Skip to main content

Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Systemic and Intracranial Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology

Abstract

Advances in genetics and neuroimaging have revolutionized the diagnosis of intracranial disease in children. An integrated approach to these diseases has also emerged from the proliferation of multidisciplinary clinics and programs combining expertise in pediatric neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, neuroradiology, neuro-oncology, and neuro-ophthalmology. The role of genetic defects is increasingly recognized in many intracranial disorders, and basic research elucidates their pathogenesis at the molecular level. Refinement in neurosurgical management continues to advance the treatment of these disorders, while preventative and therapeutic measures will arise from molecular genetic research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abouzeid H, Youssef MA, ELShakankirii N, et al. PAX6 aniridia and interhemispheric brain abnormalities. Mol Vis 2009;15:2074–2083

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abrams LS, Repka MX. Visual outcome of craniopharyngioma in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1997;34:223–228.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Afifi AK, Dolan KD, Van Gilder JC, et al. Ventriculomegaly in neurofibromatosis 1: Association with Chiari type 1 malformation. Neurofibromatosis. 1988;1:299–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Aicardi J. The lissencephaly syndromes. Int Pediatr. 1989;4:118–126.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Aicardi J, Barbosa C, Andermann E, et al. Ataxia-ocular motor apraxia: A syndrome mimicking Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Ann Neurol. 1988;24:497–502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Aicardi J, Goutieres F. The syndrome of absence of the septum pellucidum with porencephalies and other developmental defects. Neuropediatrics. 1981;12:319–328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Aitken LA, Lindan CE, Sidney S, et al. Chiari type I malformation in a pediatric population. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;40:449–454.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Albers FW, Ingels JK. Otoneurological manifestations in Chiari-I malformation. J Laryngol Otol. 1993;107:559–564.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Albright AL. Brain tumors in neonates, infants, and toddlers. Contemp Neurosurg. 1985;7:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Albright AL, Guthkelch AN, Packer RJ, et al. Prognostic factors in pediatric brainstem gliomas. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:751–755.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Albright AL. Brain stem gliomas. In: Youmans J, ed. Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996:2603–2611.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Aleksic S, Budzilovich G, Choy A, et al. Congenital ophthalmoplegia in oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia-hemifacial microsomia (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome). A clinicopathological study and review of the literature. Neurology. 1976;26:638–644.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Al-Gazali LI, Donnai D, Berry SA, et al. The oculocerebrocutaneous (Delleman) syndrome. J Med Genet. 1988;25:773–778.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Almeida L, Anyane-Yeboa K, Grossman M, et al. Myelomeningocele, Arnold–Chiari anomaly and hydrocephalus in focal dermal hypoplasia. Am J Med Genet. 1988;30:917–923.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Al-Mujaini A, Ganesh A, Al-Zuhaibi S, et al. Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis: An unusual cause of recurrent optic neuropathy in a child. J AAPOS. 2009;13:207–209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Alper MG. Management of primary optic nerve meningiomas. Current status-therapy in controversy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1981;1:101–117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ambrosino MM, Hernanz-Schulman M, Genieser NB, et al. Brain tumors in infants less than a year of age. Pediatr Radiol. 1988;19:6–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ameri A, Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurol Clin. 1992;10:87–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ammar A, Al-Sultan A, Al Mulhim F, et al. Empty sella syndrome: Does it exist in children? J Neurosurg. 1999;91:960–963.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Anderson JM, Brodsky MC. Protracted cortical visual loss in a child with ornithine transcarbylase deficiency. J Neuroophthalmol. 2010; in press.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Andersonn S, Persson E-K, Aring E, et al. Vision in children with hydrocephalus. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:836–841.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Andriola M, Stolfi J. Sturge–Weber syndrome. Report of an atypical case. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:507–510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Aniskiewicz AS, Frumkin NL, Brady DE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and neurobehavioral correlates in schizencephaly. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:911–916.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Antinheimo J, Sankila R, Carpen O, et al. Population based analysis of sporadic and type 2 neurofibromatosis-associated meningiomas and schwannomas. Neurology. 2000;54:71–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Appenzeller S, Zeller CB, Annichino-Bizzachi JM, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: influence of risk factors and imaging findings on prognosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107:371–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Arai H, Sato K, Wachi A, et al. Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: Experience with 77 patients who were treated with cystoperitoneal shunting. Neurosurgery. 1996;39:1108–1113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Aring E, Andersson S, Hård A-L, et al. Strabismus, binocular functions, and ocular motility in children with hydrocephalus. Strabismus. 2007;15:79–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Arnold A. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in a young adult. Presented at the 18th Annual Frank B. Walsh Society Meeting, Seattle, Feb. 21-22, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Arnold AC, Baloh RW, Yee RD, et al. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in the Chiari type II malformation. Neurology. 1990;40:1850–1854.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Arnold AC, Hepler RS, Yee RW, et al. Solitary retinal astrocytoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1985;30:173–181.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Arnold RW, Schriever G. Lyme amaurosis in a child. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30:268–270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Arora A, Chowdhury D, Daga MK, et al. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: A report of two cases. Neurol India. 2001;49:311–313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Arroyo HA, Jan EJ, McCormick AQ, et al. Permanent visual loss after shunt malfunction. Neurology. 1985;35:25–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ashker L, Weinstein JM, Dias M, et al. Arachnoid cyst causing third cranial nerve palsy manifesting as isolated internal ophthalmoplegia and iris cholinergic supersensitivity. J Neuroophthalmol. 2008;28:192–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Atebara NH. Retinal capillary hemangioma treated with Verteporfin photodynamic therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:788–790.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Atkinson A, Sanders MD, Wang V. Vitreous haemorrhage in tuberous sclerosis: Report of two cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57:773–779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Autunes NL, Small TN, George D, et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome may not be reversible. Pediatr Neurol. 1999;20:241–243.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Babcock MA, Kostova FV, Guha A, et al. Tumors of the central nervous system: Clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, unanswered question, and future research directions. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:1103–1121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bagianelli EB, Klingele TG, Burde RM. Acute oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood: Is arteriography necessary? J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Balcer LJ, Liu GT, Heller G, et al. Visual prognosis in children with neurofibromatosis type-1 and optic pathway gliomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:442–445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Baldauf J, Oertel J, Gaab MR, et al. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 2 years of age. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:623–626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Balestri P, Vivarelli R, Grosso S, et al. Malformations of cortical development in neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurology. 2003;61:1799–1801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Balkan R, Hoyt CS. Associated neurologic abnormalities in congenital third nerve palsies. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97:315–319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Baloh RW, Honrubia V, Konrad HR. Periodic alternating nystagmus. Brain. 1976;99:11–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bardelli AM, Hadjistilianou T. Buphthalmos and progressive elephantiasis in neurofibromatosis. A report of three cases. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1989;10:279–286.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Barker D, Wright E, Nguyen K, et al. Gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis is in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17. Science. 1987;236:1100–1102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Barkovich AJ. Neuroimaging of pediatric brain tumors. In: Berger MS, ed. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:739–770.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Barkovich AJ. Neuroimaging manifestations and classification of congenital muscular dystrophies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:1389–1396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Barkovich AJ. Pediatric Neuroimaging. Philadephia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2005:231–439.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Barkovich AJ, Fram EK, Norman D. Septo-optic dysplasia: MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;171:189–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Barkovich AJ, Gressens P, Evrard P. Formation, maturation, and disorders of brain neocortex. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:423–446.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Barkovich AJ, Hevner R, Guerrini R. Syndromes of bilateral symmetrical polymicrogyria. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1814–1821.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO. Gray matter heterotopias: MR characteristics and correlation with developmental and neurological manifestations. Radiology. 1992;182:493–499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO. Non-lissencephalic cortical dysplasia: Correlation of imaging findings with clinical deficits. Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:95–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Barkovich AJ, Koch TK, Carrol CL. The spectrum of lissencephaly: report of ten patients analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol. 1997;30:139–146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO. Schizencephaly: Correlation of clinical findings with MR characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:85–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Barkovich AJ, Millen KJ, Dobyns WB. A developmental classification of malformations of the brainstem. Ann Neurol. 2007;62:625–639.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Barkovich AJ, Kjos BO, Norman D, et al. Revised classification of posterior fossa cysts and cyst-like malformations based on results of multiplanar MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroadiol. 1989;10:977–988.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Barkovich AJ, Krischer J, Kun LE, et al. Brain stem gliomas: A classification system based on magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1991;16:73–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Barkovich AJ, Kuziecky RI, Jackson GD, et al. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development. Neurology. 2005;65:1873–1887.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Barkovich AJ, Maroldo TV. Magnetic resonance imaging of normal and abnormal brain development. Top Magn Reson Imaging.. 1993;5:96–122.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Barkovich AJ, Norman D. Absence of septum pellucidum: A useful sign in the diagnosis of congenital brain malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9:1107–1114.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Barkovich AJ, Norman D. Anomalies of the corpus callosum: Correlation with further anomalies of the brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988;9:493–501.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Barkovich AJ, Rowley HA, Bollen A. Correlation of prenatal events with the development of polymicrogyria. Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:822–827.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Barr D, Kupersmith MJ, Pinto R, et al. Arachnoid cyst of the cavernous sinus resulting in third nerve palsy. J Neuroophthalmol. 1999;19:249–251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Barros-Nunes P, Rivas F. Autosomal recessive congenital stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius. Genet Couns. 1993;4:19–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Barsky SH, Rosen S, Geer DE, et al. The nature and evolution of port-wine stains: A computer-assisted study. J Invest Dermatol. 1980;74:154–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bartolomei F, Gavaret M, Dravet C, et al. Familial epilepsy with unilateral and bilateral malformations of cortical development. Epilepsia. 1999;40:47–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Baser ME, Kuramoto L, Joe H, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations for nervous system tumors in Neurofibromatosis 2: A population-based study. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75:231–239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Baum JL. Goldenhar’s syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:750.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Baum JL, Feingold M. Ocular aspects of Goldenhar’s syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;75:250–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Baumas-Duport C. Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. Brain Pathol. 1993;3:283–295.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Baumgartner JE, Edwards MS. Pineal tumors. In: Berger MS, ed. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:853–862.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Beck RW, Greenberg HS. Post-decompression optic neuropathy. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:196–199.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Beck RW, Hanno R. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1985;25:97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bell WO, Charney EB, Bruce DA, et al. Symptomatic Arnold–Chiari malformation: Review of experience with 22 cases. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:812–818.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Belloni E, Muenke M, Roessler E, et al. Identification of sonic hedgehog as a candidate gene responsible for holoprosencephaly. Nat Genet. 1996;14:353–356.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Belman A. Neurologic complications of Lyme disease in children. Int Pediatr. 1992;7:136–143.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Beltgran-Valero De Bernabe D, Currier S, Steinbrecher A, et al. Mutations in the O-mannosyltransferase gene POMT1 give rise to the severe neuronal migration disorder Walker–Warburg syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:1033–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Bender BL, Yunis EJ. The pathology of tuberous sclerosis. Pathol Annu. 1982;17:339–382.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Berger MS, Edwards MS, LaMasters D, et al. Pediatric brain stem tumors: Radiographic, pathological, and clinical correlations. Neurosurgery. 1983;12:298–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Berger L, Gauthier S, Leblanc R. Akinetic mutism and parkinsonism associated with obstructive hydrocephalus. Can J Neurol Sci. 1985;12:255–258.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Berger MS, Keles GE, Geyer JR. Cerebral hemispheric tumors of childhood. In: Berger MS, ed. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:839–852.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Bianchi-Marzoli S, Righi C, Broncato R, et al. Pseudotumor cerebri in men: the need for cerebral angiography. Presented as a poster at the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, Durango, CO, Feb. 27-March 3, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Biesecker LG. The multifaceted challenges of Proteus syndrome. JAMA. 2001;285:2240–2243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Biesecker LG, Peters KF, Darling TN, et al. Proteus syndrome: diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and patient evaluation. Am J Med Genet. 1999;84:389–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Biglan AW. Ophthalmologic complications of meningomyelocele: A longitudinal study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1990;88:389–462.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bilaniuk LT, Molloy PT, Zimmerman RA, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1: Brain stem tumours. Neuroradiology. 1997;39:642–653.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Littman P, et al. Computed tomography of brain stem gliomas in children. Radiology. 1980;134:89–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Billingsley RL, Jackson EF, Slopis JM, et al. Functional MRI of visual-spatial processing in neurofibromatosis, type 1. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:395–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bindal AK, Storrs BB, McLone DG. Management of the Dandy–Walker syndrome. Pediatr Neurosci 1990-1991;16:163–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Biousse B, Newman NJ, Petermann SH, et al. Isolated comitant esotropia and Chiari I malformation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130:216–220.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Biousse V, Tong F, Newman NJ. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2003;5:181–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bixenman WW, Laguna JF. Acquired esotropia as initial manifestation of Arnold–Chiari malformation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1987;24:83–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Blair I, Gibson R, Bennett C, et al. Search for genes involved in Joubert syndrome: Evidence that one or more major loci are yet to be identified and exclusion of candidate genes EN1, EN2, FGF8, and BARHL1. Am J Med Genet. 2002;107:190–196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Bloom HJ. Intracranial tumors: Response and resistance to therapeutic endeavors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1982;8:1083–1113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Boesel CP, Paulsen GW, Kosnik EJ, et al. Brain hamartomas and tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis. Neurosurgery. 1979;4:410–417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Bolande RP. Neurofibromatosis - The quintessential neurocristopathy: pathogenetic concepts and relationships. Adv Neurol. 1981;29:67–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Boltshauser E, Schneider J, Kollias S, et al. Vanishing cerebellum in myelomeningocele. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2002;6:109–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Bonnet P, Dechaume J, Blanc E. L’anevrysme cirsoide de la retine (Aneuryme recemeux): Ses relations avec l’aneurysme cirsoide de la face et avec l’aneveysme cirsoide du cerveau. J Med Lyon. 1937;18:165–178.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Borchert M. Neurocutaneous disorders: Five important things to ponder about their clinical manifestations. Proceedings of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Snowmass, CO, March 14-18, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Borgatti R, Triulzi F, Zucca C, et al. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria in three generations. Neurology. 1999;52:1910–1913.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Bosch MM, Boltshauser E, Harpes P, et al. Ophthalmologic findings and long-term course in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:1068–1077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Bosch MM, Wichmann WW, Boltshauser E, et al. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:379–385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Bosch MM, Mironov A, Killer HE. Atypical manifestation of neurofibromatosis type 2 in a boy. Eye (Lond). 2005;19:705–706.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Bouzas EA, Freidlin V, Parry DM, et al. Lens opacities in neurofibromatosis 2: Further significant correlations. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:354–357.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Bouzas EA, Krasnewich D, Koutroumanidis M, et al. Ophthalmologic examination in the diagnosis of Proteus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:334–338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Bouzas EA, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, et al. Lisch nodules in Cushing’s disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:439–440.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Braffman BH, Bilaniuk LT, Naidich TP, et al. MR imaging of tuberous sclerosis: Pathogenesis of this phakomatosis, use of gadolinium pentetate dimeglumine, and literature review. Radiology. 1992;183:227–238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Braffman BH, Zimmerman RA, Trojanowki JQ, et al. The central nervous system manifestations of the phakomatoses on MR. Radiol Clin North Am. 1988;26:773–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Branco G, Goulao A, Ferro JM. MRI in aqueduct compression and obstructive hydrocephalus due to an ecstatic basilar artery. Neuroradiology. 1993;35:447–448.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Bratton ML, Hoehn ME, Kerr NC. Residual strabismus following resolution of cranial nerve palsies affecting ocular motility. Presented at the American Academy of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Hyatt Regency, San Francisco, April 17-21, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Breeveld G, de Coo IF, Lequin MH, et al. Novel mutations in three families confirm a major role of COL4A1 in hereditary porencephaly. J Med Genet. 2006;43:490–495.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ, Phil D. Computed tomography: An increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2277–2284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Brismar J, Ozand PT. CT and MR of the brain in glutaric acidemia type I: a review of 59 published cases and a report of 5 new patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:675–683.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bristol RE, Albuquerque FC, Spetzler RF, et al. Surgical management of arteriovenous malformations in children. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:88–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Brock S, Dyke CG. Venous and arteriovenous angiomas of the brain: A clinical and roentgenographic study of eight cases. Bull Neurol Inst NY. 1932;2:247–293.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Brodsky MC. The “pseudo-CSF” signal of orbital optic glioma on magnetic resonance imaging: a signature of neurofibromatosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;38:213–218.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Brodsky MC. Morning glory disc anomaly or optic disc coloboma? Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:153.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Brodsky MC. Hereditary external ophthalmoplegia, synergistic divergence, jaw winking, and oculocutaneous hypopigmentation: A congenital fibrosis syndrome caused by deficient innervation to extraocular muscles. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:717–725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Brodsky MC. Optic nerve hypoplasia with posterior pituitary ectopia: Male predominance and nonassociation with breech delivery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:238–239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Brodsky MC. Three dimensions of skew deviation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1440–1441.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Brodsky MC. Circumpapillary choroidal hemorrhoid in Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome. BJO. 2007;91:394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Brodsky MC, Atreides S-PA, Fowlkes JL, et al. Optic nerve aplasia in an infant with congenital hypopituitarism and posterior pituitary ectopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:125–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Brodsky MC, Boop FA. Lid nystagmus in diffuse ophthalmoplegia as a sign of intrinsic midbrain disease. J Neuroophthalmol. 1995;15:236–240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Brodsky MC, Boop AF. Primary trochlear nerve neoplasm in a child who had clinical signs of NF-1 but was later found to have NF-2. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1996;33:328–333.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Brodsky MC, Boop FA. Fourth ventricular ependymoma in a child with Duane Retraction syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1997;26:157–159.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Brodsky MC, Conte FA, Taylor D, et al. Sudden death in septo-optic dysplasia. Report of 5 cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:66–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Brodsky MC, Fray KJ. Brainstem hypoplasia in the Wildervanck (Cervico-oculo-acoustic) syndrome. Arch Ophthlamol. 1998;116:383–384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Brodsky MC, Glasier CM. Optic nerve hypoplasia: Clinical significance of associated central nervous system abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:66–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Brodsky MC, Harper RA, Keppen LD, et al. Anophthalmia in Delleman syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1990;37:157–158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Brodsky MC, Hoyt WF. Spontaneous involution of retinal and intracranial arteriovenous malformation in Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:360–361.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Brodsky MC, Hoyt WF, Higashida RT, et al. Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome with large facial angioma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:854–855.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Brodsky MC, Hoyt WF, Hoyt CS, et al. Atypical retinochoroidal coloboma in patients with dysplastic optic discs and transsphenoidal encephalocele: Report of five cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:624–628.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Brodsky MC, Kincannon JM, Nelson-Adesokan P, et al. Oculocerebral dysgenesis in the linear sebaceous nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1997;194:497–503.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Brodsky MC, Landau K, Wilson RS, et al. Morning glory disc anomaly in neurofibromatosis type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:839–841.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Brodsky MC, Safar AN. Optic disc tuber. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:712–714.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Brooks PJ. DNA repair in neural cells: Basic science and clinical implications. Mutat Res. 2002;509:93–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Brown SA, Warburton D, Brown LY, et al. Holoprosencephaly due to mutations in ZIC2, a homolog of Drosophila odd-paired. Nat Genet. 1998;20:180–183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Bruce DA, Weprin B. The slit-ventricle syndrome. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2001;36(4):709–717.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Brunelli S, Faiella A, Capra V, et al. Germline mutations in the homeobox gene EMX2 in patients with severe schizencephaly. Nat Genet. 1996;12:94–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Brusilow SW. Inborn errors of urea synthesis: Paradigm of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. In: Berg BO, ed. Principles of Child Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:979–995.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Brzowski AE, Bazan C III, Mumma JV, et al. Spontaneous regression of optic glioma in a patient with neurofibromatosis. Neurology. 1992;42:679–681.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Buchanan TA, Harper DG, Hoyt WF. Bilateral proptosis, dilatation of conjunctival veins and papilledema: A neuro-ophthalmological syndrome caused by arteriovenous malformation of the torcular herophili. Br J Ophthalmol. 1982;66:186–189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Buchhalter JR, Dichter MA. Migraine/epilepsy syndrome mimicking shunt malfunction in a child with shunted hydrocephalus. J Child Neurol. 1990;5:69-71. Letter.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Bullard DE, Crockard A, McDonald WI. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea associated with dysplastic optic discs and a basal encephalocele. J Neurosurg. 1981;54:807–810.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Burch JV, Leveille AS, Morse PH. Ichthyosis hystrix (epidermal nevus syndrome) and Coat’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89:25–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Burke JP, West NF, Strachan IM. Congenital nystagmus, anisomyopia, and hemimegalencephaly in the Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome. J Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991;28:41–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Burns AJ, Kaplan LC, Mulliken JB. Is there an association between hemangioma and syndromes with dysmorphic features? Pediatrics. 1991;88:1527.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Burrows PE, Robertson RL, Mulliken JB, et al. Cerebral vasculopathy and neurologic sequelae in infants with cervicofacial hemangioma: Report of eight patients. Radiology. 1998;207:601–607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Burzynski SR. Treatments for astrocytic tumors in children. Current and emerging strategies. Paediatr Drugs. 2006;8:167–178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Busch W. Die Morphologie der Sella Turcica und ihre Beziehungen zure Hypophyse. Arch F Path Anat. 1951;320:437–458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Butler IJ. Cerebrovascular disorders of childhood. J Child Neurol. 1993;8:197-200. Editorial.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Butman JA, Linchan WM, Lonser RR. Neurologic manifestations of von Hippel–Lindau disease. JAMA. 2008;300:1334–1342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Buttner U, Buttner-Ennever JA, Rambold H, et al. The contribution of midbrain circuits in the control of gaze. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;956:99–110.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Byrne JV, Kendall BE, Kingsley DP, et al. Lesions of the brain stem: Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiology. 1989;31:129–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Calabrò F, Arcuri T, Jinkins JR. Blake’s pouch cyst: An entity within the Dandy–Walker continuum. Neuroradiolaoy. 2000;42:290–295.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Caldarelli M, Novegno F, Massimi L, et al. The role of limited posterior fossa craniectomy in the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I: Experience with a pediatric series. J Neurosurg. 2007;106:187–195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Callaway MP, Renowden SA, Lewis TT, et al. Middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts: Not always a benign entity. Br J Radiol. 1998;71:441–443.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Calogero JA, Alexander E. Unilateral amaurosis in a hydrocephalic child with an obstructed shunt. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1971;34:236–240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Campbell SH, Patterson A. Pseduopapilledema in the linear naevus syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:372–374.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Canbaz B, Akar Z, Yilmazlar S, et al. Warburg syndrome. Neurol Res. 1994;16:145–147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Caprioli J, Lesser RL. Basal encephalocele and morning glory syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67:349–351.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Caraballo RH, Cersósimo RO, Mazza E, et al. Focal polymicrogyria in mother and son. Brain Dev. 2000;22:336–339.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Carney SH, Brodsky MC, Good WV, et al. Aicardi syndrome: More than meets the eye. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;37:419–424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Caroli E, Russillo M, Ferrante L. Intracranial meningiomas in children: Report of 27 new cases and critical analysis of 440 cases reported in the literature. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:31–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Cartmill B, Lacey B. Trochlear displacement by orbital plexiform neuroma: A novel mechanism causing superior oblique underaction. Eye. 2006;20:1388–1389.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Carvalho KS, Bodensteiner JB, Connolly PJ, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in children. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:574–580.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Cavanagh EC, Hart BL, Rose D. Association of linear sebaceous nevus syndrome and unilateral megalencephaly. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14:405–408.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Cedzich C, Schramm J, Wenzel D. Reversible visual loss after shunt malfunction. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1990;105:121–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Celli P, Ferrante L, Palma L, et al. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in children. Clinical features and outcome of treatment in children and in adults. Surg Neurol. 1984;22:43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the US. Statistical report: Primary brain tumors in the United States, 1998–2002.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Ceyhan M, Erdem G, Kanra G, Kaya S, Onerci M. Lymphoma with bilateral cavernous sinus involvement in early childhood. Pediatr Neurol. 1994;10:67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Chan JA, Zhang H, Roberts PS, et al. Pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis subependymal giant cell astrocytomas: Biallelic inactivation of TSC1 or TSC2 leads to mTOR activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2004;63:1236–1242.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Chang BS, Apse KA, Caraballo R, et al. The familial syndrome of unilateral polymicrogyria affecting the right hemisphere. Neurology. 2006;66:133–135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Charles SJ, Moore AT, Yates JR, et al. Lisch nodules in neurofibromatosis type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1571.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Chen F, Kishida T, Yao M, et al. Germline mutations in the von Hippel Lindau tumor suppressor gene are similar to somatic von Hippel Lindau aberrations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Hum Genet. 1994;55:1092–1102.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Chernov M, Kamikawa S, Toledo R, et al. Neurofiberscope-guided management of slit-ventricle syndrome due to shunt placement. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:260–267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Chiba Y, Takagi H, Nakajimi F, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid edema: A rare complication of shunt operations for hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1982;57:697–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Chiyonobu T, Yohihara T, Fukushima Y, et al. Sister and brother with Vici syndrome: agenesis of the corpus callosum, albinism, and recurrent infections. Am J Hum Genet 2002;109:61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Choudhari KA, Cooke C, Hong Tan M, et al. Papilloedema as the sole presenting feature of Chiari I malformation. Br J Neurosurg. 2002;16:398–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Christodoulou J, Quereshi IA, McInees RR, et al. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting with strokelike episodes. J Pediatr. 1993;122:423–425.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Chuang SH, Fitz CR, Chilton SJ, et al. Schizencephaly: Spectrum of CT findings in association with septo-optic dysplasia. Radiology. 1984;153:118. Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Chumas PD, Armstrong DC, Drake JM, et al. Tonsillar herniation: The rule rather than the exception after lumboperitoneal shunting in the pediatric population. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:568–573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Cibis GW, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Glaucoma in Sturge–Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1061–1071.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Cibis GW, Whittaker CK, Wood WE. Intraocular meningioma with intraocular extension. Mayo Clin Proc. 1977;52:504–508.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Cibis GW, Whittaker CK, Wood WE. Intraocular extension of optic nerve meningioma in a case of neurofibromatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:404–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Clancy RR, Kurtz MB, Baker D. Neurologic manifestations of the organoid nevus syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:236–240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Clark AC, Nelson LB, Simon JW, et al. Acute acquired comitant esotropia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:636–638.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Claudio JO, Veneziale RW, Menko AS, et al. Expression of schwannomin in lens and Schwann cells. Neuroreport. 1997;8:2025–2030.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Coats DK, Paysse EA, Levy ML. PHACE: A neurocutaneous syndrome with important ophthalmologic implications. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1739–1741.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Cobbs WH, Schatz NJ, Savino PJ. Midbrain eye signs in hydrocephalus. Ann Neurol. 1978;4:172.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Cogan DG. Convergence nystagmus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1959;62:295–299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Cogan DG, Loeb DR. Optokinetic responses and intracranial lesions. Arch Neurol Psychiat. 1947;61:183–187.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Cogan DG, Wray SH. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia as an early sign of brain stem tumors. Neurology. 1970;20:629.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Cohen AR. Endoscopic neurosurgery. In: Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS, eds. Neurosurgery, vol. 1. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:539–546.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Cohen ME, Duffner PK. Brain Tumors in Children. 2nd ed. New York: Raven; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Cohen ME, Duffner PK, Heffner RR, et al. Prognostic factors in brainstem gliomas. Neurology. 1986;36:602–605.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Comi A, Hunt P, Vawter MP, et al. Increrased fibronectin expression in Sturge–Weber syndrome fibroblasts and brain tissue. Pediatr Res. 2003;53:762–769.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Connolly MB, Jan JE, Cochrane DD. Rapid recovery from cortical visual impairment following correction of prolonged shunt malfunction in congenital hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:956–957.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Conrath J, Roquelaure B, Chrestian M, et al. Retinal ischemic syndrome, digestive tract small-vessel hyalinosis, and diffuse cerebral calcifications: A pediatric observation of a rare syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:1141–1143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Conway JE, Chou D, Clatterbuck RE, et al. Hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system in von Hippel–Lindau syndrome and sporadic disease. Neurosurgery. 2001;48:55f-62f.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Coppetto JR, Gahn NG. Bitemporal hemianopic scotoma: A complication of intraventricular catheter. Surg Neurol. 1977;8:361–362.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Coppola G, Vajro P, De Virgiliis S, et al. Cerebellar vermis defect, oligophrenia, congenital ataxia, and hepatic fibrocirrhosis without coloboma and renal abnormalities: Report of three cases. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33:180–185.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Corbett JJ. Neuro-ophthalmologic complications of hydrocephalus and shunting procedures. Semin Neurol. 1986;6:111–123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Cormand B, Avela K, Pihko H, et al. Assignment of the muscle–eye–brain disease gene to 1p32-34 by linkage analysis and homozygosity mapping. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:126–134.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Cormand B, Pihko H, Bayés M, et al. Clinical and genetic distinction between Walker–Warburg syndrome and muscle–eye–brain disease. Neurology. 2001;56:1059–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Costa RM, Federov NB, Kogan JH, et al. Mechanism for the learning deficits in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1. Nature. 2002;415:526–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Cotton MF, Reiley T, Robinson CC, et al. Acute aqueductal stenosis in a patient with Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:224–227.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Coulon RA, Toll K. Intracranial ependymomas in children: A review of 43 cases. Childs Brain. 1977;3:154–168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Covarrubias DJ, Luetmer PH, Campeau NG. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1038–1048.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Coyle JT. Goldenhar’s syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:916.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Cozad SC, Townsent P, Morantz RA, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: Results with radiation therapy. Cancer. 1996;78:859–862.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Crassard I, Bousser M-G. Central venous thrombosis: Diagnosis and treatment. Proceedings of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Copper Mountain, CO, Feb. 9-14, 2002:165–171.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Crino PG. Molecular pathogenesis of tuber formation in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol. 2004;19:716–725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Crosley CJ, Binet EF. Sturge–Weber syndrome. Presentation as a focal seizure disorder without nevus flammeus. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1978;17:606–609.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Crossey PA, Richards FM, Foster K, et al. Identification of intragenic mutations in the von Hippel Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene and correlation with disease phenotype. Hum Mutat. 1995;5:66–75.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Cruz-Velarde JA, Munoz L, Rodrigalvarez R, et al. Intracranial hypertension as the first clinical manifestation of gliomatosis cerebri. Neurologia. 2000;15:32–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Cunliffe IA, Moffat DA, Hardy DG, et al. Bilateral optic nerve sheath meningiomas in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:310–312.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Cushing H. Experiences with the cerebellar medulloblstoma: A critical review. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1930;7:1–86.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Cusmai R, Curatolo P, Mangano S, et al. Hemimegalencephaly and neurofibromatosis. Neuropediatrics. 1989;21:179–182.

