Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prion-related encephalopathies (PRE) are neurodegenerative disorders linked to the aberrant extracellular deposition of amyloidogenic proteins, amyloid-beta (A ), and pathogenic scrapie prion (PrPSc), respectively. In both disorders, cerebral amyloid deposits are associated with a local inflammatory response, which is initiated by the activation of microglia and recruitment of astrocytes. Activated microglia, particularly those in the vicinity of amyloid deposits can produce and release proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, complement proteins, acute-phase proteins, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that can damage the neighboring neurons.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
6. References
Abramov, A.Y., Canevari, L. and Duchen, M.R., 2004, Beta-amyloid peptides induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in astrocytes and death of neurons through activation of NADPH oxidase. J. Neurosci. 24: 565.
Abramov, A.Y., Jacobson, J., Wientjes, F., Hothersall, J., Canevari, L. and Duchen, M.R., 2005, Expression and modulation of an NADPH oxidase in mammalian astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 25: 9176.
Agostinho, P. and Oliveira, C.R., 2003, Involvement of calcineurin in the neurotoxic effects induced by amyloid-beta and prion peptides. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17: 1189.
Aguzzi, A. and Haass, C., 2003, Games played by rogue proteins in prion disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. Science 302: 814.
Aguzzi, A., Glatzel, M., Montrasio, F., Prinz, M. and Heppner, F.L., 2001, Interventional strategies against prion diseases. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2: 745.
Aisen, P.S., 2002, The potential of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 1: 279.
Akiyama, H., Barger, S., Barnum, S., Bradt, B., Bauer, J., Cole, G.M., Cooper, N.R., Eikelenboom, P., Emmerling, M., Fiebich, B.L., Finch, C.E., Frautschy, S., Griffin, W.S., Hampel, H., Hull, M., Landreth, G., Lue, L., Mrak, R., Mackenzie, I.R., McGeer, P.L., O'Banion, M.K., Pachter, J., Pasinetti, G., Plata-Salaman, C., Rogers, J., Rydel, R., Shen, Y., Streit, W., Strohmeyer, R., Tooyoma, I., Van Muiswinkel, F.L., Veerhuis, R., Walker, D., Webster, S., Wegrzyniak, B., Wenk, G. and Wyss-Coray, T., 2000, Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 21: 383.
Aloe, L., Fiore, M., Probert, L., Turrini, P. and Tirassa, P., 1999, Overexpression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the brain of transgenic mice differentially alters nerve growth factor levels and choline acetyltransferase activity. Cytokine 11: 45.
Anandatheerthavarada, H.K., Biswas, G., Robin, M.A. and Avadhani, N.G., 2003, Mitochondrial targeting and a novel transmembrane arrest of Alzheimer’s amyloid precursor protein impairs mitochondrial function in neuronal cells. J. Cell Biol. 161: 41.
Andersen, J.M., Myhre, O., Aarnes, H., Vestad, T.A. and Fonnum, F., 2003, Identification of the hydroxyl radical and other reactive oxygen species in human neutrophil granulocytes exposed to a fragment of the amyloid beta peptide. Free Radic. Res. 37: 269.
Bard, F., Cannon, C., Barbour, R., Burke, R.L., Games, D., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., Khan, K., Kholodenko, D., Lee, M., Lieberburg, I., Motter, R., Nguyen, M., Soriano, F., Vasquez, N., Weiss, K., Welch, B., Seubert, P., Schenk, D. and Yednock, T., 2000, Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Med. 6: 916.
Bianca, V.D., Dusi, S., Bianchini, E., Dal Pra, I. and Rossi, F., 1999, Beta-amyloid activates the O-2 forming NADPH oxidase in microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils. A possible inflammatory mechanism of neuronal damage in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 15493.
Blasko, I., Marx, F., Steiner, E., Hartmann, T. and Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., 1999, TNFalpha plus IFNgamma induce the production of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptides and decrease the secretion of APPs. FASEB J. 13: 63.
