiography in determining the optimal pacing interval. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:398–403.
Pandian NG, Kosowsky BD, Gurewich V. Transfemoral temporary pacing and deep vein thrombosis. Am Heart J 1980;100:847–851.
Austin JL, Preis LK, Crampton RS, Beller GA, Martin RP. Analysis of pacemaker malfunction and complications of temporary pacing in the coronary care unit. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:301–306.
Fleischmann KE, Orav EJ, Lams GA, et al. Pacemaker implantation and quality of life in the Mode Selection Trial (MOST). Heart Rhythm 2006;3:653–659.
Heldman D, Mulvihill D, Nguyen H, et al. True incidence of pacemaker syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13:1742–1750.
Choo MH, Holmes DR Jr, Gersh BJ, et al. Permanent pacemaker infections: characterization and management. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:559–564.
Ruiter JH, Degener JE, Van Mechelen R, Bos R. Late purulent pacemaker pocket infection caused by staphylococcus epidermidis: serious complication of in situ management. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1985;8:903–907.
Goldman B, MacGregor DC. Management of infected pacemaker systems. Clin Prog Pacing Electrophysiol 1989;2:220ff.
Klug D, Wallet F, Kacet S, Courcol RJ. Detailed bacteriologic tests to identify the origin of transvenous pacing system infections indicate a high prevalence of multiple organisms. Am Heart J 2005;149:322–328.
Arber N, Pras E, Copperman Y, et al. Pacemaker endocarditis. Report of 44 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 1994;73:299–305.
Paniagua D, Aldrich HR, Lieberman EH, Lamas GA, Agatston AS. Increased prevalence of significant tricuspid regurgitation in patients with transvenous pacemaker leads. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:1130–1132.
van Rooden CJ, Molhoek SG, Rosendaal FR, Schalij MJ, Meinders AE, Huisman MV. Incidence and risk factors of early venous thrombosis associated with permanent pacemaker leads. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15:1258–1262.
Goudevenos JA, Reid PG, Adams PC, Holden MP, Williams DO. Pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome: report of four cases and review of the literature. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989;12:1890–1895.
Chamorro H, Rao G, Wholey MH. Superior vena cava syndrome: a complication of transvenous pacemaker implantation. Radiology 1978;126:377–378.
Mazzetti H, Dussaut A, Tentori C, Dussaut E, Lazzari JO. Superior vena cava occlusion and/or syndrome related to pacemaker leads. Am Heart J 1993;125:831–837.
Hingorani A, Ascher E, Marks N, et al. Morbidity and mortality associated with brachial vein thrombosis. Ann Vasc Surg 2006;28:245–247.
Black MD, French GJ, Rasuli P, Bouchard AC. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Underdiagnosed and potentially lethal. Chest 1993;103:1887–1890.
Reynolds J, Anslinger D, Yore R, Paine R. Transvenous cardiac pacemaker, mural thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Am Heart J 1969;78:688–691.
Nicolosi GL, Charmet PA, Zanuttini D. Large right atrial thrombosis. Rare complication during permanent transvenous endocardial pacing. Br Heart J 1980;43:199–201.
Bradof J, Sands MJ Jr, Lakin PC. Symptomatic venous thrombosis of the upper extremity complicating permanent transvenous pacing: reversal with streptokinase infusion. Am Heart J 1982;104:1112–1113.
Meier B. Maker of heart device kept flaw from doctors. New York Times, May 24, 2005.
Maisel WH, Moynahan M, Zuckerman BD, et al. Pacemaker and ICD generator malfunctions: analysis of Food and Drug Administration annual reports. JAMA 1006;295:1944–1946.
Alt E, Völker R, Bölmer H. Lead fracture in pacemaker patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987;35:101–104.
Wish M, Swartz J, Cohen A, Cohen R, Fletcher R. Steroid-tipped leads versus porous platinum permanent pacemaker leads: a controlled study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13:1887–1890.
Radovsky AS, Van Vleet JF. Effects of dexamethasone elution on tissue reaction around stimulating electrodes of endocardial pacing lead in dogs. Am Heart J 1989;117:1288–1298.
Link MS, Estes NA III, Griffin JJ, et al. Complications of dual chamber pacemaker implantation in the elderly. Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly (PASE) Investigators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998;2:175–179.
