Debate on different archaeologies and interpretations of the past takes place on varying scales, from the local to the regional and the international. It might be argued that factors such as the expansion of the means of communication (e.g., the use of English as the international language, international educational exchanges, the development of organizations such as the World Archaeological Congress and the European Association of Archaeologists, the availability of more publication outputs, the expansion in the use of digital technologies and the Internet) have enabled debate to the point that we can make claims for a “global” archaeology. In other words, we are now partners in a twenty-first century profession rather than members of different, unequal, regional traditions (for the latter concept, see Trigger & Glover 1981).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arteaga, O. (1992). Tribalización, jerarquización y estado en el territorio de El Argar. SPAL, 1, 179–208.
Arteaga, O. (2000). El proceso histórico en el territorio argárico de Fuente Álamo. La ruptura del paradigma del Sudeste desde la perspective atlántica-mediterránea del Extremo Occidente. In H. Schubart, V. Pingel, & O. Arteaga (Eds.), Fuente Álamo: Las excavaciones arqueológicas 1977–1991 en el poblado de la Edad del Bronce (pp. 117–143). Seville: Junta de Andalucía.
Arteaga, O. (2001). La sociedad clasista inicial y el origin del estado en el territorio de El Argar. Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Arqueología Social, 3, 121–219.
Barker, G., & Rasmussen, T. (1998). The Etruscans. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Bate, L. F. (1984). Hipótesis sobre la sociedad clasista inicial. Boletín de Antropología Americana, 9, 47–86.
Bate, L. F. (1998). El Proceso de Investigación en Arqueología. Barcelona: Crítica.
Blanton, R. E. (1998). Beyond centralization: steps towards egalitarian behaviour in archaic states. In G. M. Feinman & J. Marcus (Eds.), Archaic States (pp. 135–172). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Cámara, J. A. (2001). El ritual funerario en la Prehistoria Reciente en el Sur de la Península Ibérica. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 913.
Cámara, J. A., Contreras, F., Pérez, C., & Lizcano, R. (1996). Enterramientos y diferenciación social II. La problemática del Alto Guadalquivir durante la Edad del Bronce. Trabajos de Prehistoria, 53(1), 91–108.
Castro, P. V., Chapman, R. W., Gili, S., Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., & Sanahuja, Ma. E. (1993–1994). Tiempos sociales de los contextos funerarios argáricos. Anales de Prehistoria de la Universidad de Murcia, 9–10, 77–107.
Castro, P. V., Gili, S., Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., & Sanahuja Yll, Ma. E. (1998). Teoría de la producción de la vida social. Mecanismos de explotación en el sudeste ibérico. Boletín de Antropología Americana, 33, 25–77.
Castro, P. V., Chapman, R. W., Gili, S., Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., & Sanahuja, Ma. E. (1999a). Agricultural production and social change in the Bronze Age of southeast Spain: the Gatas Project. Antiquity 73, 846–856.
Castro, P. V., Chapman, R. W., Gili, S., Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., & Sanahuja, Ma. E. (1999b). Proyecto Gatas 2. La Dinámica Arqueoecológica de la Ocupación Prehistórica. Seville: Junta de Andalucía.
Castro, P.V., Chapman, R. W., Gili, S., Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., Risch, R., & Sanahuja Yll, Ma. E. (2002). La Sociedad Argárica. In M. Ruiz-Gálvez Priego (Eds.), La Edad del Bronce, Primera Edad de Oro de España? Sociedad, Economía e Ideología (pp. 181–216). Barcelona: Crítica.
Chapman, R. (1990). Emerging Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chapman, R. (2003). Archaeologies of Complexity. London: Routledge.
Clark, J. E. (1993). Una reevaluación de la entitad política olmeca: Imperio, estado o Cacicazgo. Segundo y Tercer Foro de Arqueología de Chiapas (pp. 159–169). Chiapas: Instituto Chiapaneco de Cultura.
Clark, J. E. (1997). The arts of government in early Mesoamerica. Annual Review of Anthropology, 26, 211–234.