Blasko, I., Stampfer-Kountchev, M., Robatscher, P., Veerhuis, R., Eikelenboom, P. and Grubeck-Loebenstein, B., 2004, How chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the development of Alzheimer’s disease in old age: the role of microglia and astrocytes. Aging Cell. 3: 169.
Blass, J.P., 2002, Glucose/mitochondria in neurological conditions. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 51: 325.
Block, M.L. and Hong, J.-S., 2005, Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple triggers with a common mechanism. Prog. Neurobiol. 76: 77.
Brown, D.R., Herms, J. and Kretzschmar, H.A., 1994, Mouse cortical cells lacking cellular PrP survive in culture with a neurotoxic PrP fragment. Neuroreport 5: 2057.
Brown, D.R., Qin, K., Herms, J.W., Madlung, A., Manson, J., Strome, R., Fraser, P.E., Kruck, T., von Bohlen, A., Schulz-Schaeffer, W., Giese, A., Westaway, D. and Kretzschmar, H., 1997, The cellular prion protein binds copper in vivo. Nature 390: 684.
Brown, G.C. and Bal-Price, A., 2003, Inflammatory neurodegeneration mediated by nitric oxide, glutamate, and mitochondria. Mol. Neurobiol. 27: 325.
Burwinkel, M., Riemer, C., Schwarz, A., Schultz, J., Neidhold, S., Bamme, T. and Baier, M., 2004, Role of cytokines and chemokines in prion infections of the central nervous system. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 22: 497.
Cardoso, S.M., Santos, S., Swerdlow, R.H. and Oliveira, C.R., 2001, Functional mitochondria are required for amyloid beta-mediated neurotoxicity. FASEB J. 15: 1439.
Cartier, L., Hartley, O., Dubois-Dauphin, M. and Krause, K.H., 2005, Chemokine receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 48: 16.
Choi, S.I., Ju, W.K., Choi, E.K., Kim, J., Lea, H.Z., Carp, R.I., Wisniewski, H.M. and Kim, Y.S., 1998, Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress in the brains of hamsters infected with the 263 K scrapie agent Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 96: 279.
Ciesielski-Treska, J., Grant, N.J., Ulrich, G., Corrotte, M., Bailly, Y., Haeberle, A.M., Chasserot-Golaz, S. and Bader, M.F., 2004, Fibrillar prion peptide (106-126) and scrapie prion protein hamper phagocytosis in microglia. Glia 46: 101.
Colton, C.A., Chernyshev, O.N., Gilbert, D.L. and Vitek, M.P., 2000, Microglial contribution to oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 899: 292.
Combs, C.K., Johnson, D.E., Cannady, S.B., Lehman, T.M. and Landreth, G.E., 1999, Identification of microglial signal transduction pathways mediating a neurotoxic response to amyloidogenic fragments of beta-amyloid and prion proteins. J. Neurosci. 19: 928.
Cottrell, D.A., Borthwick, G.M., Johnson, M.A., Ince, P.G., and Turnbull, D.M., 2002, The role of cytochrome c oxidase deficient hippocampal neurones in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 28: 390.
D'Andrea, M.R., Cole, G.M. and Ard, M.D., 2004, The microglial phagocytic role with specific plaque types in the Alzheimer’s disease brain. Neurobiol. Aging 25: 675.
Deininger, M.H., Bekure-Nemariam, K., Trautmann, K., Morgalla, M., Meyermann, R. and Schluesener, H.J., 2003, Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in brains of patients who died with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 20: 25.
DeMattos, R.B., Bales, K.R., Cummins, D.J., Paul, S.M. and Holtzman, D.M., 2002, Brain to plasma amyloid-beta efflux: a measure of brain amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Science 295: 2264.
Dringen, R., 2005, Oxidative and antioxidative potential of brain microglial cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal 7: 1223.
Eckert, A., Keil, U., Marques, C.A., Bonert, A., Frey, C., Schussel, K. and Muller, W.E., 2003, Mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic cell death, and Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66: 1627.