    Google Scholar 

  222. D’Arrigo S, Viganò L, Bruzzone MG, et al. Diagnostic approach to cerebellar disease in children. J Child Neurol. 2005;20:859–866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Dabora SL, Jozwiak S, Franz DN, et al. Mutational analysis in a cohort of 224 tuberous sclerosis patients indicates increased severity of TSC2, compared with TSC1, disease in multiple organs. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:64–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Dagi LR, Chrousos GA, Cogan DC. Spasm of the near reflex associated with organic disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:582–585.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Dasgupta B, Yi Y, Chen DY, et al. Proteomic analysis reveals hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in neurofibromatosis 1-associated human and mouse brain tumors. Cancer Res. 2005;65:2755–2760.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Dattani MT, Martinez-Barbera JP, Thomas PQ, et al. Mutations in the homeobox gene HESX1/Hesx1 associated with septo-optic dysplasia in human and mouse. Nat Genet. 1998;19:125–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Dattani MT, Robertson IC. HESX1 and septo-optic dysplasia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2002;3:289–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer BW, et al. Dyembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor: A surgically-curable tumor of young patients with intractable partial seizures. Neurosurgery. 1988;23:545–556.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Davidson JE, McWilliam RC, Evans TJ, et al. Porencephaly and optic hypoplasia in neonatal thrombocytopenia. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:858–860.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Davis CH, Joglekar VM. Cerebellar astrocytomas in children and young adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:820–828.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. de Jong PT, Verkaart RJF, van de Vooren MJ, et al. Twin vessels in von Hippel–Lindau disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:165–169.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. de Juan E, Green WR, Gupta PK, et al. Vitreous seeding by retinal astrocytic hamartoma in a patient with tuberous sclerosis. Retina. 1984;4:100–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Dearnaley DP, A’Hern RP, Whittaker S, et al. Pineal and CNS germ cell tumors: Royal Marsden Hospital experience 1962-1987. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:773–788.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Denion E, Arndt CF, et al. Resolution of acute acquired comitant esotropia after suboccipital decompression for Chiari I malformation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:723–725.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Del Bigio MF. Neuropathological changes caused by hydrocephalus. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1993;85:578–585.