Clemente, I., Gibaja, J. F. and Vila, A. (1999). Análisis funcional de la industria lítica tallada procedente de los sondeos de Gatas. In P. V. Castro et al. (Eds.), Proyecto Gatas 2. La Dinámica Arqueoecológica de la Ocupación Prehistórica (pp. 341–47). Seville: Junta de Andalucía.
Cordy, R. H. (1981). A Study of Prehistoric Social Change: The Development of Complex Societies in the Hawaiian Islands. New York: Academic Press.
Crumley, C. L. (1979). Three locational models: an epistemological assessment for anthropology and archaeology. In M. B. Schiffer (Ed.), Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 2, 141–173.
Cruz-Auñon, R., & Arteaga, O. (1995). Acerca de un campo de silos y un foso de cierre prehistóricos ubicados en “La Estacada Larga” (Valencina de la Concepción, Sevilla). Excavación de urgencia de 1995. Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía, 600–607.
Earle, T. (2000). Archaeology, property and prehistory. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 39–60.
Eiroa, J. J. (2004). La Edad del Bronce en la region de Murcia. In L. Hernández Alcaraz & M. S. Hernández Pérez (Eds.), La Edad del Bronce en Tierras Valencianas y Zonas Limítrofes (pp. 399–427). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.
Emerson, T. E. (1997). Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
Engels, F. (1972). The Origins of the Family, Private Property and the State. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Feinman, G. M. (1998). Scale and social organization: perspectives on the Archaic State. In G. M. Feinman & J. Marcus (Eds.), Archaic States (pp. 95–133). Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Flannery, K. V. (1972). The cultural evolution of civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 3, 339–426.
Flannery, K. V., & Marcus, J. (2000). Formative Mexican chiefdoms and the myth of the “Mother Culture”. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 19, 1–37.
Fried, M. H. (1967). The Evolution of Political Society. New York: Random House.
Gailey, C. W. & Patterson, T. C. (1987). Power relations and state formation. In T. C. Patterson & C. W. Gailey (Eds.), Power Relations and State Formation (pp. 1–26). Washington D.C.: American Anthropological Association.
Gailey, C. W., & Patterson, T. C. (1988). State formation and uneven development. In J. Gledhill, B. Bender, & M. T. Larsen (Eds.), State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralisation (pp. 77–90). London: Unwin & Hyman.
Gibaja, J. F. (2002). Análisis del material lítico tallado de Fuente Álamo. In R. Risch (Ed.), Recursos naturales, medios de producción y explotación social: Un análisis económico de la industria lítica de Fuente Álamo (Almería), 2250–1400 antes de nuestra era (pp. 163–77). Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
Gilman, A. (1991). Trajectories towards social complexity in the later prehistory of the Mediterranean. In T. Earle (Ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology (pp. 146–168). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilman, A. (2001). Assessing political development in Copper and Bronze Age Southeast Spain. In J. Haas (Ed.), From Leaders to Rulers (pp. 59–81). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Grove, D. C. (1997). Olmec archaeology: a half century of research and its accomplishments. Journal of World Prehistory, 11, 51–101.
Hodder, I. (1982). Symbols in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hodder, I, (Ed.). (1991). Archaeological Theory in Europe. London: Routledge.
Hodder, I. (1999). The Archaeological Process. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hoffman, J. (1995). Beyond the State. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Holtorf, C., & Karlsson, H. (2000). Changing configurations of archaeological theory: an introduction. In C. Holtorf & H. Karlsson (Eds.), Philosophy and Archaeological Practice: Perspectives for the 21st Century (pp. 1–11). Göteborg: Bricoleur Press.
Hunt, R. C., & Gilman, A. (Eds.). (1998). Property in Economic Context. Lanham: University Press of America.
Jessop, B. (1990). State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in its Place. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Johnson, G. A. (1978). Information sources and the development of decision-making organizations. In C. Redman et al. (Eds.), Social Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating (pp. 87–112). New York: Academic Press.
Johnson, G. A. (1982). Organizational structure and scalar stress. In C. Renfrew, M. J. Rowlands & B. A. Segraves (Eds.), Theory and Explanation in Archaeology (pp. 389–421). New York: Academic Press.