Eikelenboom, P. and van Gool, W.A., 2004, Neuroinflammatory perspectives on the two faces of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neural Transm. 111: 281.
Eikelenboom, P., Zhan, S.S., van Gool, W.A. and Allsop, D., 1994, Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15: 447.
Eikelenboom, P., Bate, C., van Gool, W.A., Hoozemans, J.J., Rozemuller, J.M., Veerhuis, R. and Williams, A., 2002, Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease. Glia 40: 232.
Emmerling, M.R., Watson, M.D., Raby, C.A. and Spiegel, K., 2000, The role of complement in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1502: 158.
Enari, M., Flechsig, E. and Weissmann, C., 2001, Scrapie prion protein accumulation by scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells abrogated by exposure to a prion protein antibody. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98: 9295.
Farris, W., Mansourian, S., Chang, Y., Lindsley, L., Eckman, E.A., Frosch, M.P., Eckman, C.B., Tanzi, R.E., Selkoe, D.J. and Guenette, S., 2003, Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100: 4162.
Felton, L.M., Cunningham, C., Rankine, E.L., Waters, S., Boche, D. and Perry, V.H., 2005, MCP-1 and murine prion disease: separation of early behavioural dysfunction from overt clinical disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 20: 283.
Freixes, M., Rodriguez, A., Dalfo, E. and Ferrer, I., 2006, Oxidation, glycoxidation, lipoxidation, nitration, and responses to oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurobiol. Aging 27: 1807.
Garção, P., Oliveira, C.R. and Agostinho P., 2006, A comparative study of microglia activation induced by amyloid-beta and prion peptides. The role in neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. Res. 84: 182.
Gelinas, D.S., DaSilva, K., Fenili, D., George-Hyslop, P. and McLaurin, J., 2004, Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101 (suppl. 2): 14657.
Giovannini, M.G., Scali, C., Prosperi, C., Bellucci, A., Pepeu, G. and Casamenti, F., 2003, Experimental brain inflammation and neurodegeneration as model of Alzheimer’s disease: protective effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 16 (suppl. 2): 31.
Guénette, S.Y., 2003, Mechanisms of Abeta clearance and catabolism. Neuromolecular Med. 4: 147.
Guentchev, M., Voigtlander, T., Haberler, C., Groschup, M.H. and Budka, H., 2000, Evidence for oxidative stress in experimental prion disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 7: 270.
Hanisch, U.-K., 2002, Microglia as a source and target of cytokines. Glia 40: 140.
Hansson, C.A., Frykman, S., Farmery, M.R., Tjernberg, L.O., Nilsberth, C., Pursglove, S.E., Ito, A., Winblad, B., Cowburn, R.F., Thyberg, J. and Ankarcrona, M., 2004, Nicastrin, presenilin, APH-1, and PEN-2 form active gamma-secretase complexes in mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 51654.
Hirai, K., Aliev, G., Nunomura, A., Fujioka, H., Russell, R.L., Atwood, C.S., Johnson, A.B., Kress, Y., Vinters, H.V., Tabaton, M., Shimohama, S., Cash, A.D., Siedlak, S.L., Harris, P.L., Jones, P.K., Petersen, R.B., Perry, G. and Smith, M.A., 2001, Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 21: 3017.
Hock, C., Konietzko, U., Streffer, J.R., Tracy, J., Signorell, A., Muller-Tillmanns, B., Lemke, U., Henke, K., Moritz, E., Garcia, E., Wollmer, M.A., Umbricht, D., de Quervain, D.J., Hofmann, M., Maddalena, A., Papassotiropoulos, A. and Nitsch, R.M., 2003, Antibodies against beta-amyloid slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 38: 547.
Hoozemans, J.J. and O’Banion, M.K., 2005, The role of COX-1 and COX-2 in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and the therapeutic potentials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 4: 307.
Hurley, S.D., Olschowka, J.A. and O’Banion, M.K., 2002, Cyclooxygenase inhibition as a strategy to ameliorate brain injury. J. Neurotrauma. 19: 1.