    Google Scholar 

  236. del Toro M, Macaya A, Vasquez E, et al. Painful ophthalmoplegia with reversible carotid stenosis in a child. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;24:317–319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. DeLeon GA, Grant JA, Darling CF. Monstrous, crablike hypertrophy of the cerebellar vermins and its relationship with Lhermitte-Duclos disease. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:157–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Delleman JW, Oorthuys JE. Orbital cyst in addition to congenital cerebral and focal dermal malformations. A new entity? Clin Genet. 1981;19:191–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Denckla MB, Hofman K, Mazzocco MM, et al. Relationship between T1-weighted hyperintensities (unidentified bright objects) and lower IQs in children with neurofibromatosis, brain tumor, or both. J Child Neurol. 1994;9:368–377.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Dennis M, Edelstein K, Hetherington R, et al. Neurobiology of perceptual and motor timing in children with spina bifida in relation to cerebellar volume. Brain. 2004;127:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Des Portes V, Francis F, Pinard JM, et al. Doublecortin is the major gene causing X-linked subcortical laminar heterotopia (SCLH). Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7:1063–1070.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. De-Santi MM, Magni A, Valletta EA, et al. Hydrocephalus, bronchiectasis, and ciliary aplasia. Arch Dis Child. 1990;65:543–544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Destro M, D’Amico DJ, Gragoudas ES, et al. Retinal manifestations of neurofibromatosis: Diagnosis and management. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:662–666.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Deutsch M. Medulloblastoma: Staging and treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988;14:1103–1107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. deVeber G, Andrew M, Adams C, et al. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:417–423.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Dexter MA, Parker GD, Besser M. MR and positron emission tomography with fludeoxyglucose F 18 in gliomatosis cerebri. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1507–1510.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Di Rocco C, Battaglia D, Pietrini D, et al. Hemimegalencephaly: Clinical implications and surgical treatment. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:852–866.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Di Rocco C, Tamburrini G. Sturge–Weber syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:909–921.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Di Rocco C, Velardi F. Acquired Chiari type I malformation managed by supratentorial cranial enlargement. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19:800–807.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Dias MS, McLone DG. Hydrocephalus in the child with dysraphism. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 1993;4:715–726.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Dichgans M. A new cause of hereditary small vessel disease: Angiopathy of retina and brain. Neurology. 2003;60:8–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Diebler C, Dulac O. Cephalocoeles: Clinical and neuroradiological appearance. Neuroradiology. 1983;25:199–216.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. DiMario FJ, Ramsby G, Greenstein R, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1: Magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Child Neurol. 1993;8:32–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. DiPaolo D, Zimmerman RA. Solitary cortical tubers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1360–1364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. DiPaolo D, Zimmerman RA, Rorke LB, et al. Pathological substrate of high intensity foci in neurofibromatosis type 1. Radiology. 1995;195:721–724.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Di-Rocco C. Is the slit ventricle syndrome always a slit ventricle syndrome? Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10:49–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Diven DG, Solomon AR, McNeely MC, et al. Nevus sebaceus associated with major ophthalmologic abnormalities. Arch Dermatol. 1987;123:383–386.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Dobyns WB, Pagon RA, Armstrong D, et al. Diagnostic criteria for Walker–Warburg syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1989;32:195–210.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Dobyns WB, Truwit CL. Lissencephaly and other malformations of cortical development: 1995 update. Neuropediatrics. 1995;26:132–147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Donaldson SS, Laningham F, Fisher PG. Advances toward an understanding of brainstem glioma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1266–1272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Dooley JM, LaRoche GR, Tremblay F, et al. Autosomal recessive cerebellar hypoplasia and tapeto-retinal degeneration: A new syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1992;8:232–234.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Dorotheo EU, Tang RA, Bahrani HM, et al. Her vision was tied down. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:588–596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Dosseter FM, Landau K, Hoyt WF. Optic disk glioma in neurofibromatosis type 2. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:602–603.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Dotan SA, Trobe JD, Gebarski SS. Visual loss in tuberous sclerosis. Neurology. 1991;41:1915–1917.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Dowhan TP, Muci-Mendoza R, Aitken PA. Disappearing optociliary shunt vessels and neonatal hydrocephalus. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1988;8:1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Drake J. Slit-ventricle syndrome. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:257–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Dropcho EJ, Wisoff JH, Walker RW, et al. Supratentorial malignant gliomas in childhood: A review of fifty cases. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:355–364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Dubowitz V. 68th ENMC International Workshop (5th International Workshop): On congenital muscular dystrophy, 9-11 April 1999, Naarden, the Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord. 1999;9:446–454.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Duffner PK, Cohen ME, Seidel FG, et al. The significance of MRI abnormalities in children with neurofibromatosis. Neurology. 1989;39:373–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Dyck PJ, Mellinger JF, Reagan TJ, et al. Not indifference to pain but varieties of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Brain. 1983;106:373–390.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Dyste GN, Menezes AH, VanGilder JC. Symptomatic Chiari malformations. An analysis of presentation, management, and long term outcome. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:159–168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Eckman PB, Fountain EM. Unilateral proptosis: Association with arteriovenous malformations involving the Galenic system. Arch Neurol. 1974;31:350–351.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Edwards MS, Hudgins RJ, Wilson CB, et al. Pineal region tumors in children. J Neurosurg. 1988;68:689–697.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Effron L, Zakov ZN, Tomsak RL. Neovascular glaucoma as a complication of the Wyburn-Mason syndrome. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985;5:95–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Eide PK. Assessment of quality of continuous intracranial pressure recordings in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2006;42:28–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Eldridge R, Denckla MB, Bien E, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (Recklinghausen’s disease). Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:833–839.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Ellenbogen RG, Winston KR, Kupsky WJ. Tumors of the choroid plexus in children. Neurosurgery. 1989;25:327–335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Emery JL, Gadston DR. A quantitative study of the cell population of the cerebellum in children with myelomeningocele. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1975;15:20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Epstein F, Wisoff JH. Intrinsic brain stem tumors in childhood: Surgical indications. J Neurooncol. 1988;6:309–317.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Ernestus RI, Wilcked O, Schroder R. Supratentorial ependymomas in childhood: Clinicopathological findings and prognosis. Acta Neurochir. 1991;111:96–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Ersahin Y, Mutluer S, Guzelbag E. Intracranial hydatic cysts in children. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:219–225.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Erşahin Y, Őzdamar N, Demirtaş E, et al. A case of Rathke’s cleft cyst presenting with diabetes insipidus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1995;97(4):317–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Espinosa JA, Giroux M, Johnson K, et al. Abducens palsy following shunting for hydrocephalus. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20:123–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Evans DG, Baser ME, McGaughran J, et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in neurofibromatosis 1. J Med Genet. 2002;39:311–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Evans DG, Baser ME, O’Reilly B, et al. Management of the patient and family with neurofibromatosis 2: A consensus conference statement. Br J Neurosurg. 2002;96:223–228.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Evans DG, Baser ME, O’Reilly B, et al. Management of patient and family with neurofibromatosis 2: A consensus conference statement. Br J Neurosurg. 2005;19:5–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Evans DG, Huson SM, Donnai D, et al. A clinical study of type 2 neurofibromatosis. Q J Med. 1992;84:603–618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Evans AE, Jenkin RD, Sposto R, et al. The treatment of medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg. 1990;72:572–582.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Evans DG, Moran A, King A, et al. The incidence of vestibular schwannoma and neurofibromatosis 2 in the northwest of England over a 10-year period: Higher incidence than previously thought. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:93–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Evans DG, Trueman L, Wallace A, et al. Genotype/phenotype correlations in type 2 neurofibromatosis (NF2): Evidence for more severe disease associated with truncating mutations. J Med Genet. 1998;35:450–455.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Fagan LH, Ferguson S, Yassari R, et al. The Chiari pseudotumor cerebri syndrome: Symptom recurrence after surgery for chiari malformation type 1. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2006;42:14–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Faillace WJ, Canady AI. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction signaled by new or recurrent seizures. Childs Nerv Syst. 1990;6:37–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Farina L, Uggetti C, Ottolini A, et al. Ataxia-telangectasia: MR and CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994;18:724–727.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Farmer J-T, Khan S, Khan A, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1 and the pediatric neurosurgeon: A 2-year institutional review. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002;37:122–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Farr AK, Shalev B, Crawford TO, et al. Ocular manifestations of ataxia-telangectasia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:891–896.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Farrell CJ, Plotkin SR. Genetic causes of brain tumors: Neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel–Lindau, and other syndromes. Neurol Clin. 2007;25:925–946.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Farwell JR, Flannery JT. Pinealomas and germinomas in children. J Neurooncol. 1989;7:13–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. Fauser S, Huppertz H, Bast T, et al. Clinical characteristics of focal cortical dysplasia. Brain. 2006;129:1907–1916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Feenstra I, van Ravenswaaij CM, van der Knaap MS, Willemsen MA. Neuroimaging in nine patients with inversion duplication of the short arm of chromosome 8. Neuropediatrics 1006;37:83-87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Felix I, Becker LE. Intracranial germ cell tumors in children: An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1991;16:156–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Felsberg GJ, Glass JP, Tien RD, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri presenting with optic nerve involvement. Neuroradiology. 1996;38:774–777.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Ferner RE. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: Neurofibromatosis. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:575–578.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Ferner RE. Neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2: A twenty first century perspective. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:340–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Ferner RE, Chaudhuri R, Bingham J, et al. MRI in neurofibromatosis I: The nature and evolution of increased T2 weighted lesions and their relationship to intellectual impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:492–495.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Ferrer JA. General Fibrosis syndrome. In: Fells P, ed. The Second Congress of the International Strabismological Association: Transactions of a Congress held at Marseilles, France, May 20, 1974. Marseilles: Diffusion Generale de Librairie 1976:352–361.

    Google Scholar 

  306. Feucht M, Kluwe L, Mautner V-F, et al. Correlation of nonsense and frameshift mutations with severity of retinal abnormalities in neurofibromatosis-2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1376–1380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Feucht M, Richard G, Mautner VF. Neurofibromatosis 2 leads to choroidal hyperfluorescence in fluorescein angiography. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245:949–953.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Feuerstein RC, Mims LC. Linear nevus sebaceous with convulsions and mental retardation. Am J Dis Child. 1963;104:675–679.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Fielder A. Ophthalmic complications of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Eye. 1991;5(pt 3):vii. Editorial.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Figueroa RE, Gammal TE, Brooks BS, et al. MR findings on primitive neuroectodermal tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13:773–778.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Fitz C. Magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric brain tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1993;5:174–189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Fivenson DP, Lucky AW, Iannoccone S. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome associated with the Dandy–Walker malformation: Report of a case. Pediatr Dermatol. 1989;6:312–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Foltz EL, Blanks JP. Symptomatic low intracranial pressure in shunted hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1988;68:401–408.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Fox AJ. Angiography for third nerve palsy in children. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:37–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Fox JW, Lamperti ED, Eksioglu YZ, et al. Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia. Neuron. 1998;21:1315–1325.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Fraenzer JT, Pan H, Minimo L Jr, et al. Overexpression of the NF2 gene inhibits schwannoma cell proliferation through promoting PDGFR degradation. In J Oncol. 2003;23:1493–1500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Fraioli B, Ferrante L, Celli P. Pituitary adenomas with onset during puberty. J Neurosurg. 1983;59:590–595.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Franz DN, Leonard J, Tudor C, et al. Rapamycin causes regression of astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:490–498.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Friede R. Developmental Neuropathology. Berlin: Springer; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Frieden IJ, Reese V, Cohen D. PHACE syndrome. The association of posterior fossa brain malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects, and eye abnormalities. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132:307–311.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Friedman JM. Epidemiology of neurofibromatosis type 1. Am J Med Genet. 1999;89:1–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Friedman HS, Oakes WJ, Bigner SH, et al. Medulloblastoma tumor: Biological and clinical perspectives. J Neurooncol. 1991;11:1–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Frisén L, Jensen C. How robust is the optic chiasm? Perimetric and neuro-imaging correlations. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008;117:198–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Frizzell RT, Kuhn F, Morris R, et al. Screening for ocular hemorrhages in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a prospective study. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:529–534.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Fryer AE, Chalmers A, Connor JM, et al. Evidence that the gene for tuberous sclerosis is on chromosome 9. Lancet. 1987;1:659.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Fu EX, Kosmorsky GS, Traboulsi EI. Giant intracavernous carotid aneurysm presenting as isolated sixth nerve palsy in an infant. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:576–577.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Fujisawa I, Kikuchi K, Nishimura K, et al. Transection of the pituitary stalk: Development of an ectopic posterior pituitary lobe assessed with MR imaging. Radiology. 1987;165:487–489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Furman JM, Wall C III, Pang D. Vestibular function in periodic alternating nystagmus. Brain. 1990;113:1425–1439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Gaffney CC, Sloane JP, Bradley NJ, et al. Primitive neuroectodermal tumours of the cerebrum. J Neurooncol. 1985;3:23–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Galanarud D, Chinot O, Nicoli F, et al. Use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain to differentiate gliomatosis cerebri from low-grade glioma. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:269–276.

    Google Scholar 

  331. Galetta SL, Smith JL. Chronic isolated sixth nerve palsies. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:79–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Garcia DM, Latifi HR, Simpson JR, et al. Astrocytomas of the cerebellum in children. J Neurosurg. 1989;71:661–664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Garg BP. Colpocephaly: An error of morphogenesis? Arch Neurol. 1982;39:243–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Garrity JA. Primary optic nerve sheath meningioma in children. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53:543–558.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Gass JD. Cavernous hemangioma of the retina: a neuro-oculo-cutaneous syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971;71:799–814.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Gass JD. Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1987:420–421.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Gass JD. Stereoscopic Atlas of Diffuse Macular Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, vol. 2. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1990:640–648.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Gass JD. Stereoscopic Atlas of Macular Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. 4th ed. St Louis: CV Mosby; 1997:836–839.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Gaston H. Ophthalmic complications of spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Eye. 1991;5(pt 3):279–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Gatti RA, Berkel I, Boder E, et al. Localization of an ataxia-telangiectasia gene to chromosome 11q22-23. Nature. 1988;336:577.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Gayre GS, Scott IU, Feuer W, et al. Long-term visual outcome in patients with anterior visual pathway gliomas. J Neuroophthalmol. 2001;21:1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. Gelabert-Gonzalez M, Bollar-Zabala A, Prieto-Gonzalez A, et al. Neurofibromatosis and stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. A magnetic resonance assessment. Rev Med Univ Navarra. 1990;34:17–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Gelsberg GJ, Glass JP, Tien RD, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri presenting with optic nerve involvement. Neuroradiology. 1996;38:774–777.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Geyer JR. Infant brain tumors. In: Berger MS, ed. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:781–791.

    Google Scholar 

  345. Ghose S. Optic nerve changes in hydrocephalus. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1983;103(pt 2):217–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Gilbert JN, Jones KL, Rorke LB, et al. Central nervous system anomalies associated with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and the Arnold–Chiari malformation: Reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects. Neurosurgery. 1986;18:559–564.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Gilles FH, Sobel E, Leviton A, et al. Epidemiology of seizures in children with brain tumors. The childhood brain tumor consortium. J Neurooncol. 1992;12:53–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Gingold SI, Winfield JA. Oscillopsia and primary cerebellar ectopia: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1991;29:932–936.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Glanzmann C, Seelentag W. Radiotherapy for tumours of the pineal region and suprasellar germinomas. Radiother Oncol. 1989;16:31–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Glauser TA, Packer RJ. Cognitive deficits in long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991;7:2–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Gleeson J, Keeler L, Parisi M, et al. Molar tooth sign of the midbrain junction: Occurrence in multiple distinct syndromes. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;136:416–417.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Goh S, Butler W, Thiele EA. Subependymal giant cell tumors in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology. 2004;63:1457–1461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Goh S, Kwiatkowski DJ, Dorer DJ, et al. Infantile spasms and intellectual outcomes in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology. 2005;65:235–238.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Goldberg MF, Custis PH. Retinal and other manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome). Ophthal-mology. 1993;100:1645–1654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Goldwein JR, Glauser TA, Packer RJ, et al. Recurrent intracranial ependymomas in children: survival, patterns of failure, and prognostic factors. Cancer. 1990;66:557–563.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Goldwein JW, Leahy JM, Packer RJ, et al. Intracranial ependymomas in children. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;19:1497–1502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Gomez MR. Diagnostic criteria. In: Gomez MR, ed. Tuberous Sclerosis. 2nd ed. New York: Raven; 1985:63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  358. Gonzalez LF, Bristol RE, Porter RW, et al. De novo presentation of an arteriovenous malformation: Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:726–729.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Good WV, Brodsky MC, Edwards MS, et al. Bilateral retinal hamartomas in neurofibromatosis type 2. Br J Ophthalmol. 1991;75:190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Good WV, Hoyt CS. Optic nerve shadow enlargement in the Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1989;26:288–290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Good WV, Jan JE, DeSa L, et al. Cortical visual impairment in children. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;38:351–364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Goodman M, Lamm SH, Engel A, et al. Cortical tuber count: A biomarker indicating neurologic severity of tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol. 1997;12:85–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Gorlin RJ, Pindborg JJ, Cogen MM. Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum. Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1989:641–649.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Gottschalk S, Tavakolian R, Buske A, et al. Spontaneous remission of chiasmatic/hypothalamic masses in neurofibromatosis type 1: Report of two cases. Neuroradiology. 1999;41:199–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  365. Gould DB, Phalen FC, Breedveld GJ. Mutations in Col4AI cause perinatal cerebral hemorrhage and porencephaly. Science. 2005;308:1167–1170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Granata T, Battaglia G, D’Incerta L, et al. Schizencephaly: Clinical findings. In: Guerrini R, ed. Dysplasias of the cerebral cortex and epilepsy. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996:407–415.

    Google Scholar 

  367. Granata T, Farina L, Faiella A, et al. Familial schizencephaly associated with EMX2 mutation. Neurology. 1997;48:1403–1406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Grand MG, Kaine J, Fulling K, et al. Cerebroretinal vasculopathy. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:649–659.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Griffiths D, Blaser S, Boodram MB, et al. Choroid plexus size in young children with Sturge–Weber syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:175–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  370. Grüter T, Grüter M. An underestimated handicap: Congenital prosopagnosia. EUPO course 2008, Geneva, Switzerland, Sept 5-7:51–53.

    Google Scholar 

  371. Grüter M, Grüter T, Bell V, et al. Hereditary prosopagnosia: The first case series. Cortex. 2007;43:734–739.

    Google Scholar 

  372. Guerreiro MM, Andermann E, Guerrini R, et al. Familial perisylvian polymicrogyria: A new familial syndrome of cortical maldevelopment. Ann Neurol. 2000;48:39–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Guerrini R, Dobyns WB, Barkovich AJ. Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences, and treatment options. Trends Neurosci. 2008;31:154–162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Guerrini R, Marini C. Genetic malformations of cortical development. Exp Brain Res. 2006;173:322–323.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Guilding C, McNair K, Stone TW, et al. Restored plasticity in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1 via inhibition of hyperactive ERK and CREB. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;25:99–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Gupta M, Dinakaran S, Chan TK. Congenital Horner syndrome and hemiplegia secondary to carotid dissection. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2005;42:122–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  377. Guy JR, Friedman WF, Mickle JP. Bilateral trochlear nerve paresis in hydrocephalus. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1989;9:105–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Hager BC, Dyme IZ, Guertin SR, et al. Linear sebaceous nevus syndrome: Megalencephaly and heterotopic gray matter. Pediatr Neurol. 1991;7:45–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Hain TC, Luebke A. Phoria adaptation in patients with cerebellar lesions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:1394–1397.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Halbach VV, Higashida RT, Hieshima GB. Treatment of intracranial aneurysm by balloon embolization therapy. Semin Interv Radiol. 1987;4:261–268.