Preston TA, Fletcher RD, Lucchesi BR, Judge RD. Changes in myocardial threshold. Physiologic and pharmacologic factors in patients with implanted pacemakers. Am Heart J 1967;74:235–242.
Dohrmann ML, Goldschlager NF. Myocardial stimulation threshold in patients with cardiac pacemakers: effect of physiologic variables, pharmacologic agents, and lead electrodes. Cardiol Clin 1985;3:527–537.
Hughes JC Jr, Tyers GF, Torman HA. Effects of acid-base imbalance on myocardial pacing thresholds. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975;69:743–746.
Westerholm CJ. Threshold studies in transvenous cardiac pacemaker treatment. Direct measurement with special reference to short and long term stimulation and influence of certain metabolic, respiratory and pharmacological factors. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1971;8(Suppl):1–35.
Gettes LS, Shabetai R, Downs TA, Surawicz B. Effect of changes in potassium and calcium concentrations on diastolic threshold and strength-interval relationships of the human heart. Ann NY Acad Sci 1969;167:693–705.
Lee D, Greenspan K, Edmands RE, et al. The effect of electrolyte alteration on stimulus requirement of cardiac pacemakers [abstract]. Circulation 1968;38(Suppl):VI–124.
Surawicz B, Chlebus H, Reeves JT, Gettes LS. Increase of ventricular excitability threshold by hyperpotassemia. JAMA 1965;191:1049–1054.
Mohan JC, Kaul U, Bhatia ML. Acute effects of anti-arrhythmic drugs on cardiac pacing threshold. Acta Cardiologica 1984;39:191–201.
Brandfonbrener M, Kronholm J, Jones HR. The effect of serum potassium concentration on quinidine toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1966;154:250–254.
Khastgir T, Lattuca J, Aarons D, et al. Ventricular pacing threshold and time to capture postdefibrillation in patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:768–772.
Guarnieri T, Datorre SD, Bondke H, Brinker J, Myers S, Levine JH. Increased pacing threshold after an automatic defibrillator shock in dogs: effect of class I and class II antiarrhythmic drugs. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988;11:1324–1330.
Dahl CF, Ewy GA, Warner ED, Thomas ED. Myocardial necrosis from direct current countershock: effect of paddle electrode size and time interval between discharges. Circulation 1974;50:956–960.
Lau FYK, Bilitch M, Wintrob HJ. Protection of implanted pacemakers from excessive electrical energy of DC shock. Am J Cardiol 1969;23:244–249.
Waller D, Callies F, Langenfeld H. Adverse effects of direct current cardioversion on cardiac pacemakers and electrodes. Is external cardioversion contraindicated in patients with permanent pacing systems? Europace 2004;6:165–168.
Altamura G, Bianconi L, Lo Bianco F, et al. Transthoracic DC shock may represent a serious hazard in pacemaker dependent patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:194–198.
Martin ET. Can cardiac pacemakers and magnetic resonance imaging systems co-exist? Eur Heart J 2005;26:325–327.
Del Ojo JL, Moya F, Villalba J, et al. Is magnetic resonance imaging safe in cardiac pacemaker recipients? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:274–278.
Nazarian S, Roguin A, Zviman MM, et al. Clinical utility and safety of a protocol for noncardiac and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of patients with permanent pacemakers and implantable-cardioverter defibrillators at 1.5 Tesia. Circulation 2006;114:1277–1284.
Gimbel JR, Kanal E, Schwartz MK, Wilkoff BL. Outcome of magnetic resonance imaging in selected patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:270–273.
Martin ET, Coman JA, Shellock FG, Pulling CC, Fair R, Jenkins K. Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5-Tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1315–1325.
Aaronson KD, Schwartz JS, Chen TM, et al. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation 1997;95:2660–2667.
Hunt SA, ACC/AHA Task Force. ACC/AHA guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1–82.
Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al for the MIRACLE Study Group. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1845–1853.
Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. For the CARE-HF Study Investigators. The effects of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539–1549.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hongo, R.H., Goldschlager, N.F. (2008). Cardiac Pacing in the Critical Care Setting. In: Kusumoto, F.M., Goldschlager, N.F. (eds) Cardiac Pacing for the Clinician. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72763-9_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72763-9_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-72762-2
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-72763-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)