Husemann, J., Loike, J.D., Kodama, T. and Silverstein, S.C., 2001, Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) mediates adhesion of neonatal murine microglia to fibrillar beta-amyloid. J. Neuroimmunol. 114: 142.
Husemann, J., Loike, J.D., Anankov, R., Febbraio, M. and Silverstein, S.C., 2002, Scavenger receptors in neurobiology and neuropathology: their role on microglia and other cells of the nervous system. Glia 40: 195.
Jeffrey, M., Goodsir, C.M., Bruce, M.E., McBride, P.A. and Farquhar, C., 1994, Morphogenesis of amyloid plaques in 87V murine scrapie. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 20: 535.
Johnstone, M., Gearing, A.J. and Miller, K.M., 1999, A central role for astrocytes in the inflammatory response to beta-amyloid; chemokines, cytokines and reactive oxygen species are produced. J. Neuroimmunol. 93: 182.
Kim, S.U. and de Vellis, J., 2005, Microglia in health and disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 81: 302.
Kitazawa, M., Yamasaki, T.R. and LaFerla, F.M., 2004, Microglia as a potential bridge between the amyloid {beta}-peptide and tau. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1035: 85.
Klamt, F., Dal-Pizzol, F., Conte da Frota, M.L., Walz, R., Andrades, M.E., da Silva, E.G., Brentani, R.R., Izquierdo, I. and Fonseca Moreira, J.C., 2001, Imbalance of antioxidant defense in mice lacking cellular prion protein. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 30: 1137.
Klein, M.A., Kaeser, P.S., Schwarz, P., Weyd, H., Xenarios, I., Zinkernagel, R.M., Carroll, M.C., Verbeek, J.S., Botto, M., Walport, M.J., Molina, H., Kalinke, U., Acha-Orbea, H. and Aguzzi, A., 2001, Complement facilitates early prion pathogenesis. Nat. Med. 7: 488.
Koenigsknecht, J. and Landreth, G., 2004, Microglial phagocytosis of fibrillar β-amyloid through a β1-integrin-dependent mechanism. J. Neurosci. 24: 9838.
Koistinaho, M., Lin, S., Wu, X., Esterman, M., Koger, D., Hanson, J., Higgs, R., Liu, F., Malkani, S., Bales, K.R. and Paul, S.M., 2004, Apolipoprotein E promotes astrocyte colocalization and degradation of deposited amyloid-beta peptides. Nat. Med. 10: 719.
Kopec, K.K. and Carroll, R.T., 1998, Alzheimer’s beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 induces a phagocytic response in murine microglia. J. Neurochem. 71: 2123.
Le, Y., Gong, W., Tiffany, H.L., Tumanov, A., Nedospasov, S., Shen, W., Dunlop, N.M., Gao, J.L., Murphy, P.M., Oppenheim, J.J. and Wang, J.M., 2001a, Amyloid (beta)42 activates a G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor, FPR-like-1. Neurosci. 21: 123.
Le, Y., Yazawa, H., Gong, W., Yu, Z., Ferrans, V.J., Murphy, P.M. and Wang, J.M., 2001b, The neurotoxic prion peptide fragment PrP(106-126) is a chemotactic agonist for the G-protein-coupled receptor formyl peptide receptor-like 1. J. Immunol. 166: 1448.
Lee, D.W., Sohn, H.O., Lim, H.B., Lee, Y.G, Kim, Y.S., Carp, R.I. and Wisniewski, H.M., 1999, Alteration of free radical metabolism in the brain of mice infected with scrapie agent. Free Radic. Res. 30: 499.
Lee, H.P., Jun, Y.C., Choi, J.K., Kim, J.I., Carp, R.I. and Kim, Y.S., 2005, The expression of RANTES and chemokine receptors in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 158: 26.
LeVine, H. 3rd., 2004, The Amyloid Hypothesis and the clearance and degradation of Alzheimer’s beta-peptide. J. Alzheimers Dis. 6: 303.