    Google Scholar 

  381. Haltia M, Leivo I, Somer H, et al. muscle–eye–brain disease: A neuropathological study. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:173–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Hamed LM. Alternating skew on lateral gaze simulating bilateral superior oblique overaction. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 1992;7:83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  383. Hamed LM. Superior oblique overaction: Some nosologic considerations. Am Orthopt J. 1993;43:82–86.

    Google Scholar 

  384. Hamed LM, Fang E, Fanous M, et al. The prevalence of neurological dysfunction in children with strabismus who have superior oblique overaction. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1483–1487.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Hamed LM, Maria BL, Briscoe ST, Shamis D. Intact binocular function and absent ocular torsion in children with alternating skew on lateral gaze. J Pediatr Ophtalmol Strabismus. 1996;33:164–166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Harding BN, Copp AJ. Malformations. In: Graham DI, Lantos PL, eds. Greenfield’s Neuropathology. London: Edward Arnold; 2002:376–386.

    Google Scholar 

  387. Hardwig P, Robertson DM. von Hippel–Lindau disease: A familial, often lethal, multisystem phakomatosis. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:263–270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Haverkamp F, Zerres K, Ostertun B, et al. Familial schizencephaly: further delineation of a rare disorder. J Med Genet. 1995;32:242–244.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. He M-S, Yen P-S, Chu S-Y, et al. Relapsing reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Eye. 2006;20:1397–1398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  390. Healey EA, Barnes PD, Jupsky WJ, et al. The prognostic significance of postoperative residual tumor in ependymoma. Neurosurgery. 1991;28:666–671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. Heidenreich R, Natowicz M, Hainline BE, et al. Acute extrapyramidal syndrome in methymalonic academia: “Metabolic stroke” involving the globus pallidus. J Pediatr. 1988;113:1022–1027.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Hered RW. Tuberous sclerosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Herman DC, Bartley GB, Bullock JD. Ophthalmic findings of hydranencephaly. J Pediatr Opthalmol Strabismus. 1988;25:106-111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Herskowitz J, Rosman P, Wheeler CB. Colpocephaly: Clinical, radiologic, and pathogenetic aspects. Neurology. 1985;35:1594–1598.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Hertle RW, Quinn GE, Katowitz JA. Ocular and adnexal findings in patients with facial microsomias. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:114–119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Heuer GG, Jackson EM, Magge SN, et al. Surgical management of pediatric brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2007;7:561–568.

    Google Scholar 

  397. Heyer GL, Millar WS, Ghatan S, et al. The neurologic aspects of PHACE: Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35:419–423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:494–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Hino N, Kobayashi M, Shibata N, et al. Clinicopathological study on eyes from cases of Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy. Brain Dev. 2001;23:97–107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Hinsdale: Central Brain Tumor Registry of the US, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  401. Hodozuka A, Tsuda H, Hashizume K, et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: Pathophysiological approach. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:827–833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Hoffmann GF, Gibson KM, Trefz FK, et al. Neurologic manifestations of organic acid disorders. Eur J Pediatr. 1994;153(Suppl 1):S94-S100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Hogg D, Gorin MB, Heinzmann C. Nucleotide sequences for the C-DNA of the bovine Beta-B2 crystalline and assignment of the orthologous human locus to chromosome 22. Curr Eye Res. 1987;6:1335–1342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  404. Hogg JE, Schoenberg DS. Paralysis of divergence in an adult with aqueductal stenosis. Arch Neurol. 1979;36:511–512.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  405. Holmstrom G, Taylor D. Capillary haemangiomas in association with morning glory disc anomaly. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76:613–616.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  406. Holschneider AM, Bliesener JA, Abel M. Brain stem dysfunction in Arnold–Chiari II syndrome. Z Kinderchir. 1990;45:67–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. Hong SE, Shugart YY, Huang DT, et al. Autosomal recessive lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia is associated with human reelin mutations. Nat Genet. 2000;26:93–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Horowitz ME, Mulhern RK, Kun LE, et al. Brain tumors in the very young child. Cancer. 1988;61:428–434.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Horton JC, Harsh GR IV, Fisher JW, et al. Von Hippel–Lindau disease and erythrocytosis: Radioimmunoassay of erythropoietin in cyst fluid from a brainstem hemangioblastoma. Neurology. 1991;41:753–754.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Houser OW, Gomez MR. CT and MR imaging of intracranial tuberous sclerosis. J Dermatol. 1992;19:904–908.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Hoyt WF. Congenital homonymous hemianopia. Neuroophthalmol Jpn. 1985;2:252–260.

    Google Scholar 

  412. Hoyt CS. Delayed visual maturation. J AAPOS. 2004;8:215–219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Hoyt CS, Billson FA. Buphthalmos in neurofibromatosis: Is it an expression of regional giantism? J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1977;14:228–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. Hoyt CS, Fredrick DR. Serious neurologic disease presenting as comitant esotropia. In: Rosenbaum AL, Santiago AP, eds. Clinical Strabismus Management. Principles and Surgical Techniques. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1999:152–158.

    Google Scholar 

  415. Humphreys RP. Vascular malformations of the brain. In: Check WR, ed. Pediatric Neurosurgery: Surgery of the Pediatric Nervous System. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994:524–532.

    Google Scholar 

  416. Humphreys RP, Hendrick EB, Hoffman HJ, et al. Choices in the 1990s for the management of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Study of 50 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;25:277–285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Huson SM, Harper PS, Compston DA. Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis: Clinical and population study in South East Wales. Brain. 1988;111:55–81.

    Google Scholar 

  418. Huson SM, Harper PS, Hourihan MD, et al. Cerebellar haemangioblastoma and von Hippel–Lindau disease. Brain. 1986;109:1297–1310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  419. Hyman SL, Shores A, North KN. The nature and frequency of cognitive deficits in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurology. 2005;65:1037–1044.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  420. Iannaccone A, McCluney RA, Brewer VR, et al. Visual evoked potentials in children with neurofibromatosis type I. Doc Ophthlamol. 2002;105:63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  421. Ide C, De Coene B, Gilliard C, et al. Hemorrhagic arachnoid cyst with third nerve paresis: CT and MR findings. Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1407–1410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  422. Iijima K, Murakami F, Nakamura K, et al. Hemostatic studies in patients with carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome. Thromb Res. 1994;76:193–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  423. Imes RK, Hoyt WF. Magnetic resonance imaging signs of optic nerve gliomas in neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111:729–734.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  424. Indo Y. Genetics of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV. Clinical, biological and molecular aspects of mutations in TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth. Clin Auton Res. 2002;12:I20-I32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Into Y, Tsuruta M, Hayashida Y, et al. Mutations in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nat Genet. 1996;13:485–488.

    Google Scholar 

  426. Isaacs HI. Perinatal brain tumors: A review of 250 cases. Pediatr Neurol. 2002;27:249–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  427. Isik U, Basaran S, Dehgan T, Apak M. Corpus callosum agenesis in trisomy 8p11.23 and monosomy 4q34 because of maternal translocation. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:55-57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  428. Iteiskanen O, Vilkki J. Intracranial arterial aneurysms in children and adolescents. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1981;59:55–63.

    Google Scholar 

  429. Itoh T, Magnaldi S, White RM, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1. The evolution of deep gray and white matter MR abnormalities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(8):1513–1519.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Iwach AG, Hoskins HD, Hetherington A, et al. Analysis of surgical and medical management of glaucoma in Sturge–Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:904–909.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Jackson IT, Carbonnel A, Potparic Z. Orbitotemporal neurofibromatosis: Classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92:1–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  432. Jacobson LK, Dutton GN. Periventricular leukomalacia: An important cause of visual and ocular motility dysfunction in children. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;45:1–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Jacoby LB, MacCollin M, Barone R, et al. Frequency and distribution of NF2 mutations in schwannomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1996;17:45–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  434. Jallo G. Brainstem gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:1–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  435. James HE, Nowak TP. Clinical course and diagnosis of migraine headaches in hydrocephalic children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1992;17:310-316. Discussion.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  436. Jamjoom AB, Malabarey T, Jamjoom JA, et al. Cerebrovasculopathy and malignancy: Catastrophic complications of radiotherapy for optic nerve glioma in a von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis patient. Neurosurg Rev. 1996;19:47–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  437. Janotka H, Huczynska B, Szczudrawa J. Buphthalmos without glaucoma in Recklinghausen’s neurofibromatosis. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1972;161:301–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  438. Jansen FE, Notenboom RG, Nellist M, et al. Differential localization of hamarin and tuberin and increased S6 phosphorylation in a tuber. Neurology. 2004;63:1293–1295.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  439. Jenkin RD, Boesel C, Ertel I, et al. Brain stem tumors in childhood: A prospective randomized trial of irradiation with and without adjuvant CCNU, VCR, and prednisone. J Neurosurg. 1987;66:277–285.

    Google Scholar 

  440. Jenkins PF. Chiari malformation. Am Orthopt J. 2005;55:48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  441. Jennings MT, Frenchman M, Shehab T, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri presenting as intractable epilepsy during early childhood. J Child Neurol. 1995;10:37–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  442. Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ cell tumors: Natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg. 1985;63:155–167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  443. Jereb B, Zupancic N, Petric J. Intracranial germinomas: Report of seven cases. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1990;7:183–188.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  444. Jesberg DO, Spencer WH, Hoyt WF. Incipient lesions of von Hippel–Lindau disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;80:632–640.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  445. Johannessen CM, Reczek EE, James MR, et al. The NF1 tumor suppressor critically regulates TSC2 and MTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:8573–8578.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  446. Johnston I, Jacobson E, Besser M. The acquired Chiari malformation and syringomyelia following spinal CSF drainage: A study of incidence and management. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998;140:417–428.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. Jones AC, Shyamsundar MM, Thomas MW, et al. Comprehensive mutation analysis of TSC1 and TSC2 and phenotypic correlations in 150 families with tuberous sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64:1305–1315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  448. Jordan RM, Kendall JW, McClung M, et al. Concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with germinal cell hypothalamic tumors. Pediatrics. 1980;65:121–124.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  449. Kahlen WG, Maher ER. The VHL tumor-suppressor gene paradigm. Trends Genet. 1998;14:423–426.

    Google Scholar 

  450. Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Freidlin V, Datiles MB, et al. The association of posterior capsular lens opacities with bilateral acoustic neuromas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:541–544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  451. Kalidas K, Behrouz R. Inherited metabolic disorders and cerebral infarction. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;11:1731–1741.

    Google Scholar 

  452. Kalina KB, Woldenberg R. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the skull base presenting as cavernous sinus syndrome in early childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 1996;26:416–417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  453. Kan P, Liu JK, Hedlund G, et al. The role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:1435–1439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  454. Kandt RS. Tuberous sclerosis: The next step. J Child Neurol. 1993;8:107–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  455. Kandt RS, Steingold S, Wall S, et al. The majority of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) families show no evidence for linkage to purported linked foci, but 1 family sublocalizes TSC on chromosome 9. Ann Neurol. 1992;32:457. Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  456. Kanter WR, Eldridge R, Fabricant R, et al. Central neurofibromatosis with bilateral acoustic neuroma: Genetic, clinical and biochemical distinctions from peripheral neurofibromatosis. Neurology. 1980;30:851–859.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  457. Karadimas P, Hatzispasou E, Bouzas EA. Retinal vascular abnormalities in neurofibromatosis type 1. J Neuroophthalmol. 2003;23:274–275.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  458. Karch SB, Urich H. Occipital encephalocele: A morphological study. J Neurol Sci. 1972;15:89–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  459. Karp LA, Zimmerman LE, Borit A, et al. Primary intraorbital meningiomas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91:24–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  460. Kashii S, Solomon SK, Moser FG, et al. Progressive visual field defects in patients with intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1990;109:556–562.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  461. Katz SE, Rootman J, Vangveeravon S, et al. Combined venous lymphatic malformations of the orbit (so-called lymphangiomas). Ophthalmology. 1998;105:176–184.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  462. Katz DM, Trobe JD, Muraszko KM, et al. Shunt failure without ventriculomegaly proclaimed by ophthalmic findings. J Neurosurg. 1994;81:721–725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  463. Katz B, Wiley CA, Lee VW. Optic nerve hypoplasia and the syndrome of nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1570–1576.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  464. Kaufman B. The Empty Sella Turcica: A manifestation of the intrasellar subarachnoid space. Radiology. 1968;90:931–941.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  465. Kaufman LM, Doroftei O. Optic glioma warranting treatment in children. Eye. 2006;20:1149–1164.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  466. Kaye LD, Rothner AD, Beauchamp GR, et al. Ocular findings associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1424–1429.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  467. Keane JR. Pretectal pseudobobbing. Five patients with “V”-pattern convergence nystagmus. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:592–594.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  468. Kedar S, Zhang XX, Lynn MJ, et al. Pediatric homonymous hemianopia. J AAPOS. 2006;10:249–252.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  469. Kelly JP, Weiss AH. Comparison of pattern visual-pattern potentials to perimetry in the detection of visual loss in children with optic pathway gliomas. J AAPOS. 2006;10:298–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  470. Kendall B, Kingsley D, Lambert SR, et al. Joubert syndrome: A clinical-radiological study. Neuroradiology. 1990;31:502–506.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  471. Kestle J, Townsend JJ, Brockmeyer DL, et al. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma of the brainstem in children. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:1–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  472. Khalaf SS, Tareef RB. Walker–Warburg syndrome. J AAPOS. 2006;10:486–488.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  473. Khan AO, Oystreck DT, Koenig M, et al. Ophthalmic features of ataxia telangiectasia like disorder. J AAPOS. 2008;12(2):186–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  474. Kikuchi T, Fujisawa I, Momoi T, et al. Hypopituitarism and stalk agenesis: A congenital syndrome worsed by breech delivery? Horm Res. 1991;35:104–108.

    Google Scholar 

  475. Killer HE, Matzkin DC, Sternman D, et al. Intracavernous carotid aneurysm as a rare cause of isolated sixth nerve palsy in an eight-year-old child. Neuroophthalmology. 1993;13:147–150.

    Google Scholar 

  476. Kim S, Na D, Byun H, et al. Focal cortical dysplasia: comparison of MRI and FDG-PET. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2000;24:296–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  477. Kim JS, Park S-H, Lee K-W. Spasmus nutans and congenital ocular motor apraxia with cerebellar vermian hypoplasia. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1621–1624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  478. Kim DG, Yang HJ, Park IA, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: Clincial features, treatment, and prognosis. Acta Neurochir. 1998;140:755–762.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  479. Kirath H, Bozkurt B, Mocan C. Peripapillary staphyloma associated with orofacial hemangioma. Ophthalmic Genet. 2001;22:249–253.

    Google Scholar 

  480. Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW, et al. The new WHO classification of brain tumours. Brain Pathol. 1993;3:255–268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  481. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lillehei KO, Stears JC. The pathologic, surgical, and MR spectrum of Rathke cleft cysts. Surg Neurol. 1995;44:19–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  482. Kluwe L, Friedrich R, Mautner VF. Loss of NF1 allele in Schwann cells but not in fibroblasts derived from an NF1-associated neurofibroma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;24:283–285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  483. Kluwe L, MacCollin M, Tatagiba M, et al. Phenotypic variability associated with 14 splice-site mutations in the NF2 gene. Am J Med Genet. 1998;77:228–233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  484. Kniestedt C, Landau K, Brodsky MC, et al. Infantile orofacial hemangioma with ipsilateral peripapillary excavation in girls: A variant of the PHACE syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:313–415.

    Google Scholar 

  485. Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1971;68:820–823.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  486. Kodsi SR, Bloom KE, Egbert JE, et al. Ocular and systemic manifestations of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;118:77–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  487. Kojima N, Tamaki N, Hosoda K, et al. Visual field defects in hydrocephalus. No To Shinkei. 1985;37:229–236.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  488. Kondo K, Kaelin WG. The von-Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene. Exp Cell Res. 2001;264:117–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  489. Kono R, Hasebe S, Ohtsuri H, et al. Impaired vertical phoria adaptation in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:673–678.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  490. Korf BR. Plexiform neurofibromas. Am J Med Genet. 1999;89:31–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  491. Korf BR, Schenider G, Poussaint TY. Structural anomalies revealed by neuroimaging studies in brains of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and large deletions. Genet Med. 1999;1:136–140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  492. Korones DN, Fisher PG, Kretschmar C, et al. Treatment of children with diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma with radiotherapy, vincristine, and oral VP-16: A Children’s Oncology Group phase II study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(2):227–230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  493. Korshunov A, Neben K, Wrobel G, et al. Gene expression patterns in ependymomas correlate with tumor location, grade, and patient. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1721–1727.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  494. Kosmorsky GS. Hydrocephalus: An overview. Proceedings of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Orlando, FL, March 27-April 1, 2004:295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  495. Kozlowski P, Roberts P, Dabora S, et al. Identification of 54 large deletions/duplications in TSC1 and TSC2 using MLPA, and genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Genet. 2007;121:389–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  496. Krab LC, Aarsen FK, de Goede-Bolder A, et al. Impact of neurofibromatosis type 1 on school performance. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:1002–1010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  497. Krab LC, de Goede-Bolder A, Aarsen FK, et al. Effect of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A randomized clinical control trial. JAMA. 2008;300:287–294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  498. Kresk P, Maton B, Korman B, et al. Different features of histopathological subtypes of pediatric focal cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol. 2008;63:758–769.