Jover, J., & López Padilla, J. A. (2004). 2100–1200 BC: Aportaciones al proceso histórico en la cuenca del río Vinalopó. In L. Hernández Alcaraz & M. S. Hernández Pérez (Eds.), La Edad del Bronce en Tierras Valencianas y Zonas Limítrofes (pp. 285–302). Villena: Ayuntamiento de Villena.
Knappett, C. (1999). Assessing a polity in Protopalatial Crete: the Malia-Lasithi state. American Journal of Archaeology, 103, 615–639.
Kohl, P. (1984). Force, history and the evolutionist paradigm. In M. Spriggs (Ed.), Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology (pp. 127–134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen, K. (1991). Chiefdoms, states and systems of social evolution. In T. Earle (Ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology (pp. 16–43). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kristiansen, K. (1998). Europe before History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lenin, V. I. (1969). The State and Revolution. London: Central Books Ltd.
Lull, V. (2000). Argaric society: death at home. Antiquity, 74, 581–590.
Lull, V., & Estévez, J. (1986). Propuesta metodológica para el estudio de las necrópolis argáricas. In Homenaje a Luis Siret 1934–84 (pp. 441–452). Seville: Junta de Andalucía.
Lull, V., & Risch, R. (1995). El estado argárico. Verdolay, 7, 97–109.
Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., & Risch, R. (2005). Property relations in the Bronze Age of southwestern Europe: an approach based on infant burials from El Argar (Almería, Spain). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 71, 247–268.
Lumbreras, L. G. (1994). Acerca de la aparición del estado. Boletín de Antropología Americana, 29, 5–33.
Manning, S. (1994). The emergence of divergence: development and decline on Bronze Age Crete and the Cyclades. In C. Mathers & S. Stoddart (Eds.), Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age (pp. 221–270). Sheffield: J. R. Collis Publications.
Mathers, C., & Stoddart, S. (1994). Introduction. In C. Mathers & S. Stoddart (Eds.), Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age (pp. 13–20). Sheffield: J. R. Collis Publications.
McGuire, R. (1992). A Marxist Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
Montero, I. (1999). Sureste. In G. Delibes & I. Montero (Eds.), Las Primeras Etapas Metalúrgicas en la Península Ibérica II: Estudios Regionales (pp. 333–357). Madrid: Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset.
Nocete, F. (1989). El espacio de la coercion: La transición al Estado en las Campiñas del Alto Guadalquivir (España). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 492.
Nocete, F. (1994). Space as coercion: the transition to the state in the social formations of La Campiña, Upper Guadalquivir valley, Spain c. 1900–1600 B.C. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 13, 171–200.
Nocete, F. (2001). Tercer milenio antes de nuestra era: Relaciones y contradicciones centro/perifería en el Valle del Guadalquivir. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Olivier, L. (1999). The origins of French archaeology. Antiquity, 73, 176–183.
Olsen, B. J. (1991). Metropolises and satellites in archaeology: on power and asymmetry in global archaeological discourse. In R. W. Preucel (Ed.), Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past (pp. 211–224). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University.
Patterson, T. C. (1991). The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State. Oxford/New York: Berg.
Patterson, T. C. (2003). Marx’s Ghost: Conversations with Archaeologists. Oxford/New York: Berg.
Politis, G. G. (2003). The theoretical landscape and the methodological development of archaeology in Latin America. American Antiquity, 68(2), 245–272.
Potter, D. R., & King, E. M. (1995). A heterarchical approach to lowland Maya Socioeconomics. In R. M. Ehrenreich, C. L. Crumley, & J. E. Levy (Eds.), Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies (pp. 17–32). Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6.
Renfrew, C. (1973). Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London: Jonathan Cape.
Renfrew, C. (1975). Trade as action at a distance: questions of integration and communication. In J. A. Sabloff & C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (Eds.), Ancient Civilization and Trade (pp. 3–59). Albuquerque: School of American Research Press.
Risch, R. (1998). Análisis paleoeconómico y medios de producción líticos: el caso de Fuente Álamo. In G. Delibes de Castro (Ed.), Minerales y Metales en la Prehistoria Reciente: Algunos Testimonios de su Explotación y Laboreo en la Península Ibérica (pp. 105–154). Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.