Lewandowska, E., Bertrand, E., Kulczycki, J., Lipczynska-Lojkowska, W., Lechowicz, W. and Stankiewicz, J., 1999, Microglia and neuritic plaques in familial Alzheimer’s disease induced by a new mutation of presenilin-1 gene. An ultrastructural study. Folia Neuropathol. 37: 243.
Li, Y., Liu, L., Barger, S.W., Mrak, R.E. and Griffin, W.S., 2001, Vitamin E suppression of microglial activation is neuroprotective. J. Neurosci. Res. 66: 163.
Lindberg, C., Selenica, M.L., Westlind-Danielsson, A. and Schultzberg, M., 2005, Beta-amyloid protein structure determines the nature of cytokine release from rat microglia. J. Mol. Neurosci. 27: 1.
Lustbader, J.W., Cirilli, M., Lin, C., Xu, H.W., Takuma, K., Wang, N., Caspersen, C., Chen, X., Pollak, S., Chaney, M., Trinchese, F., Liu, S., Gunn-Moore, F., Lue, L.F., Walker, D.G., Kuppusamy, P., Zewier, Z.L., Arancio, O., Stern, D., Yan, S.S. and Wu, H., 2004, ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Science 304: 448.
Luth, H.J., Munch, G. and Arendt, T., 2002, Aberrant expression of NOS isoforms in Alzheimer’s disease is structurally related to nitrotyrosine formation. Brain Res. 953: 135.
Mabbot, N.A., 2004, The complement system in prion disease. Curr. Opinion Immunol. 16: 587.
Mallucci, G. and Collinge, J., 2005, Rational targeting for prion therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6: 23.
Marella, M. and Chabry, J., 2004, Neurons and astrocytes respond to prion infection by inducing microglia recruitment. J. Neurosci. 24: 620.
Marella, M., Gaggioli, C., Batoz, M., Deckert, M., Tartare-Deckert, S. and Chabry, J., 2005, Pathological prion protein exposure switches on neuronal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway resulting in microglia recruitment. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 1529.
Mhatre, M., Floyd, R.A. and Hensley, K., 2004, Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: common links and potential therapeutic targets. J. Alzheimers Dis. 6: 147.
Miele, G., Jeffrey, M., Turnbull, D., Manson, J. and Clinton, M., 2002, Ablation of cellular prion protein expression affects mitochondrial numbers and morphology. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291: 372.
Minghetti, L., 2004, Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 63: 901.
Minghetti, L., Ajmone-Cat, M.A., De Berardinis, M.A. and De Simone, R., 2005, Microglial activation in chronic neurodegenerative diseases: roles of apoptotic neurons and chronic stimulation. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 48: 251.
Moreira, P.I., Honda, K., Liu, Q., Santos, M.S., Oliveira, C.R., Aliev, G., Nunomura, A., Zhu, X., Smith, M.A. and Perry, G., 2005, Oxidative stress: the old enemy in Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2: 403.
Moreira, P.I., Santos, M.S., Moreno, A., Rego, A.C. and Oliveira, C., 2002, Effect of amyloid beta-peptide on permeability transition pore: a comparative study. J. Neurosci. Res. 69: 257.
Morelli, L., Llovera, R., Ibendahl, S. and Castano, E.M., 2002, The degradation of amyloid beta as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular amyloidoses. Neurochem. Res. 27: 1387.
Mrak, R.E. and Griffin, W.S., 2001, Interleukin-1, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 22: 903.
Munch, G., Gasic-Milenkovic, J. and Arendt, T., 2003, Effect of advanced glycation end-products on cell cycle and their relevance for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 65: 63.
Nagele, R.G., Wegiel, J., Venkataraman, V., Imaki, H., Wang, K.C. and Wegiel, J., 2004, Contribution of glial cells to the development of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 25: 663.
Nakanishi, H., 2003, Microglial functions and proteases. Mol. Neurobiol. 27: 163.
Nicoll, J.A., Wilkinson, D., Holmes, C., Steart, P., Markham, H. and Weller, R.O., 2003, Neuropathology of human Alzheimer’s disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide: a case report. Nat. Med. 9: 448.