    Google Scholar 

  499. Kroll AS, Reiken PD, Robb RM, et al. Vitreous hemorrhage compli­cating retinal astrocytic hamartoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1981;26:31–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  500. Kuban KC, Teele RL, Wallman J. Septo-optic-dysplasia-schizencephaly. Radiographic and clinical features. Pediatr Radiol. 1989;19:145–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  501. Kulkantrakorn K, Awwad EE, Levy B, et al. MRI in Lhermitte-Duclos disease. Neurology. 1997;48:725–731.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  502. Kumagai M, Sakai N, Yamada H, et al. Postnatal development and enlargement of primary middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst recognized on repeat CT scans. Childs Nerv Syst. 1986;2:211–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  503. Kumar R, Jain MK, Chhabra DK. Dandy–Walker syndrome: Different modalities of treatment and outcome in 42 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 2001;17:348–352.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  504. Kun LE, Kovnar EH, Sanford RA. Ependymomas in children. Pediatr Neurosci. 1988;14:57–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  505. Kupersmith MJ, Vargas M, Hoyt WF, et al. Optic tract atrophy with cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Direct and transsynaptic degeneration. Neurology. 1994;44:80–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  506. Kuroiwa T, Okabe B, Hasuo K, et al. MR imaging of pituitary dwarfism. Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:155.

    Google Scholar 

  507. Kurschel S, Maier R, Gellner V, et al. Chiari I malformation and intra-cranial hypertension: A case-based review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:901–905.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  508. Kuzniecky R. Familial diffuse cortical dysplasia. Arch Neurol. 1994;51:307–310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  509. Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD. Magnetic Resonance in Epilepsy. 2nd ed. Burlington: Elsevier; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  510. Kwiatkowski DJ. Tuberous sclerosis: From tubers to mTOR. Ann Hum Genet. 2003;67:87–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  511. Kwon S, Koo J, Lee S. Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;24:361–364.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  512. Lach B, Scheithauer BW, Gregor A, et al. Colloid cyst of the third ventricle: A comparative immunohistochemical study of neuraxis cysts and choroid plexus epithelium. J Neurosurg. 1993;78:101–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  513. Lallier TE. Cell lineage and cell migration in the neural crest. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1991;615:158–171.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  514. Lamas E, Lobato RD, Esparza J, et al. Dural posterior fossa AVM producing raised sagittal sinus pressure. J Neurosurg. 1977;46:804–810.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  515. Lambert HM, Sipperley JO, Shore JW, et al. Linear sebaceous nevus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:278–283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  516. Landau K, Dossetor FM, Hoyt WF, et al. Retinal hamartoma in neurofibromatosis 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:328–329.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  517. Landau K, Gloor BP. Therapy-resistant papilledema in achondroplasia. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14:24–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  518. Landau K, Yasargil GM. Ocular fundus in neurofibromatosis type 2. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:646–649.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  519. Lannering B, Marky I, Lundberg A, et al. Long-term sequelae after pediatric brain tumors: Their effect on disability and quality of life. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1990;18:304–310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  520. Larson DA, Wara WM, Edwards MS. Management of childhood cerebellar astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;18:971–973.

    Google Scholar 

  521. Lee HB, Garrity JA, Cameron JD, et al. Primary optic nerve sheath meningioma in children. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53(6):543–558.

    Google Scholar 

  522. Lee AG, Goldberg MF, Gillard JH, et al. Intracranial assessment of incontinentia pigmenti using magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, and spectroscopic imaging. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:573–580.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  523. Lee H, Kim D, Wu EL, et al. Identification and characterization of putative tumor suppressor NGB, a GTP-binding protein that interacts with the neurofibromatosis 2 protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27:2103–2119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  524. Lee AG, Quick SJ. A childhood cavernous conundrum. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:231–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  525. Lee AG, Sforza PD, Fard AK, et al. Pituitary adenoma in children. J Neuroophthalmol. 1998;18:102–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  526. Lee M-J, Stephenson DA. Recent developments in neurofibromatosis type 1. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:135–141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  527. Legido A, Packer RJ, Sutton LN, et al. Suprasellar germinomas in childhood. Cancer. 1989;63:340–344.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  528. Leiba H, Landau K. Cavernous sinus lesions in children-a management challenge. Proceedings of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Orlando, FL, March 8-13, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  529. Leigh RJ, Mapstone T, Weymann C. Eye movements in children with the Dandy–Walker syndrome. Neuroophthalmology. 1992;12:285–288.

    Google Scholar 

  530. Leigh RJ, Zee DS. Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006:609.

    Google Scholar 

  531. Lennerstrand G, Gallo JE. Neuro-ophthalmological evaluation of patients with myelomeningocele and Arnold–Chiari malformations. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:415–422.

    Google Scholar 

  532. Lennerstrand G, Gallo JE, Samuelsson L. Neuro-ophthalmological findings in relation to CNS lesions in patients with myelomeningocele. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:423–431.

    Google Scholar 

  533. Leonard JR, Perry A, Rubin JB, et al. The role of surgical biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma in individuals with neurofibromatosis-1. Neurology. 2006;67:1509–1512.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  534. Lerone M, Pessagno A, Taccone A, et al. Oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation (Cross syndrome): Report of a new case. Clin Genet. 1992;41:87–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  535. Lesser RL, Geehr RB, Higgins DD, et al. Ocular motor paralysis and arachnoid cyst. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1993–1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  536. Leventer RJ, Guerrini R, Dobyns WB. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10:47–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  537. Levine TM, Materek A, Abel J, et al. Cognitive profile of neurofibromatosis type 1. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2006;13:8–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  538. Lewis RA, Gerson LP, Axelson KA, et al. von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. II: Incidence of optic gliomata. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:929.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  539. Lewis AR, Kline LB, Sharpe JA. Acquired esotropia due to Arnold–Chiari malformation. J Neuroophthalmol. 1996;16:49–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  540. Lewis RA, Riccardi VM. von Recklinhausen neurofibromatosis: Incidence of iris hamartomata. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:348.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  541. Li W, Cui Y, Kushner SA, et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin reverses the learning and attention deficits in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1. Curr Biol. 2005;15:1961–1967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  542. Listernick R, Charrow J, Greenwald MJ, et al. Optic gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis type I. J Pediatr. 1989;114:788.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  543. Listernick R, Charrow J, Greenwald M, et al. Natural history of optic pathway tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A longitudinal study. J Pediatr. 1994;125:63–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  544. Listernick R, Charrow J, Gutmann DH. Intracranial gliomas in neurofibromatosis type 1. Am J Med Genet. 1999;89:38–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  545. Listernick R, Charrow J, Tomita T, et al. Carboplatin therapy for optic pathway tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type-1. J Neurooncol. 1999;45:185–190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  546. Listernick R, Ferner RE, Liu GT, Gutmann DH. Optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis-1: Controversies and recommendations. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:189–198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  547. Littman P, Jarrett P, Bilaniuk LT, et al. Pediatric brain stem gliomas. Cancer. 1980;45:2787–2792.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  548. Liu GT. Visual loss in childhood. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46:35–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  549. Liu GT, Brodsky MC, Phillips PC, et al. Optic radiation involvement in optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:407–414.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  550. Liu GT, Galletta SL. Homonymous hemifield loss in childhood. Neurology. 1997;49:1748–1749.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  551. Liu GT, Phillips PC, Molloy P, et al. Visual impairment associated with mutism after posterior fossa surgery in children. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:253–256.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  552. Loggers HE, Oosterwijk JC, Overweg-Plandsoen WC, et al. Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis and oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1992;13:171–177.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  553. Lopponen H, Sorri M, Serlo W, et al. ENG findings of shunt-treated hydrocephalus in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1992;23:35–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  554. Lott IT, Richardson EP Jr. Neuropathological findings and the biology of neurofibromatosis. Adv Neurol. 1981;29:23–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  555. Lowenstein DH, Koch TK, Edwards MS. Cerebral ptosis with contralateral arteriovenous malformation: A report of two cases. Ann Neurol. 1987;21:404–407.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  556. Luat AF, Makki M, Chugani HT. Neuroimaging in tuberous sclerosis complex. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:142–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  557. Lubs M-LE, Bauer M, Formas ME, et al. Iris hamartomas in the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis-1. Int Pediatr. 1990;5:261.

    Google Scholar 

  558. Lubs M-LE, Bauer M, Formas ME, et al. Lisch nodules in neurofibromatosis type I. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1264.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  559. Luciano M. The treatment of neuro-hydrodynamic disorders: Indications and methods. Proceedings of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Orlando, FL, March 27-April 1, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  560. Ludwig B, Brand M, Brockerhoff P. Postpartum CT examination of the heads of full term infants. Neuroradiology. 1980;20:145–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  561. Lueder GT, Doll JT. Pseudopapilledema in neurofibromatosis type 2. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129:405–407.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  562. Luessenhop AJ. Natural history of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. In: Wilson CB, Stein BM, eds. Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1984:13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  563. Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations of the brain. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:512.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  564. Lyons MK, Kelly PJ. Posterior fossa ependymomas: Report of 30 cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1991;28:659–665.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  565. Madhusudan S, Deplanque G, Braybrooke JP, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy for von Hippel–Lindau disease. JAMA. 2004;291:943–944.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  566. Maghnie M, Larizza D, Triulzi F, et al. Hypopituitarism and stalk agenesis: A congenital syndrome worsened by breech delivery? Horm Res. 1991;35:104–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  567. Maher ER, Webster AR, Richards FM, et al. Phenotypic expression in von Hippel–Lindau disease: correlations with germline VHL gene mutations. J Med Genet. 1996;33:328–332.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  568. Maher ER, Yates JR, Harries R, et al. Clinical features and natural history of von Hippel–Lindau disease. Q J Med. 1990;66:233.

    Google Scholar 

  569. Maitland CG, Abiko S, Hoyt WF, et al. Chiasmal apoplexy: Report of four cases. J Neurosurg. 1982;56:118–122.

    Google Scholar 

  570. Malik S, Cohen BH, Robinson J, et al. Progressive vision loss: A rare manifestation of familial cavernous angiomas. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:170–173.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  571. Malzone WF, Gonyea EF. Exophthalmos with intracerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurology. 1973;23:534–538.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  572. Manor RS, Bar-Ziv J, Tadmor R, et al. Pineal germinoma with unilateral blindness. Seeding of germinoma cells in optic nerve sheath. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1990;10:239–243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  573. Mansour AM, Wang F, Henkind P, et al. Ocular findings in the facioauriculovertebral sequence (Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;100:555–559.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  574. Marcus KJ, Goumnervova L, Billett AL, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for localized low-grade gliomas in children: Final results of a prospective trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:374–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  575. Marcus M, Vitale S, Calvert PC, et al. Visual parameters in patients with pituitary adenoma before and after transsphenoidal surgery. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1991;19:111–118.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  576. Margolis S, Aleksic S, Charles N, et al. Retinal and optic nerve findings in the Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  577. Maria BL. Neurobiology of central nervous system tumors in children. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:1011–1102.

    Google Scholar 

  578. Maria BL, Bozorgmanesh A, Kimmel KN, et al. Quantitative assessment of brain-stem development in Joubert syndrome and Dandy–Walker syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:751–758.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  579. Maria BL, Rehder KK, Eskin TA, et al. Brain stem glioma. I: Pathology, clinical features and therapy. J Child Neurol. 1993;8:112–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  580. Martinez-Lage JF, Poza M, Costa TR. Bilateral temporal arachnoid cysts in neurofibromatosis. J Child Neurol. 1993;8:383–385.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  581. Martyn LJ, Knox DL. Glial hamartoma of the retina in generalized neurofibromatosis, von Recklinghausen’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:487–491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  582. Massimino M, Sprafixo F, Cefalo G, et al. High response rate to cisplain-etoposide regimen in childhood low-grade gliomas: Follow-up of 54 patients. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:568–577.

    Google Scholar 

  583. Matsubara O, Tanaka M, Ida T, et al. Hemimegalencephaly with hemihypertrophy (Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome). Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1983;400:155–162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  584. Matzkin DC, Slamovits TL, Jenis I, et al. Disc swelling: A tall tale? Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;37:130–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  585. Mautner VF, Tatagiba M, Guthoff R, et al. Neurofibromatosis-2 in the pediatric age group. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:92–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  586. Mautner VF, Tatagiba M, Lindenau M, et al. Spinal tumours in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2: MR imaging study of frequency, multiplicity, and variety. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;165:951–955.

    Google Scholar 

  587. McAvoy CE, Best R, Sharkey JA, et al. Symptomatic arachnoid cyst presenting as a sixth nerve palsy. Eye. 2001;15:548–550.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  588. McFadzean RM. The empty sella syndrome. A review of 14 cases. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1983;103:537–542.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  589. McKillop E, Dutton GN. Impairment of vision in children due to damage to the brain: A practical approach. Br Ir Orthopt J. 2008;5:8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  590. McLaughlin ME, Pepin SM, MacCollin M, et al. Ocular pathologic features of neurofibromatosis type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:389–394.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  591. McLone DG, Knepper PA. The cause of Chiari II malformation: A unified theory. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1989;15:1–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  592. Mealey J Jr, Dzenitis AJ, Hockey AA. The prognosis of encephaloceles. J Neurosurg. 1970;32:209–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  593. Mejico LJ, Miller NR, Dong LM. Clinical features associated with lesions other than pituitary adenoma in patients with an optic chiasmal syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:908–913.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  594. Melean G, Sestini R, Ammannati F, et al. Genetic insights into familial tumors of the nervous system. Am J Med Genet. 2004;129C:74–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  595. Merchant TE, Mulhern RK, Krasin MJ, et al. Preliminary results from a phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy and evaluation of radiation-related CNS effects for pediatric patients with localized ependymoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3156–3162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  596. Mercuri S, Russo A, Palma L. Hemispheric supratentorial astrocytomas in children. Long-term results in 29 cases. J Neurosurg. 1981;55:170–173.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  597. Merello E, Swanson E, De Marco P, et al. No major role for the EMX2 gene in schizencephaly. Am J Med Genet. 2008;146A:1142–1150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  598. Metry DW, Dowd CF, Barkovich AJ, et al. The many faces of PHACE syndrome. J Pediatr. 2001;139:117–123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  599. Meyer DR, Nerad JA, Newman NJ, et al. Bilateral enophthalmos associated with hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:1206–1209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  600. Meyerle CB, Dahr SS, Wetjen NM, et al. Clinical course of retrobulbar hemangioblastomas in von Hippel–Lindau disease. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1382–1389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  601. Meyers SP, Kemp SS, Tarr RW. MR imaging features of medulloblastomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:859–865.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  602. Midha R, Jay V, Smyth HS. Transsphenoidal management of Rathke’s cleft cysts: A clinicopathological review of 10 cases. Surg Neurol. 1991;35:446–454.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  603. Milbouw G, Born JD, Martin D, et al. Clinical and radiological aspects of dysplastic gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease): Report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1988;22:124–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  604. Milder DG, Reinecke RD. Phoria adaptation to prisms. A cerebellar dependent process. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:339–342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  605. Miller NR. Solitary oculomotor nerve palsy in childhood. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83:106–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  606. Miller JH. Radiological evaluation of sellar lesions. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 1981;16:311–347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  607. Miller NR. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, vol. 1. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1982:197.

    Google Scholar 

  608. Miller NR. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, vol. 3. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1988:1747–1765.

    Google Scholar 

  609. Miller NR. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, vol. 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1991:1516.

    Google Scholar 

  610. Miller GM, Stears JC, Guggenheim MA, et al. Schizencepahly: A clinical and CT study. Neurology. 1984;34:997–1001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  611. Mills RP. CT-negative astrocytoma simulating pseudotumor cerebri. Neuroopthalmology. 1981;1:231–233.

    Google Scholar 

  612. Minakawa T, Tanaka R, Koike T, et al. Angiographic follow-up study of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with reference to their enlargement and regression. Neurosurgery. 1989;24:68–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  613. Mitchell TN, Free SL, Williamson KA, et al. Polymicrogyria and absence of pineal gland due to PAX6 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2003;53:658–663.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  614. Mitsias P, Levine SR. Cerebrovascular complications of Fabry’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:106–114.

    Google Scholar 

  615. Miyamoto S, Kikuchi H, Karasawa J, et al. Study of the posterior circulation in Moyamoya disease. Part 2: Visual disturbances and surgical treatment. J Neurosurg. 1986;65:454–460.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  616. Mizrachi IB-B, Trobe JD, Gebarski SS, et al. Papilledema in the assessment of ventriculomegaly. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006;26:260–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  617. Moadel K, Yannuzzi LA, Ho AC, et al. Retinal vascular occlusive disease in a child with neurofibromatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:1021–1023.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  618. Mohandessan MM, Romano PE. Neuroparalytic keratitis in Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  619. Mohr JP. Neurological manifestations and factors related to therapeutic decisions. In: Wilson CB, Stein BM, eds. Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1984:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  620. Molloy PT, Bilaniuk LT, Vaughan SN, et al. Brainstem tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1: A distinct clinical entity. Neurology. 1995;45:1897–1902.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  621. Monahan RH, Hill CS, Venters JD. Multiple choristomas, convulsions and mental retardation as a new neurocutaneous syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;63:529–532.

    Google Scholar 

  622. Morales J, Chaudry IA, Bosley TM. Glaucoma and globe enlargement associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Ophthalmol. 2009;116:1725–1730.