Risch, R. (2002). Recursos naturales, medios de producción y explotación social: Un análisis económico de la industria lítica de Fuente Álamo (Almería), 2250–1400 antes de nuestra era. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
Rowlands, M. J. (1989). A question of complexity. In D. Miller, M. Rowlands, & C. Tilley (Eds.), Domination and Resistance (pp. 29–40). London: Allen & Unwin.
Sanz, J. L., & Morales, A. (2000). Los restos faunísticos. In F. Contreras (Ed.), Análisis Histórico de las Comunidades de la Edad del Bronce del piedemonte meridional de Sierra Morena y Depresión Linares-Bailen: Proyecto Peñalosa (pp. 223–235). Seville: Junta de Andalucía.
Schoep, I. (2002). Social and political organisation on Crete in the Proto-Palatial period: the case of Middle Minoan II Malia. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 15(1), 101–132.
Schubart, H., & Arteaga, O. (1986). Fundamentos arqueológicos para el estudio socio-económico y cultural del area de El Argar. In Homenaje a Luis Siret 1934–84 (pp. 298–307). Seville: Junta de Andalucía.
Service, E. R. (1962). Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective. New York: Random House.
Shelmerdine, C. (2001). The palatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland. In T. Cullen (Ed.), Aegean Prehistory: A Review (pp. 329–381). Boston: Archaeological Institute of America.
Smith, A. T. (2003). The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stein, G. J. (1994). The organizational dynamics of complexity in Greater Mesopotamia. In G. Stein & M. S. Rothman (Eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity (pp. 11–22). Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press.
Stein, G. J. (1998). Heterogeneity, power and political economy: some current research issues in the archaeology of Old World complex societies. Journal of Archaeological Research, 6, 1–44.
Stos-Gale, S. (2000). Trade in metals in the Bronze Age Mediterranean: an overview of lead isotope data for provenance studies. In C. F. E. Pare (Ed.), Metals Make the World Go Round. The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe (pp. 56–69). Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Trigger, B. G. (1993). Marxism in contemporary western archaeology. Archaeological Method and Theory, 5, 159–200.
Trigger, B. G., & Glover, I. (1981). Editorial. World Archaeology, 13(2), 133–137.
Ucko, P. J. (Ed.) (1995). Theory in Archaeology: A World Perspective. London: Routledge.
Vázquez Varela, J. M., & Risch, R. 1991. Theory in Spanish archaeology since 1960. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological Theory in Europe (pp. 25–51). London: Routledge.
Wailes, B. (1995). A case study of heterarchy in complex societies: early medieval Ireland and its archaeological implications. In R. M. Ehrenreich, C. L. Crumley, & J. E. Levy (Eds.), Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies (pp. 55–69). Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6.
Wenke, R. J. (1981). Explaining the evolution of cultural complexity: a review. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, 4, 79–127.
White, J. C. (1995). Incorporating heterarchy into theory on socio-political development: the case for Southeast Asia. In R. M. Ehrenreich, C. L. Crumley, & J. E. Levy (Eds.), Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies (pp. 101–123). Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, No. 6.
Wright, H. T. (1977). Recent research on the origins of the state. Annual Review of Anthropology, 6, 379–397.
Wright, H. T. (1984). Prestate political formations. In T. Earle (Ed.), On the Evolution of Complex Societies: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer 1982 (pp. 41–77). Malibu: Undena Publications.
Wright, H. T. (1986). The evolution of civilizations. In D. J. Meltzer, D. D. Fowler, & J. A. Sabloff (Eds.), American Archaeology Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology 1935–85 (pp. 323–365). Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Wright, H. T., & Johnson, G. A. (1975). Population, exchange and early state formation in southwestern Iran. American Anthropologist, 77, 267–289.
Yoffee, N. (2005). Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States and Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chapman, R. (2008). Alternative States. In: Habu, J., Fawcett, C., Matsunaga, J.M. (eds) Evaluating Multiple Narratives. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71825-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71825-5_10
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-71824-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-71825-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)