O’Donovan, C.N., Tobin, D. and Cotter, T.G., 2001, Prion protein fragment PrP-(106-126) induces apoptosis via mitochondrial disruption in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 43516.
Pereira, C., Santos, M.S. and Oliveira, C., 1999, Involvement of oxidative stress on the impairment of energy metabolism induced by Abeta peptides on PC12 cells: protection by antioxidants. Neurobiol. Dis. 6: 209.
Pereira, C., Agostinho, P., Moreira, P.I., Cardoso, S.M. and Oliveira C.R., 2005, Alzheimer’s disease-associated neurotoxic mechanisms and neuroprotective strategies. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 4: 383.
Peretz, D., Williamson, R.A., Kaneko, K., Vergara, J., Leclerc, E., Schmitt-Ulms, G., Mehlhorn, I.R., Legname, G., Wormald, M.R., Rudd, P.M., Dwek, R.A., Burton, D.R. and Prusiner, S.B., 2001, Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion infectivity. Nature 412: 739.
Perez, A., Morelli, L., Cresto, J.C. and Castano, E.M., 2000, Degradation of soluble amyloid beta-peptides 1-40, 1-42, and the Dutch variant 1-40Q by insulin degrading enzyme from Alzheimer’s disease and control brains. Neurochem. Res. 25: 247.
Peyrin, J.M., Lasmezas, C.I., Haik, S., Tagliavini, F., Salmona, M., Williams, A., Richie, D., Deslys, J.P. and Dormont, D., 1999, Microglial cells respond to amyloidogenic PrP peptide by the production of inflammatory cytokines. Neuroreport 10: 723.
Pfeifer, M., Boncristiano, S., Bondolfi, L., Stalder, A., Deller, T., Staufenbiel, M., Mathews, P.M. and Jucker, M., 2002, Cerebral hemorrhage after passive anti-Abeta immunotherapy. Science 298: 1379.
Pocernich, C.B. and Butterfield, D.A., 2003, Acrolein inhibits NADH-linked mitochondrial enzyme activity: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotox. Res. 5: 515.
Prusiner, S.B., 1996, Molecular biology and pathogenesis of prion diseases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21: 482.
Quintanilla, R.A., Orellana, D.I., Gonzalez-Billault, C. and Maccioni, R.B., 2004, Interleukin-6 induces Alzheimer-type phosphorylation of tau protein by deregulating the cdk5/p35 pathway. Exp. Cell Res. 295: 245.
Rogers, J.T., Leiter, L.M., McPhee, J., Cahill, C.M., Zhan, S.S., Potter, H. and Nilsson, L.N., 1999, Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 6421.
Rogers, J., Strohmeyer, R., Kovelowski, C.J. and Li, R., 2002, Microglia and inflammatory mechanisms in the clearance of amyloid beta peptide. Glia 40: 260.
Sano, M., Ernesto, C., Thomas, R.G., Klauber, M.R., Schafer, K., Grundman, M., Woodbury, P., Growdon, J., Cotman, C.W., Pfeiffer, E., Schneider, L.S. and Thal, L.J., 1997, A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 1216.
Sasaki, N., Takeuchi, M., Chowei, H., Kikuchi, S., Hayashi, Y., Nakano, N., Ikeda, H., Yamagishi, S., Kitamoto, T., Saito, T. and Makita, Z., 2002, Advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and their receptor (RAGE) in the brain of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with prion plaques. Neurosci. Lett. 326: 117.
Schenk, D.B. and Yednock, T., 2002, The role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease: friend or foe? Neurobiol. Aging 23: 677.
Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., Khan, K., Kholodenko, D., Lee, M., Liao, Z., Lieberburg, I., Motter, R., Mutter, L., Soriano, F., Shopp, G., Vasquez, N., Vandevert, C., Walker, S., Wogulis, M., Yednock, T., Games, D. and Seubert, P., 1999, Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 400: 173.