    Google Scholar 

  623. Morgan SA, Emsellem HA, Sandler JR. Absence of the septum pellucidum: Overlapping clinical syndromes. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:769–770.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  624. Mori K, Murata T, Hasimoto N, et al. Clinical analysis of arteriovenous malformations in children. Childs Brain. 1980;6:13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  625. Morrison H, Sherman LS, Legg J, et al. The NF2 tumour suppressor gene product, merlin, mediates contact inhibition of growth through interactions with CD44. Genes Dev. 2001;15:968–980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  626. Mossman SS, Bronstein AM, Gresty MA, et al. Convergence nystagmus associated with Arnold–Chiari malformation. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:357–359.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  627. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Tomczak P, et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:115–124.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  628. Muci-Mendoza R, Ramella M, Fuenmayor-Rivera D. Corkscrew retinal vessels in neurofibromatosis type 1: Report of 12 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:282–284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  629. Murphy MJ, Risk WS, VanGilder JC. Intracranial dermoid cyst in Goldenhar syndrome. J Neurosurg. 1980;53:408–410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  630. Murray JC, Johnson JA, Bird TD. Dandy–Walker malformation: Etiologic heterogeneity and empiric recurrence rates. Clin Genet. 1985;28:272–283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  631. Nabi NU, Mezer E, Blaser SI, et al. Ocular findings in lissencephaly. J AAPOS. 2003;7:178–184.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  632. Naidich TP, Altman NR, Barffman BH, et al. Cephaloceles and related malformations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:655–690.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  633. Natawicz M, Kelley RI. Mendelian etiologies of stroke. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:175–192.

    Google Scholar 

  634. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Neurofibromatosis: Conference Statement. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:575–578.

    Google Scholar 

  635. Nazir S, O’Brien M, Qureshi NH, et al. Sensitivity of papilledema as a sign of shunt failure. J AAPOS. 2009;13:63–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  636. Neumann HP, Berger DP, Sigmund G, et al. Pheochromocytomas, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and von Hippel–Lindau disease. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1531–1538.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  637. Neumann HP, Eggert HR, Scheremet R, et al. Central nervous system lesions in von Hippel–Lindau syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychol. 1992;55:898–901.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  638. Neumann HP, Wiestler OD. Clustering of features of von Hippel–Lindau syndrome: evidence for a complex gene locus. Lancet. 1991;337:1052.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  639. Newman SA. Ophthalmic features of craniosynostosis. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 1991;2:587–610.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  640. Newman NJ. Bilateral visual loss and disc edema in a 15-year-old girl. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;38:365-370. Clinical Conference.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  641. Nguyen T-N, Polomeno RC, Farmer J-P, et al. Ophthalmic complications of slit-ventricle syndrome in children. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:520–525.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  642. Nishizaki T, Tamaki N, Nishida Y, et al. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia due to hydrocephalus: A case report. Neurosurgery. 1985;17:822–825.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  643. North K, Hyman S, Barton B. Cognitive deficits in neurofibromatosis type 1. J Child Neurol. 2002;17:605–612.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  644. Nowak TP, James HE. Migraine headaches in hydrocephalic children: A diagnostic dilemma. Childs Nerv Syst. 1989;5:310–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  645. O’Connor PS, Smith JL. Optic nerve variant in the Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol. 1978;10:131–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  646. O’Hare AE, Dutton GN, Green D, et al. Evolution of a form of pure alexia without agraphia in a child sustaining occipital lobe infarction at 2 1/2 years: Alexia without agraphia syndrome in childhood. J Child Neurol. 1998;40:417–420.

    Google Scholar 

  647. Oakes WJ. The natural history of patients with the Sturge–Weber syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1992;18:287–290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  648. Obringer AC, Meadows AT, Zackai EH. The diagnosis of neurofibromatosis-1 in the child under the age of 6 years. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:717–719.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  649. Ochi M, Morikawa M, Yoshimoto M, et al. Growth retardation due to idiopathic growth hormone deficiencies: MR findings in 24 patients. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22:477–480.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  650. Ogata H, Oka K, Mitsudome A. Hydrocephalus due to acute aqueductal stenosis following mumps infection: Report of a case and review of the literature. Brain Dev. 1992;14:417–419.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  651. Oh S, Rocco CD. Proposal of “evolution theory in cerebrospinal fluid dynamics” and minor pathway hydrocephalus in developing immature brain. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:662–669.

    Google Scholar 

  652. Ohtsuka K, Hashimoto M, Nakamura Y. Bilateral trochlear nerve palsy with arachnoid cyst of the quadrigeminal cistern. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:268–270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  653. Oka K, Kumate S, Kibe M, et al. Aqueductal stenosis due to mesencephalic venous malformation: Case report. Surg Neurol. 1993;40:230–235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  654. Okuno T, Prensky AL, Gado M. The Moyamoya syndrome associated with irradiation of optic glioma in children: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol. 1985;1:311–316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  655. Oleszczynska-Prost E, Tarantowicz-Mazurek D, Tarantowicz W, et al. Abducent nerve palsy as the only symptom of intracavernous aneurysm in a child. Klin Oczna. 1996;98:451–454.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  656. Ondra SL, Troupp H, George ED, et al. The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: A 24-year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg. 1990;73:387–391.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  657. Ophoff RA, DeYoung J, Service SK, et al. Hereditary vascular retinopathy, cerebroretinal vasculopathy, and hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke map to a single locus on chromosome 3p21.1-p21.3. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(22):447–553.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  658. Orcutt JC, Bunt AH. Anomalous optic disc in a patient with a Dandy–Walker cyst. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1986;2:42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  659. Ortiz-Suarez H, Erickson DL. Pituitary adenomas in adolescents. J Neurosurg. 1978;43:437–439.

    Google Scholar 

  660. Osenbach RK, Menezes AH. Diagnosis and management of the Dandy–Walker malformation: 30 years of experience. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1992;18:179–189.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  661. Osher RH, Corbett JJ, Schatz NJ, et al. Neuro-ophthalmological complications of enlargement of the third ventricle. Br J Ophthalmol. 1978;62:536–542.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  662. Ozonoff S. Cognitive impairment in neurofibromatosis type 1. Am J Med Genet. 1996;89:45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  663. Packer RJ. Childhood brain tumors: Accomplishments and ongoing challenges. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:1122–1127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  664. Packer RJ, Ater J, Allen J, et al. Carboplatin and vincristine chemotherapy for children with newly diagnosed progressive low-grade gliomas. J Neurosurg. 1997;86:747–754.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  665. Packer RJ, Bilaniuk LT, Cohen BH, et al. Intracranial visual pathway gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis. Neurofibromatosis. 1988;1:212–222.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  666. Packer RJ, Nicholson HS, Vezine LG, et al. Brain stem gliomas. In: Berger MS, ed. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:863–879.

    Google Scholar 

  667. Palmini A, Lüders HO. Classification issues in malformations caused by abnormalities of cortical development. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2002;37:1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  668. Palmini A, Najm I, Avanzini G, et al. Terminology and classification of the cortical dysplasias. Neurology. 2004;62:S2-S8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  669. Pandey PK, Dadeya S, Amar A, et al. Acquired isolated unilateral fourth nerve palsy after ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. J AAPOS. 2008;12:618–620.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  670. Papadias A, Taha A, Sgouros S, et al. Incidence of vascular malformations in spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:881–886.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  671. Pappas CT, Rekate HL. Cervicomedullary junction decompression in a case of Marshall–Smith syndrome. J Neurosurg. 1991;75:317–319.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  672. Paquier PF, De Smet HJ, Mariën P, et al. Acquired alexia without agraphia syndrome in childhood. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:324–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  673. Parazzini C, Triulzi F, Bianchini E, et al. Spontaneous involution of optic pathway lesions in neurofibromatosis type 1: Serial contrast MR evaluation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16:1711–1718.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  674. Parker EC, Teo C, Rahman S, et al. Complete resolution of hypertension after decompression of Chiari I malformation. Skull Base Surg. 2000;10:149–152.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  675. Parmar H, Gandhi D, Mukherji SK, et al. Restricted diffusion in the superior ophthalmic vein and cavernous sinus in a case of cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2009;29:16–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  676. Parrini E, Ramazzotti A, Dobyns WB, et al. Periventricular heterotopia: Phenotypic heterogeneity correlation with Filamin A mutations. Brain. 2006;129:1892–1906.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  677. Parry DM, Eldridge R, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2): Clinical characteristics of 63 affected individuals and clinical evidence for heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet. 1994;52:450–461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  678. Parsa CF: Sturge Weber syndrome: a unified pathophysiologic mechanism. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10:47–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  679. Parsa CF, Givrad S. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas do not undergo spontaneous malignant transformation: Grounds for designation as hamartomas. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:40–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  680. Parsa CF, Givrad S. Pilocytic astrocytoma as hamartomas: implications for treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:306.

    Google Scholar 

  681. Parsa CS, Hoyt CS, Lesser RL, et al. Spontaneous regression of optic gliomas-thirteen cases documented by serial neuroimaging. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:516–529.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  682. Partap S, Fisher PG. Update on new treatment and developments in childhood brain tumors. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2007;19:670–674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  683. Pascual-Castroviejo I, Pascual-Pascual SI, Viano J, et al. Unilateral polymicrogyria: a common cause of hemiplegia of prenatal origin. Brain Dev. 2001;23:216–222.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  684. Pascual-Castroviejo I, Roche MC, Fernandez VM, et al. Incontinentia pigmenti: MR demonstration of brain changes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:1521–1527.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  685. Pascual-Castroviejo I, Velez A, Pascual-Pascual SI, et al. Dandy–Walker malformation: Analysis of 38 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991;7:88–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  686. Passo M, Shults WT, Talbot T, et al. Acquired esotropia: A manifestation of Chiari I malformation. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1984;4:151–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  687. Patel S, Barkovich AJ. Analysis and classification of cerebellar malformations. Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:1074–1087.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  688. Pattisapu JV. Etiology and clinical course of hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 2001;4:651–659.

    Google Scholar 

  689. Pavlakis SG, Phillips PC, DiMauro S. et al Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes: A distinctive clinical syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:481–488.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  690. Pe’er J, Ilsar M. Epibulbar complex choristoma associated with nevus sebaceus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1301–1304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  691. Pearson-Webb MA, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Eldridge R. Eye findings in bilateral acoustic (central) neurofibromatosis: association with presenile lens opacities and cataracts but absence of Lisch nodules. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1553–1554.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  692. Peerless SJ, Nemoto S, Drake CG. Giant intracranial aneurysms in children and adolescents. In: Edwards MS, Hoffman HH, eds. Cerebrovascular Disease in Children and Adolescents. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1988:255–273.

    Google Scholar 

  693. Phadke JG, Hern J, Blaiklock CT. Downbeat nystagmus: A false localizing sign due to communicating hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;444:459.

    Google Scholar 

  694. Phillips PH, Glasier CM, Brodsky MC. Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in patients with rhombencephalosynapsis. J AAPOS. 2008;12:96–99.

    Google Scholar 

  695. Nazir S, O'Brien M, Qureshi NH, et al: Sensitivity of papilledema as a sign of shunt failure in children. J AAPOS. 2009;13:63–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  696. Phillips PH, Spear C, Brodsky MC. Magnetic resonance diagnosis of congenital hypopituitarism in children with optic nerve hypoplasia. J AAPOS. 2001;5:275–280.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  697. Piao X, Basel-Vanagaite L, Straussberg R, et al. An autosomal recessive form of bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria maps to chromosome 16q12.2-21. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:1028–1033.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  698. Pihko H, Lappi M, Raitta C, et al. Ocular findings in muscle–eye–brain (MEB) disease: A follow-up study. Brain Dev. 1995;17:57–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  699. Pokharel D, Siatkowski RM. Progressive cerebellar tonsillar herniation with recurrent divergence insufficiency esotropia. J AAPOS. 2004;8:286–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  700. Polizzi A, Pavone P, Iannetti P, et al. Septo-optic dysplasia: A heterogeneous malformation syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;34:66–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  701. Pollack IF. Brain tumors in children. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1500–1507.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  702. Pollack IF, Mulvihill JJ. Special issues in the management of gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis 1. J Neurooncol. 1996;28:257–268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  703. Pollack IF, Pang D, Albright AL. The long-term outcome in children with late-onset aqueductal stenosis resulting from benign intrinsic tectal tumors. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:681–688.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  704. Pollack IF, Shultze B, Mulvihill JJ. The management of brainstem gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Neurology. 1996;46:1652–1660.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  705. Povey S, Burley MW, Atwood J, et al. Two loci for tuberous sclerosis: One on 9q34 and one on 16p13. Ann Hum Genet. 1994;58:107–127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  706. Prasad G, Blyth CP, Jeffreys RV. Ophthalmic manifestations of Rathke’s cleft cysts. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:86–91.

    Google Scholar 

  707. Prasad N, Gulati S, Gupta RK, et al. Is reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy with severe hypertension completely reversible in all patients? Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:1161–1166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  708. Prayson R, Khajavi K, Comair Y. Cortical architectural abnormalities and M1B1 immunoreactivity in gangliogliomas: A study of 60 patients with intracranial tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1995;54:513–520.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  709. Price DB, Inglese CM, Jacobs J, et al. Pediatric AIDS. Neuroradiologic and neurodevelopmental findings. Pediatr Radiol. 1988;18:445–448.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  710. Pyhtinen J, Pääkkö E. A difficult diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri. Neuroradiology. 1996;38:444–448.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  711. Rabinowicz IM. Visual function in children with hydrocephalus. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1974;94:353–366.

    Google Scholar 

  712. Radkowski MA, Naidich TP, Tomita T, et al. Neonatal brain tumors: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988;12:10–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  713. Rafay MF, Armstrong D, deVeber G, et al. Craniocervical arterial dissection in children: Clinical and radiographic presentation and outcome. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:8–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  714. Raffel C, Mccomb JG, Bodner S, et al. Benign brain stem leisons in pediatric patients with neurofibromatosis: Case reports. Neurosurgery. 1989;25:959–964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  715. Ragge NK. Clinical and genetic patterns in neurofibromatosis 1 and 2. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:662–672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  716. Ragge NK, Baser ME, Riccardi VM, et al. The ocular presentation of neurofibromatosis 2. Eye. 1997;11:12–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  717. Ragge NK, Falk RE, Cohen WE, et al. Images of Lisch nodules across the spectrum. Eye. 1993;7:95–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  718. Ragge NK, Hoyt WF. Midbrain myasthenia: Fatigable ptosis, ‘lid twitch’ sign, and ophthalmoparesis from a dorsal midbrain glioma. Neurology. 1992;42:917–919.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  719. Ramaesh K, Stokes J, Henry E, et al. Congenital corneal anesthesia. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:50–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  720. Ramondi A. Pediatric Neurosurgery Theoretic Principles and the Art of Surgical Techniques. New York: Springer; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  721. Rasmussen SA, Yang Q, Friedman JM. Mortality in neurofibromatosis 1: An analysis using U.S. death certificates. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68:1110–1118.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  722. Rathbun JE, Hoyt WF, Beard C. Surgical management of orbitofrontal varix in Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;70:109–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  723. Raymond AA, Fish DR, Stevens JM, et al. Association of hippocampal sclerosis with cortical dysgenesis in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 1994;44:1841–1845.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  724. Raynaud C. Destructive lesions of the brain. Neuroradiology. 1983;25:265–291.

    Google Scholar 

  725. Reddy SK, Salgado CM, Hunter DG. Central fusion disruption following irradiation of the pineal gland. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:337–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  726. Reeder RF, Saunders RL, Roberts DW, et al. MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of Lhermitte-Duclose disease (dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum). Neurosurgery. 1988;23:240–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  727. Reeve CJP, MP SJR, et al. Molecular genetic advances in tuberous sclerosis. Hum Genet. 2000;107:97–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  728. Rekate HL. Classification of slit-ventricle syndromes using intracranial pressure monitoring. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1993;19:15–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  729. Rekate H. Treatment of Hydrocephalus: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Neurosurgery. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  730. Rekate HL. Shunt-related headaches: The slit ventricle syndromes. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24:423–430.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  731. Rekate HL. The definition and classification of hydrocephalus: A personal recommendation to stimulate debate. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2008;5:2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  732. Rekate HL, Erwood S, Brodkey JA, et al. Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1986;12:196–201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  733. Rengachary SS, Watanabe I. Ultrastructure and pathogenesis of intracranial arachnoid cysts. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1981;40:61–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  734. Rettele GA, Brodsky MC, Merin LM, et al. Blindness, deafness, quadriparesis, and a retinal malformation: The ravages of neurofibromatosis 2. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996;41:135–141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  735. Reulecke BC, Erker CG, Fiedler BJ, et al. Brain tumors in children: Initial symptoms and their influence on the time span between symptom onset and diagnosis. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:178–183.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  736. Rhodes RE, Hatten HP, Ellington KS. Walker–Warburg syndrome. AMJR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:123–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  737. Riaz G, Selhorst JB, Hennessey JJ. Meningeal lesions mimicking migraine. Neuroophthalmology. 1991;11:41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  738. Riccardi VM. von Recklinhausen neurofibromatosis. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1617.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  739. Riccardi VM. Neurofibromatosis: past, present, and future. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  740. Riccardi VM. Neurofibromatosis: Phenotype, Natural History and Pathogenesis. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  741. Riccardi VM, Eichner JE, eds. Neurofibromatosis: Phenotype, Natural History, and Pathogenesis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  742. Riccardi VM, Lewis RA. Penetrance of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis: A distinction between predecessors and descendants. Am J Hum Genet. 1988;42:284–289.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  743. Richards SC, Bachynski BN. Ophthalmic manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2. Int Pediatr. 1990;5:270.

    Google Scholar 

  744. Richards A, van den Maagdenberg A, Jen J. C-terminal translocations in human 3′-5′ DNA exonuclease TREX1 cause autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy. Nat Genet. 2007;29:1068–1070.

    Google Scholar 

  745. Richetta A, Giustini S, Recupero SM, et al. Lisch nodules of the iris in neurofibromatosis type 1. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18:342–344.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  746. Richkind KE, Boder E, Teplitz RL. Fetal proteins in ataxia-telangiectasia. JAMA. 1982;248:1346.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  747. Richmond IL, Wilson CB. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Neurosurg. 1994;80:209–216.

