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Plant Cytogenetics pp 37–58Cite as

Genome Structure and Chromosome Function

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Part of the book series: Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models ((PGG,volume 4))

Abstract

Aneuploidy refers to the loss or gain of individual chromosomes or loss of a portion of an individual chromosome from the normal chromosome set. The resulting gene-dosage imbalance may or may not noticeably affect phenotype. Although its phenotypic manifestations are usually apparent, information about the underlying alterations in structure, expression, and interphase organization of unbalanced chromosome sets is still sparse. Aneuploidy is the most common chromosomal aberration in plants, and aneuploids are valuable for the study of chromosome evolution, phenotypic manifestation of chromosome loss or gain, and mapping genes and genome. Breeding programs intended to transfer desirable genes from one species to another produce addition lines as intermediate crossing products. Such aneuploids can be used for further introgression, but their abnormal recombination and segregation interfere with production of stable introgression lines. They can have specific morphological characteristics, but more often additional confirmation is needed. Their genetic and cytogenetic properties make them powerful tools for fundamental research on regulation of homeologous recombination, distribution of chromosome-specific markers and repetitive DNA sequences, and regulation of heterologous gene expression. Recent advancements and availability of genomic resources have widened the scope for their use. They make possible assignment of individual linkage groups to specific chromosomes and can improve identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and underlying DNA components/sequences.

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Abbreviations

CIMMYT:

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CSSLs:

Chromosome segment substitution lines

DSB:

Double-strand breakage

GISH:

Genomic in situ hybridization

LDN:

Langdon

NILs:

Near isogenic lines

QTL:

Quantitative trait locus

RCSLs:

Recombinant chromosome substitution lines

RDA:

Representation difference analysis

RH:

Radiation hybrid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Science and Mathematics, Mayville State University, Mayville, ND, 58257, USA

    Khwaja G. Hossain

  2. Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    Scott A. Jackson

  3. Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, 470G Loftsgard Hall, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA

    Shahryar F. Kianian

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  1. Khwaja G. Hossain
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  3. Shahryar F. Kianian
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Correspondence to Khwaja G. Hossain , Scott A. Jackson or Shahryar F. Kianian .

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  1. Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA

    Hank W. Bass

  2. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA

    James A. Birchler

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Hossain, K.G., Jackson, S.A., Kianian, S.F. (2012). Genome Structure and Chromosome Function. In: Bass, H., Birchler, J. (eds) Plant Cytogenetics. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70869-0_2

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