Schultz, J., Schwarz, A., Neidhold, S., Burwinkel, M., Riemer, C., Simon, D., Kopf, M., Otto, M. and Baier, M., 2004, Role of interleukin-1 in prion disease-associated astrocyte activation. Am. J. Pathol. 165: 671.
Selkoe, D.J. and Lansbury Jr., P.J., 1999, Biochemistry of Alzheimer’s and prion diseases. In: Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects 6th edition, G.J. Siegel, (ed.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp. 949-968.
Sleegers, K. and van Duijn, C.M., 2001, Alzheimer’s disease: genes, pathogenesis and risk prediction. Community Genet. 4: 197.
Smith, M.A., Harris, P.L., Sayre, L.M. and Perry, G., 1997, Iron accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9866.
Solforosi, L., Criado, J.R., McGavern, D.B., Wirz, S., Sanchez-Alavez, M., Sugama, S., DeGiorgio, L.A., Volpe, B.T., Wiseman, E., Abalos, G., Masliah, E., Gilden, D., Oldstone, M.B., Conti, B. and Williamson. R.A., 2004, Cross-linking cellular prion protein triggers neuronal apoptosis in vivo. Science 303: 1514.
Solomon, B., Koppel, R., Hanan, E. and Katzav, T., 1996, Monoclonal antibodies inhibit in vitro fibrillar aggregation of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93: 452.
Streit, W.J., Conde, J.R. and Harrison, J.K., 2001, Chemokines and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 22: 909.
Streit, W.J., Conde, J.R., Fendrick, S.E., Flanary, B.E. and Mariani, C.L., 2005, Role of microglia in the central nervous system’s immune response. Neurol. Res. 27: 685.
Stuchbury, G. and Münch, G., 2005, Alzheimer’s associated inflammation, potential drug targets and future therapies. J. Neural Transm. 112: 429.
Sung, S., Yao, Y., Uryu, K., Yang, H., Lee, V.M., Trojanowski, J.Q. and Pratico, D., 2004, Early vitamin E supplementation in young but not aged mice reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 18: 323.
Swerdlow, R.H. and Khan, S.M., 2004, A “mitochondrial cascade hypothesis” for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Med. Hypotheses 63: 8.
Takuma, K., Yao, J., Huang, J., Xu, H., Chen, X., Luddy, J., Trillat, A.C., Stern, D.M., Arancio, O. and Yan, S.S., 2005, ABAD enhances Abeta-induced cell stress via mitochondrial dysfunction. FASEB J. 19: 597.
Tuppo, E.E. and Arias, H.R., 2005, The role of inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37: 289.
Van Everbroeck, B., Dobbeleir, I., De Waele, M., De Leenheir, E., Lubke, U., Martin, J.J. and Cras, P., 2004, Extracellular protein deposition correlates with glial activation and oxidative stress in Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl). 108: 194.
Veerhuis, R., Hoozemans, J.J., Janssen, I., Boshuizen, R.S., Langeveld, J.P. and Eikelenboom, P., 2002, Adult human microglia secrete cytokines when exposed to neurotoxic prion protein peptide: no intermediary role for prostaglandin E2. Brain Res. 925: 195.
Veerhuis, R., Van Breemen, M.J., Hoozemans, J.M., Morbin, M., Ouladhadj, J., Tagliavini, F. and Eikelenboom, P., 2003, Amyloid beta plaque-associated proteins C1q and SAP enhance the Abeta1-42 peptide-induced cytokine secretion by adult human microglia in vitro. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 105: 135.
Veerhuis, R., Boshuizen, R.S. and Familian, A., 2005a, Amyloid associated proteins in Alzheimer’s and prion disease. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 4: 235.
Veerhuis, R., Boshuizen, R.S., Morbin, M., Mazzoleni, G., Hoozemans, J.J., Langedijk, J.P., Tagliavini, F., Langeveld, J.P. and Eikelenboom, P., 2005b, Activation of human microglia by fibrillar prion protein-related peptides is enhanced by amyloid-associated factors SAP and C1q. Neurobiol. Dis. 19: 273.