    Google Scholar 

  748. Rickert CH, Paulus W. Epidemiology of central nervous system neoplasms in childhood and adolescence based on the new WHO classification. Childs Nerv Syst. 2001;17:503–511.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  749. Riela AR, Roach S. Etiology of stroke in children. J Child Neurol. 1993;8:201–220.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  750. Roach ES, Gomez MR, Northrup H. Tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference: Revised clinical diagnostic criteria. J Child Neurol. 1998;13:624–628.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  751. Roach ES, Smith M, Huttenlocher P, et al. Diagnostic criteria-tuberous sclerosis. J Child Neurol. 1992;7:221–224.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  752. Robertson IJ, Leggate JR, Miller JD, et al. Aqueduct stenosis - Presentation and prognosis. Br J Neurosurg. 1990;4:101–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  753. Robinson RO. Familial schizencephaly. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:1010–1014.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  754. Roche JL, Choux M, Czorny A, et al. Intracranial arterial aneurysm in children. A cooperative study. Apropos of 43 cases. Neurochirurgie. 1988;34:243–251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  755. Roessler E, Muenke M. Holoprosencephaly: A paradigm for the complex genetics of brain development. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998;21:481–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  756. Rollnick BR, Kaye CI, Nagatoshi K, et al. Oculovertebral dysplasia and variants: Phenotypic characteristics of 294 patients. Am J Med Genet. 1987;26:361–375.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  757. Rosenbaum T, Rosenbaum C, Winner U, et al. Long-term culture and characterization of human neurofibroma-derived Schwann cells. J Neurosci Res. 2000;61:524–532.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  758. Rosenberg ML. Congenital trigeminal anaesthesia. A review and classification. Brain. 1984;197:1073–1082.

    Google Scholar 

  759. Rosenberg S, Marie SK, Kliemann S. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV). Pediatr Neurol. 1994;11:50–56.

    Google Scholar 

  760. Rosenfeld SI, Smith ME. Ocular findings in incontinentia pigmenti. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:543–546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  761. Roski RA, Roessmann U, Spetzler RF, et al. Clinical and pathological study of dysplastic gangliocytoma. J Neurosurg. 1981;55:318–321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  762. Ross ME, Swanson K, Dobyns WB. Lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH): a heterogenous group of cortical malformations. Neuropediatrics. 2001;32:256–263.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  763. Rosser TL, Vezina G, Packer RT. Cerebrovascular abnormalities in a population of children with neurofibromatosis type 1. Neurology. 2005;64:553–555.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  764. Rouleau G, Merel P, Lutchman M, et al. Alteration in a new gene encoding a putative membrane-organizing protein causes neurofibromatosis type 2. Nature. 1993;363:515–521.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  765. Rouleau GA, Wertelecki W, Haines JL, et al. Genetic linkage of bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis to a DNA marker on chromosome 22. Nature. 1987;329:246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  766. Rozot P, Berrod JP, Bracard S, et al. Stase papillaire et fistule durale. J Fr Ophtalmol. 1991;14:13–19.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  767. Ruggieri V, Caraballo R, Fejerman N. Intracranial tumors and West syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1989;5:327–329.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  768. Ruggieri M, Iannetti P, Polizzi A, et al. Earliest clinical manifestations and natural history of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) in childhood: A study of 24 patients. Neuropediatrics. 2005;36:21–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  769. Rust PR, Ashkan K, Ball C, et al. Gliomatosis cerebri: Pitfalls in diagnosis. J Clin Neurosci. 2001;8:361–363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  770. Rutka JT, Hoffman HJ, Drake JM, et al. Suprasellar and sellar tumors in childhood and adolescence. In: Berger MS, ed. Pediatric Neuro-Oncology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1992:803–820.

    Google Scholar 

  771. Rutkowski JL, Wu K, Gutmann DH, et al. Genetic and cellular defects contributing to benign tumor formation in neurofibromatosis type 1. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:1059–1066.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  772. Rydh M, Maim M, Jernbeck J, et al. Ectatic blood vessels in port-wine stains lack innervation: Possible role in pathogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87:419–421.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  773. Saar K, Al-Gazali L, Sztriha L, et al. Homosygosity mapping in families with Joubert syndrome identifies a locus on chromsome 9q34 and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;65:1666–1671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  774. Saidkasimova S, Bennett DM, Butler S, et al. Cognitive visual impairment with good visual acuity in children with periventricular white matter injury. A series of 7 cases. J AAPOS. 2007;11:426–430.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  775. Sainte-Rose C, LaCombe J, Peirre-Kahn A, et al. Intracranial venous sinus hypertension: Cause or consequence of hydrocephalus in infants? J Neurosurg. 1984;60:727–736.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  776. Saito Y, Ito M, Ozawa Y, et al. Changes of neurotransmitters in the brainstem of patients with respiratory pattern disorders during childhood. Neuropediatrics. 1999;30:133–140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  777. Salamon N, Andres M, Chute DJ, et al. Contralateral hemimicrencephaly and clinical-pathological correlations in children with hemimegalencephaly. Brain. 2006;129:352–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  778. Salman MS, Blaser SE, Sharpe JA, et al. Cerebellar vermis morphology in children with spina bifida and Chiari type II malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:385–393.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  779. Salvin JH, Repka MX, Miller MM. Arachnoid cyst resulting in sixth nerve palsy in a child. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2007;44:53–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  780. Sánchez Pina C, Pascual-Castroviejo I, Martínez Fernández V, et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma presenting as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 1993;9:157–158.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  781. Sandhu A, Kendall B. Computed tomography in management of medulloblastomas. Neuroradiology. 1987;29:444–452.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  782. Santavouri P, Somer H, Sainio K, et al. muscle–eye–brain disease. Brain Dev. 1989;11:147–153.

    Google Scholar 

  783. Santavuori P, Valanne L, Autti T, et al. muscle–eye–brain disease: Clinical features, visual evoked potentials, and brain imaging in 20 patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 1998;1:41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  784. Sardanelli F, Barodi RC, Ottonello C, et al. Cranial MRI in ataxia-telangiectasia. Neuroradiology. 1995;37:77–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  785. Sarkari NB, Bickerstaff ER. Relapses and remissions in brain stem tumors. Br Med J. 1969;2:21–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  786. Sarwar M. The septum pellucidum: Normal and abnormal. Am J Neuroradiol. 1989;10:989–1005.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  787. Sarwar M, Schafer M. Brain malformation in linear nevus sebaceous syndrome: An MR study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988;12:338–340.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  788. Sato Y, Waziri M, Smith W, et al. Hippel–Lindau disease: MR imaging. Radiology. 1988;166:241–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  789. Satran D, Pierpont ME, Dobyns WB. Cerebello-Oculo-Renal syndromes including Arima, Senior Löken, and COACH syndromes: More that just variants of Joubert syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1999;86:459–469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  790. Saunders M, Guinane C, MacFarlane M, et al. A diplopia dilemma. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51:68–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  791. Saylar WR, Saylar DC. The vascular lesions of neurofibromatosis. Angiology. 1974;25:510–519.

    Google Scholar 

  792. Schamndt SM, Packer RJ, Vezina LG, et al. Spontaneous regression of low grade glioma in children with neurofibromatosis-1: A real possibility. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:352–356.

    Google Scholar 

  793. Schatz H, Chang LF, Ober RR, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion associated with arteriovenous malformation. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:24–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  794. Scheithauer BW. The neuropathology of tuberous sclerosis. J Dermatol. 1992;19:897–903.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  795. Schijman E, Blumenthal L, Sevilla M, et al. Neuro-ophthalmic complications of intracranial catheters. Neurosurgery. 1994;34:769-770. Letter.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  796. Schmidt D, Pache M, Schumacher M. The congenital unilateral retinocephalic vascular syndrome (Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome or Wyburn-Mason syndrome). Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53:227–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  797. Schneider JH, Raffel C, McComb JG. Benign cerebellar astrocytomas of childhood. Neurosurgery. 1992;30:58–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  798. Schrander-Stumpel CT, De Die-Smulders CE, Hennekam RC, et al. Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum and cerebral anomalies. J Med Genet. 1992;29:326–331.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  799. Schupper A, Kornreich L, Yaniv I, et al. Optic pathway glioma: natural history demonstrated by a new empirical score. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;40:432–436.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  800. Schwartz RA, Fernández G, Kotulska K, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex: Advances in diagnosis, genetics, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57:189–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  801. Sclafani AP, DeDio RM, Hendrix RA. The Chiari-I malformation. Ear Nose Throat J. 1991;70:208–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  802. Scott RM, Smith JL, Roberston RL, et al. Long-term outcome in children with moyamoya syndrome after cranial revascularization by pial synangiosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2004;100:142–149.

    Google Scholar 

  803. Scotting PJ, Thompson SL, Punt JA, et al. Pediatric brain tumours: an embryological perspective. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000;16:261–268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  804. Scully R, Mark E, McNeely W, et al. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 39-1998. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1914–1923.

    Google Scholar 

  805. Seiff SR, Brodsky MC, MacDonald G, et al. Orbital optic glioma in neurofibromatosis: magnetic resonance diagnosis of perineural arachnoidal gliomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1689.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  806. Seixas SV, et al. Burkitt leukemia with numb chin syndrome and cavernous sinus involvement. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2006;10:145–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  807. Seizinger BR, Rouleau GA, Ozeluis LJ, et al. von Hippel–Lindau disease maps to the region of chromosome 3 associated with renal cell carcinoma. Nature. 1988;332:268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  808. Sekido Y, Pass HI, Bader S, et al. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene is somatically mutated in mesothelioma but not in lung cancer. Cancer Res. 1995;55:1227–1231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  809. Selva D, Fraco DS, Bonavolonta G, et al. Orbital venous lymphatic malformations mimicking cavernous hemangiomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:364–370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  810. Semeraro F, Bertazzi L, Gasparotti R, et al. Multiple strokes in a newborn. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:812–813.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  811. Semple P, Fieggen G, Parkes J, et al. Giant prolactinomas in adolescence: An uncommon cause of blindness. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:213–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  812. Sergeyev AS. On the mutation rate of neurofibromatosis. Hum Genet. 1975;28:129–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  813. Serville F, Benit P, Saugier P, et al. Prenatal exclusion of X-linked hydrocephalus-stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius sequence using closely linked DNA markers. Prenat Diagn. 1993;13:435–439.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  814. Serville F, Lyonnet S, Pelet A, et al. X-linked hydrocephalus: Clinical heterogeneity at a single gene locus. Eur J Pediatr. 1992;151:515–518.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  815. Sevick RJ, Barkovich AJ, Edwards MS, et al. Evolution of white matter lesions in neurofibromatosis type 1: MR findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;159:171–175.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  816. Shami MJ, Benedict WL, Myers M. Early manifestation of retinal hamartomas in tuberous sclerosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:539–540.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  817. Shapiro F. Osteopetrosis. Current clinical considerations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;294:34–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  818. Shaw PJ, Walls TJ, Newman PK, et al. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: A steroid-responsive disorder associated with high anti-thyroid antibody titers-report of 5 cases. Neurology. 1991;41:228–233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  819. Sheard RM, Pope FM, Snead MP. A novel ophthalmic presentation of the proteus syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1192–1195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  820. Sheen VL, Dixon PH, Fox JW, et al. Mutations in the X-linked filamin 1 gene cause periventricular nodular heterotopia in males as well as in females. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:1775–1783.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  821. Sherman AR. Teratoid tumor of the conjunctiva and other developmental anomalies with naevus verrucosus of the scalp: Report of a case. Arch Ophthalmol. 1943;29:441–445.

    Google Scholar 

  822. Shields CL, Benevides R, Materin MA, et al. Optical coherence tomography of retinal astrocytic hamartoma in 15 cases. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1553–1557.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  823. Shields JA, Decker WL, Sanborn GE. Presumed acquired retinal hemangiomas. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1292–1300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  824. Shields JA, Eagle RL, Shields CL, et al. Aggressive retinal astrocytomas in 4 patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:856–862.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  825. Shields JA, et al. Retinal Astrocytoma. In: Guyer DR, Yannuzzi LA, Chang S, eds. Retina-Vitreous-Macula. Phildelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1999:1182–1187.

    Google Scholar 

  826. Shome D, Vemuganti GK, Honavar SG. Choroidal ganglioneuroma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: A case report. Eye. 2006;20:1450–1451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  827. Shorey P, Lobo G. Congenital corneal anesthesia: Problems in diagnosis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990;27:143–147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  828. Shuangshoti S, Netsky MG, Nashold BS. Epithelial cysts related to sella turcica: Proposed origin from neuroepithelium. Arch Pathol. 1970;90:444–450.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  829. Shults WT, Hamby S, Corbett JJ, et al. Neuro-ophthalmic complications of intracranial catheters. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:135–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  830. Shurin SB, Rekate HL, Annable W. Optic atrophy induced by vincristine. Pediatrics. 1982;70:288–291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  831. Siatkowski RM. VEP testing and visual pathway gliomas: Not quite ready for prime time. J AAPOS. 2006;10:293–295.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  832. Slatger A, Moore NR, Huson SM. The natural history of cerebellar hemangioblastomas in von Hippel–Lindau disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2481–2486.

    Google Scholar 

  833. Slavin ML, Rosenthal AD. Chiasmal compression caused by a catheter in the suprasellar cistern. Am J Ophthalmol. 1988;105:560–561.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  834. Sleep TE, Elsas F. Strabismus after endoscopic third ventriculostomy. J AAPOS. 2007;11:151–156.

    Google Scholar 

  835. Smirniotopoulos JG, Murphy FM. The phakomatoses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:725–746.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  836. Smith ER, Butler WE, Ogilvy CS. Surgical approaches to vascular anomalies of the child’s brain. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002;15:165–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  837. Smith NM, Carli MM, Hanieh A, et al. Gangliogliomas in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst. 1992;8:258–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  838. Smith ER, Scott RM. Surgical management of Moyamoya syndrome. Skull Base. 2005;15:15–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  839. Smith JL, Walsh TJ, Shipley T. Cortical blindness in congenital hydrocephalus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;62:251–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  840. Smoller BR, Rosen S. Port-wine stains: A disease of altered neuromodulation of blood vessels? Arch Dermatol. 1986;122:177.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  841. Sobel RA, Wang Y. Vestibular (acoustic) schwannomas: Histological features in neurofibromatosis 2 and in unilateral cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1993;52:106–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  842. Sorensen SA, Mulvihill JJ, Nielsen A. Long-term follow-up of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1010–1015.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  843. Sorkin JA, Davis PC, Meacham LR, et al. Optic nerve hypoplasia: Absence of the posterior pituitary bright spot on magnetic resonance imaging correlates with diabetes insipidus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122:717–723.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  844. Sowar K, Straessle J, Donson AM, et al. Predicting which children are at risk for ependymoma relapse. J Neurooncol. 2006;24:1522–1528.

    Google Scholar 

  845. Spector RT, Smith JL, Parker JC Jr. Cecocentral scotomas in gliomatosis cerebri. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1984;4:229–238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  846. Spooner JW, Baloh RW. Arnold–Chiari malformation. Improvement in eye movements after surgical treatment. Brain. 1981;104:51–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  847. Spoor TC, Kennerdell JS, Maroon JC, et al. Pneumosinus dilatans, Klippel–Trenauney–Weber syndrome, and progressive visual loss. Ann Ophthalmol. 1981;13:105–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  848. Spoto GP, Press GA, Hesselink JR, et al. Intracranial ependymoma and subependymoma: MR manifestations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;11:83–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  849. Squier MV. Pathological approach to the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. J Clin Pathol. 1997;50:181–186.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  850. Stanley P, Senac MO Jr, Segal HD. Intraspinal seeding from intracranial tumors in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;144:157–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  851. Staudenmaier C, Buncic JR. Periodic alternating gaze deviation with dissociated secondary face turn. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:202–205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  852. Steen RG, Taylor JS, Langston JW, et al. Prospective evaluation of the brain in asymptomatic children with neurofibromatosis type 1: Relationship of macrocephaly to T1 relaxation changes and structural brain abnormalities. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:810–817.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  853. Steinbok P. Clinical features of Chiari I malformations. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20:329–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  854. Stell R, Bronstein AM, Plant GT, et al. Ataxia telangiectasia: A reappraisal of the ocular motor features and their value in the diagnosis of atypical cases. Mov Disord. 1989;4:320.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  855. Stevenson DA, Birch PH, Friedman JM, et al. Descriptive analysis of tibial pseudathrosis in patients with neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Med Genet. 1999;84:413–419.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  856. Stimac GK, Solomon MA, Newton TH. CT and MR of angiomatous malformations of the choroidal plexus in patients with Sturge–Weber disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1986;17:175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  857. Stolle C, Glenn G, Zbar B, et al. Improved detection of germline mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Hum Mutat. 1998;12:417–423.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  858. Stolz E, Rahimi A, Gerriets T, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: An all or nothing disease? Prognostic factors and long-term outcome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107:99–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  859. Stovner LJ, Kruszewski P, Shen JM. Sinus arrhythmia and pupil size in Chiari I malformation: Evidence of autonomic dysfunction. Funct Neurol. 1993;8:251–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  860. Straube A, Witt TN. Oculo-bulbar myasthenic symptoms as the sole sign of tumour involving or compressing the brain stem. J Neurol. 1990;237:369–371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  861. Straumann D, Müller E. Torsional rebound nystgagmus in a patient with type I Chiari malformation. Neuroophthalmology. 1994;14:79–84.