Walsh, D.T., Perry, V.H. and Minghetti, L., 2000, Cyclooxygenase-2 is highly expressed in microglial-like cells in a murine model of prion disease. Glia 29: 392.
Weggen, S., Eriksen, J.L., Sagi, S.A., Pietrzik, C.U., Ozols, V., Fauq, A., Golde, T.E. and Koo, E.H., 2003, Evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease amyloid beta 42 production by direct modulation of gamma-secretase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 31831.
Wegiel, J., Imaki, H., Wang, K.C., Wegiel, J., Wronska, A., Osuchowski, M. and Rubenstein, R., 2003, Origin and turnover of microglial cells in fibrillar plaques of APPsw transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 105: 393.
Weldon, D.T., Rogers, S.D., Ghilardi, J.R., Finke, M.P., Cleary, J.P., O’Hare, E., Esler, W.P., Maggio, J.E. and Mantyh, P.W., 1998, Fibrillar beta-amyloid induces microglial phagocytosis, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and loss of a select population of neurons in the rat CNS in vivo. J. Neurosci. 18: 2161.
Wenk, G.L., McGann, K., Hauss-Wegrzyniak, B. and Rosi, S., 2003, The toxicity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha upon cholinergic neurons within the nucleus basalis and the role of norepinephrine in the regulation of inflammation: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 121: 719.
White, A.R., Enever, P., Tayebi, M., Mushens, R., Linehan, J., Brandner, S., Anstee, D., Collinge, J. and Hawke, S., 2003, Monoclonal antibodies inhibit prion replication and delay the development of prion disease. Nature 422: 80.
Wisniewski, T., Ghiso, J. and Frangione, B., 1997, Biology of A-beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 4: 313.
Wong, A., Luth, H.J., Deuther-Conrad, W., Dukic-Stefanovic, S., Gasic-Milenkovic, J., Arendt, T. and Munch G., 2001, Advanced glycation end-products co-localize with inducible nitric oxide synthase in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res. 920: 32.
Wyss-Coray, T., Loike, J.D., Brionne, T.C., Lu, E., Anankov, R., Yan, F., Silverstein, S.C. and Husemann, J., 2003, Adult mouse astrocytes degrade amyloid-beta in vitro and in situ. Nat. Med. 9: 453.
Xia, M. and Hyman, B.T., 2002, GROalpha/KC, a chemokine receptor CXCR2 ligand, can be a potent trigger for neuronal ERK1/2 and PI-3 kinase pathways and for tau hyperphosphorylation-a role in Alzheimer’s disease? J. Neuroimmunol. 122: 55.
Xia, M., Qin, S., McNamara, M., Mackay, C. and Hyman, B.T., 1997, Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Pathol. 150: 1267.
Yan, S.D., Chen, X., Fu, J., Chen, M., Zhu, H., Roher, A., Slattery, T., Zhao, L., Nagashima, M., Morser, J., Migheli, A., Nawroth, P., Stern, D. and Schmidt, A.M., 1996, RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 382: 685.
Zandi, P.P., Anthony, J.C., Khachaturian, A.S., Stone, S.V., Gustafson, D., Tschanz, J.T., Norton, M.C., Welsh-Bohmer, K.A. and Breitner, J.C., 2004, Reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch. Neurol. 61: 82.
Zhou, Y., Su, Y., Li, B., Liu, F., Ryder, J.W., Wu, X., Gonzalez-DeWhitt, P.A., Gelfanova, V., Hale, J.E., May, P.C., Paul, S.M. and Ni, B., 2003, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can lower amyloidogenic Abeta42 by inhibiting Rho. Science 302: 1215.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Agostinho, P., Oliveira, C.R. (2007). Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Prion's Diseases. In: Malva, J.O., Rego, A.C., Cunha, R.A., Oliveira, C.R. (eds) Interaction Between Neurons and Glia in Aging and Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70830-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70830-0_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-70829-4
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-70830-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)