    Google Scholar 

  862. Suárez JC, Viano JC, Zunino S, et al. Management of child optic pathway gliomas: New therapeutical options. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22:679–684.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  863. Sullivan TJ, Clarke MP, Morin JD. The ocular manifestations of the Sturge–Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992;29:349–356.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  864. Sullivan LJ, O’Day J, McNeill P. Visual outcomes of pituitary adenoma surgery. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1991;11:262–267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  865. Sutton LN, Packer RJ, Rorke LB, et al. Cerebral gangliogliomas during childhood. Neurosurgery. 1983;13:124–128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  866. Swash M. Disorders of ocular movement in hydrocephalus. Proc R Soc Med. 1976;69:480–484.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  867. Szenasy J, Slowik F. Prognosis of benign cerebellar astrocytomas in children. Childs Brain. 1983;10:39–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  868. Tampiere D, Moumdjian R, Melanson D, et al. Intracerebral gangliogliomas in patients with partial complex seizures: CT and MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12:749–755.

    Google Scholar 

  869. Taylor D. Pediatric Ophthalmology. Boston: Blackwell; 1990:583–589.

    Google Scholar 

  870. Taylor DC, Falconer MA, Bruton CJ, et al. Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1971;34:369–387.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  871. Tee AR, Fingar DC, Manning BD, et al. Tuberous scleorosis complex-1 and -2 gene products function together to inhibit mammalian targt of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated downstream signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:13571–13576.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  872. Ternier J, Wray A, Puget S. Tectal plate lesions in children. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:369–376.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  873. Terrence CF, Samaha FJ. The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (painful ophthalmoplegia) in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1973;15:506–509.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  874. Terry A, Patrinely JR, Anderson RL, et al. Orbital meningoencephalocele manifesting as a conjunctival mass. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993;115:46–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  875. Theron J, Newton TH, Hoyt WF. Unilateral retinocephalic vascular malformations. Neuroradiology. 1974;7:185–196.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  876. Thomas PQ, Datgtani MT, Brickman JM, et al. Heterozygous HESX1 mutations associated with isolated congenital pituitary hypoplasia and septo-optic dysplasia. Hum Mol Genet. 2001;10:39–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  877. Tien RD, Barkovich AJ, Edwards MS. MR imaging of pineal tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1990;155:143–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  878. To KW, Rabinowitz SM, Friedman AH, et al. Neurofibromatosis and neural crest neoplasms: Primary acquired melanosis and malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva. Surv Ophthalmol. 1989;33:373–379.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  879. Toda T, Segawa M, Nomura Y, et al. Localization of a gene for Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy to chromosome 9q31-33. Nat Genet. 1993;5:283–286.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  880. Toelle S, Yalcinkaya C, Kocer N, et al. Rhombencephalosynapsis: Clinical findings and neuroimaging in 9 children. Neuropediatrics. 2002;33:209–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  881. Tomita T, McLone DG, Yasue M. Cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumors in childhood. J Neurooncol. 1988;6:233–243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  882. Tonsgard JH, Oesterle CS. The ophthalmologic presentation of NF-2 in childhood. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30:327–330.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  883. Torres OA, Roach ES, Delgado MR, et al. Early diagnosis of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis. J Child Neurol. 1998;13:173–177.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  884. Tortori-Donati P, Fondelli M, Rossi A, et al. Cystemic malformations of the posterior cranial fossa originating from a defect of the posterior membranous area: Mega cisternal magna and persisting Blake’s pouch: Two separate entities. Childs Nerv Syst. 1996;12:303–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  885. Tournier-Lasserve E, Joutel A, Melki J, et al. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19q12. Nat Genet. 1993;3:256–259.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  886. Tow SL, Chandela S, Miller NR, Avellino AM. Long-term outcome in children with gliomas of the anterior visual pathway. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;28:262–270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  887. Tripathi RC. The functional morphology of the outflow systems of ocular and cerebrospinal fluids. Exp Eye Res. 1977;25(Suppl):65–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  888. Triulzi F, Scotti G, di Natale B, et al. Evidence of a congenital midline brain anomaly in pituitary dwarfs: A magnetic resonance imaging study in 101 patients. Pediatrics. 1994;93:409–416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  889. Trofatter J, MacCollin MM, Rutter JL, et al. A novel moesin-esrin-radixin-like gene is a candidate for the neurofibromatosis 2 tumour suppressor. Cell. 1993;72:791–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  890. Troost BT, Mark LE, Maroon JC. Resolution of classic migraine after removal of an occipital lobe AVM. Ann Neurol. 1979;5:199–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  891. Troost BT, Martinez J, Abel LA, et al. Upbeat nystagmus and internuclear ophthalmoplegia with brain stem glioma. Arch Neurol. 1980;37:453–456.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  892. Troost BT, Newton TH. Occipital lobe arteriovenous malformations. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93:250–265.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  893. Trope GE, Jay JL, Dudgeon J, et al. Self-inflicted corneal injuries in children with congenital corneal aneaesthesia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69:551–554.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  894. Tsukita S, Yonemura S, Tsukita S. ERM family: From cytoskeleton to signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997;9:70–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  895. Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ. Treatment and management of the Chiari II malformation: An evidence-based review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20:375–381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  896. Tubbs RS, Soeau S, Custis J, et al. Degree of tectal beaking correlates to the presence of nystagmus in children with Chiari II malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20:459–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  897. Tucker T, Wolkenstein P, Revuz J, et al. Association between benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and NF1. Neurology. 2005;65:205–211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  898. Tychsen L, Hoyt WF. Occipital lobe dysplasia. Magnetic resonance findings in two cases of isolated congenital hemianopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:680–682.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  899. Tzekov C, Cherninkova S, Gudeva T. Neuroophthalmological symptoms in children treated for internal hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1992;17:317–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  900. Undjian S, Marinov M. Intracranial ependymomas in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 1990;6:131–134.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  901. Undjian S, Marinov M, Georgiev K. Long-term follow-up after surgical treatment of cerebellar astrocytomas in 100 children. Childs Nerv Syst. 1989;5:99–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  902. Uysal Y, Güngör R, Sobaci G. Upgaze palsy due to hematoma that happen after ventriculoperitoneal shunt overflow. Proceedings of the 8th European Neuro-Ophthalmology Society Meeting, vol. 31, 2007:146.

    Google Scholar 

  903. Vagev R, Levy J, Shorer Z, et al. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: Ocular and systemic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:322–326.

    Google Scholar 

  904. Vahedi K, Massin P, Guichard J-P, et al. Hereditary infantile hemiparesis, retinal arteriolar tortuousity, and leukoencephalopathy. Neurology. 2003;60:57–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  905. Valanne L, Pihko H, Katevuo K, et al. MRI of the brain in muscle–eye–brain (MEB) disease. Neuroradiology. 1994;36:473–476.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  906. Vallee L, Fontaine M, Nuyts JP, et al. Stroke, hemiparesis and deficient mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Eur J Pediatr. 1994;153:598–603.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  907. Van Allen M, Kalousek D, Chernoff D, et al. Evidence for multisite closure of the neural tube defects in humans. Am J Med Genet. 1993;47:723–743.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  908. Van der Hoeve T. Eye disease in tuberous sclerosis of the brain. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1923;43:534–541.

    Google Scholar 

  909. Van-Dorp DB, Kwee ML. Tuberous sclerosis. Diagnostic problems in a family. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1990;11:95–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  910. Van Stavern GP. A white herring. Proceedings of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society 2002, Copper Mountain, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  911. Vaphiades MS, Eggenberger ER, Miller NR, et al. Resolution of papilledema after neurosurgical decompression for primary Chiari I malformation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:673–678.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  912. Varnhagen CK, Lewin S, Das JP, et al. Neurofibromatosis and psychological processes. Dev Behav Pediatr. 1998;9:257–265.

    Google Scholar 

  913. Vavvas D, Fay A, Watkins L. Two cases of orbital lymphangioma associated with vascular abnormalities of the retina and iris. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:189–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  914. Ventureyra EC, Aziz HA, Vassilyadi M. The role of cine flow MRI in children with Chiari malformation. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003;19:109–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  915. Vézina L-G. Imaging of central nervous system tumors in children: Advances and limitations. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:1128–1135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  916. Villard L, Nguyen K, Cardoso C, et al. A locus for bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria maps to Xq28. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:1003–1008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  917. Vinchon M, Soto-Ares G, Ruchoux MM, et al. Cerebellar gliomas in children with NF1: Pathology and surgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2000;16:417–420.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  918. Voelker JL, Campbell RL, Muller J. Clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts. J Neurosurg. 1991;74:535–544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  919. Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1987:311–361.

    Google Scholar 

  920. Volpe JJ. Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant - Current concepts. Part I. Ann Neurol. 1989;25:3–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  921. Volpe JJ. Intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant - Current concepts. Part II. Ann Neurol. 1989;25:109–116.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  922. Vrabec TR, Sergott RC, Savino PJ, et al. Intermittent obstructive hydrocephalus in the Arnold–Chiari malformation. Ann Neurol. 1989;26:401–404.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  923. Waggoner DJ, Towbin J, Gottesman G, et al. A clinic-based study of plexiform neurofibromas in NF1: Toward biologic based therapy. Neurology. 2002;58:1461–1470.

    Google Scholar 

  924. Walsh FB. Meningiomas, primary within the orbit and optic canal. In: Smith JL, ed. Neuro-ophthalmology symposium of the University of Miami and the Bascom palmer Eye Institute. 5th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1970:240–266.

    Google Scholar 

  925. Waner M, Suen Y. Management of congenital vascular lesions of the head and neck. Oncology. 1995;9:989–994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  926. Warburg M. Heterogeneity of congenital retinal nonattachment, falciform folds and retinal dysplasia. A guide to genetic counseling. Hum Hered. 1976;26:137–148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  927. Warburg M. Hydrocephaly, congenital retinal nonattachment, and congenital falciform fold. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;26:137–148.

    Google Scholar 

  928. Warf BC, Campbell JW. Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment of hydrocephalus for infants with myelomeningocele: Long-term results of a prospective intent-to-treat study in 115 East Africant infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;2:310–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  929. Warner J, Digre K, Katz B. The Wall-eyed Potato Farmer. 32nd Annual Frank B. Walsh Meeting, Montreal, QC, March 25-26, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  930. Warner A, Harris AG, Renard E, et al. A prospective multicenter trial of octreotide in 24 patients with visual defects caused by nonfunctioning and gonadotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:786–789.

    Google Scholar 

  931. Wasay M, Dai AI, Ansari M, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in children: A multicenter cohort from the United States. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:26–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  932. Watkins L, Hayward R, Andar U, et al. The diagnosis of blocked cerebrospinal fluid shunts: A prospective study of referral to a paediatric neurosurgical unit. Childs Nerv Syst. 1994;10:87–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  933. Warburg M, Sjö O, Fledelius HX, Pedersen SA. Autosomal recessive microcephaly, microcornea, congenital cataract, mental retardation, optic atrophy, hypogenitalism. Micro Syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1993;147:1309–1312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  934. Webb C, Prayson RA. Pediatric pituitary adenomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:77–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  935. Weber PC, Cass SP. Neurotologic manifestations of Chiari 1 malformation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;109:853–860.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  936. Webster AR, Maher ER, Moore AT. Clinical characteristics of ocular antiomatosis in von Hippel Lindau disease and correlation with germline mutation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:371–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  937. Weeks CL, Hamed LM. Treatment of acute comitant esotropia in Chiari malformation. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:2368–2371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  938. Weinberg S, Bennett H, Weinstock I. CNS manifestations of sarcoidosis in children. Clin Pediatr. 1983;22:447–481.

    Google Scholar 

  939. Weiner A. A case of neurofibromatosis with buphthalmos. Arch Ophthalmol. 1925;54:481.

    Google Scholar 

  940. Welch K, Friedman V. The cerebrospinal fluid valves. Brain. 1960;83:454–469.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  941. Welch JP, Penchaszadeh VB, Goldberg MF. Congenital indifference to pain. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971;7:205–210.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  942. Weleber RG, Zonana J. Iris hamartomas (Lisch nodules) in a case of segmental neurofibromatosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;96:740–743.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  943. Wende-Fischer R, Ehrenheim C, Heyer R, et al. In spinal symptoms, remember toxoplasmosis. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 1993;141:789–791.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  944. Wertelecki W, Rouleau GA, Superneau DW, et al. Neurofibromatosis 2: Clinical and DNA linkage studies of a large kindred. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:278.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  945. Wester K, Hugdahl K. Arachnoid cysts of the left temporal fossa: Impaired preoperative cognition and postoperative improvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;59:293–298.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  946. Westerhof W, Delleman JW, Wolters E, et al. Neurofibromatosis and hypertelorism. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120:1579–1581.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  947. White AM, Mohney BG, Woog JJ. Cavernous sinus meningioma presenting as intermittent exotropia in a 2-year-old girl. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42:341.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  948. Widjaja E, Griffiths PD. Intracranial MR venography in children: Normal anatomy and variations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:1557–1562.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  949. Williams J, Brodsky MC, Griebel M, et al. Septo-optic dysplasia: the clinical insignificance of an absent septum pellucidum. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1993;35:490–501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  950. Williams AS, Hoyt CS. Acute comitant esotropia in children with brain tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:376–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  951. Williams R, Taylor D. Tuberous sclerosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1985;30:143–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  952. Williamson TH, Garner A, Moore AT. Structure of Lisch nodules in neurofibromatosis type 1. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet. 1991;12:11–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  953. Wilne SH, Ferris RC, Nathwani A, et al. The presenting features of brain tumors: A review of 200 cases. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:502–596.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  954. Wilson GN. Cranial defects in the Goldenhar syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1983;14:435–443.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  955. Wilson RD, Traverse L, Hall JG, et al. Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99:142–148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  956. Wolin MJ, Saunders RA. Aneurysmal oculomotor nerve palsy in an 11-year-old boy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1992;12:178–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  957. Wong WT, Agrón E, Coleman HR. Genotype-phenotype correlation in von Hippel–Lindau disease with retinal angiomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:239–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  958. Wong WT, Agrón E, Coleman HR, et al. Clinical characterization of retinal capillary hemangioblastomas in a large population of patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:181–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  959. Woody RC, Reynolds JD. Association of bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and myelomeningocele with Arnold–Chiari malformation type II. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1985;5:124–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  960. Wosley DH, Larson SA, Creel D, et al. Can screening for optic nerve gliomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type I be performed with visual-evoked potential testing? J AAPOS. 2006;10:307–311.

    Google Scholar 

  961. Wright JE, McNab AA, McDonald WI. Primary optic nerve sheath meningioma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1989;73:960–966.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  962. Wyburn-Mason R. Arteriovenous malformation of the midbrain and retina, facial nerve, and mental changes. Brain. 1943;66:163–203.

    Google Scholar 

  963. Yachnis A. Rorke L Neuropathology of Joubert syndrome. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:655–659.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  964. Yagev R, Levy J, Shorer Z, et al. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: Ocular and systemic manifestations. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:322–326.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  965. Yakovlev PI, Guthrie RH. Congenital ectodermoses (neuro-cutaneous syndromes) in epileptic patients. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1931;26:1145.

    Google Scholar 

  966. Yang SY, Wang ML, Xue QC. Cerebral cysticercosis. Surg Neurol. 1990;34:286–293.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  967. Yasue M, Tanaka H, Nakajima M, et al. Germ cell tumors of the basal ganglia and thalamus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1993;19:121–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  968. Yasunari T, Shiraki K, Hattori H, et al. Frequency of choroidal abnormalities in neurofibromatosis type 1. Lancet. 2000;356:988–992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  969. Yee RD, Baloh RW, Honrubia V. Episodic vertical oscillopsia and downbeat nystagmus in a Chiari malformation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:723–725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  970. Yeung MC, Kwong KL, Wong YC, Wong SN. Paediatric Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40:410–413.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  971. Yokota A, Matsukado Y, Fuwa I, et al. Anterior basal encephalocele of the neonatal period. Neurosurgery. 1986;19:468–478.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  972. Yoshida J, Kobayashi T, Kageyama N, et al. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst: morphological study with light and electron microscopy and tissue culture. J Neurosurg. 1977;47:451–458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  973. Yoshimura K, Hamada F, Tomoda T, et al. Focal pachypolymicrogyria in three siblings. Pediatr Neurol. 1998;18:435–438.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  974. Young DF, Eldridge R, Gardner WJ. Bilateral acoustic neuroma in a large kindred. JAMA. 1970;214:347–353.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  975. Zaguardo MT, Cail WS, Kelman SE, et al. Reversible empty sella in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: an indicator of successful therapy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1996;17:1953–1956.

    Google Scholar 

  976. Zammarchi E, Calzolari C, Pignotti MS, et al. Unusual presentation of the immotile cilia syndrome in two children. Acta Paediatr. 1993;82:312–313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  977. Zaret CR, Behrens MM, Eggers HM. Congenital ocular motor apraxia and brain stem tumors. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  978. Zee DS. Supranuclear and internuclear ocular motor disorders. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, eds. Walsh & Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, vol. 1. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998:1283–1349.

    Google Scholar 

  979. Zeid JL, Charrow J, Sandu M, et al. Orbital optic nerve gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis type 1. J AAPOS. 2006;10:534–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  980. Zerah M, Garcia-Monaco R, Rodesch G, et al. Hydrodynamics in vein of Galen malformations. Childs Nerv Syst. 1992;8:111–117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  981. Zimmerman CF, Roach ES, Troost BT. Seesaw nystagmus associated with Chiari malformation. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:299–300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  982. Zoller M, Rembeck B, Akesson HO, et al. Life expectancy, mortality, and prognostic factors in neurofibromatosis 1: A twelve-year follow-up of an epidemiological study in Goteberg, Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol. 1995;75:136–140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brodsky, M.C. (2010). Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Systemic and Intracranial Disease. In: Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69069-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69069-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-69066-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-69069-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics