Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evidence-Based Surgery

  • Chapter
Surgery

  • 448 Accesses

Abstract

The term evidence-based medicine was coined by Sackett and colleagues in the 1980s. They defined it as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”1 The practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best-available clinical evidence from systematic research. In short, evidence-based medicine means systematically searching for the best evidence rather than relying on expert opinion or anecdotal experience. In addition, Sackett and colleagues recognized the importance of the clinical expertise that most physicians possess and were explicit in stating that the evidence must be integrated with clinical acumen. Finally, the preferences and values of the patient must be considered in the decision making.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence-based medicine. JAMA 1992;268:2420–2425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Davidoff F, Haynnes B, Sackett D, Smith R. Evidence based medicine. A new journal to help doctors identify the information they need. BMJ 1998;310:1085–1086.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wai E, Wright JG. Evidence-based surgery. 1A. The traditional practice of surgery. Curr Controversies Surg 1999;33:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ruffin JM, Grizzle JE, Hightower NC, McHardy G, Shull H, Kirsner JB. A co-operative double blind evaluation of gastric “freezing” in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. N Engl J Med 1969;281:16–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Calandra T, Baumgartner JD, Grau EG, et al. Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma in the serum of patients with septic shock. J Infect Dis 1990;161:982–987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fisher CJ, Dhaniaut JFA, Opal SM, et al. Recombinant human interleukin receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. JAMA 1994;271:1836–1843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Seward WF. Medical economics. Bull Am Coll Surg 1999;84:12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC. A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA 1992;268:240–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kreder HJ. Evidence based surgical practice: what is it and do we need it? W J Surg in press.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Anderson FA Jr, Wheeler B, Goldberg RJ, Hosmer DW, Forcier A, Patawardhan NA. Physician practices in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:591–595.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett D. Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 1995;346:407–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Howes N, Chagla L, Thorpe M, McCulloch P. Surgical practice is evidence based. BJS 1997;84:1220–1223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problemsolving. BMJ 1995;310:1126.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Canadian Task Force on Periodic Health Examination. The periodic health examination. CMAJ 1979;121:1193–1254.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Solomon MJ, McLeod RS. Clinical studies in surgical journals—have we improved? Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:43–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP, Weiss NS. A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Eng J Med 1992;326:653–657.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shapiro S. Evidence of screening for breast cancer from a randomized trial. Cancer 1977;39(suppl):2772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Detsky AS. Are clinical trials a cost effective investment? JAMA 1983;262:1795–1800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. McLeod RS, Wright JG, Solomon MJ, Hu X, Walters BC, Lossing A. Randomized controlled trials in surgery; issues and problems. Surgery 1996;119:483–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dimond EG, Kittle CF, Crockett JE. Evaluation of internal mamary artery ligation and sham procedure in angina pectoris. Circulation 1958:18:712–713.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chalmers TC. Randomization of the first patient. Med Clin North Am 1975;59:1035–1038.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Taylor K, Margolese R, Soskolne CL. Physicians’ reasons for not entering eligible patients in a randomized clinical trial of adjuvant surgery for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1363–1367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kennedy ED, Blair JE, Ready R, et al. Patients’ perceptions of their participation in a clinical trial for postoperative Crohn’s disease. Can J Gastroenterol 1998;12:287–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fisher B, Bauer M, Margolese R, et al. Five year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and segmental mastectomy with or without radiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1985;312:665–673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. The EC/ IC Bypass Study Group. Failure of extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Results of an international randomized trial. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1191–1200.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Spechler SJ. Comparison of medical and surgical therapy for complicated gastroesophageal reflux disease in veterans. N Engl J Med 1992;326:786–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Health Services Research Group. Outcomes and the management of health care. CMAJ 1992;147:1775–1779.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Committee to Design a Strategy for Quality Review and Assurance in Medicare, Institute of Medicine. Medicare; a Strategy for Quality Assurance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Greenfield S. The state of outcome research: are we on target? N Engl J Med 1989;320:1142–1143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:445–453.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kucey DS, Bowyer B, Iron K, Austin P, Anderson G, Tu JV. Determinants of outcome after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:1051–1058.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Health Services Group. Small-area variations: what are they and what do they mean? CMAJ 1992;146:467–470.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Iscoe NA, Goel V, Wu K, Fehringer G, Holowaty EJ, Naylor CD. Variation in breast cancer surgery in Ontario. CMAJ 1994;150:245–352.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Eddy DM. Variations in physician practice: the role of uncertainty. Health Aff (Millwood) 1984;3:74–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wennberg JE. Dealing with medical practice variations: a proposal for action. Health Aff (Millwood) 1984;3:6–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wright JG, Hawker GA, Bombardier C, et al. Physician enthusiasm as an explanation for area variation in the utilization of knee-replacement surgery. Med Care 1999;37:946–956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Brook RH, Kosecoff JB, Park RE, Chassin MR, Winslow CM, Hampton JR. Diagnosis and treatment of coronary disease: comparisons of doctors’ attitudes in the USA and UK. Lancet 1988;1:750–753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Blais R. Variations in the use of health care services: why are more studies needed? CMAJ 1994;151:1701–1719.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wennberg JE. Which rate is right? [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1986;314:310–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wright JG, Coyte P, Hawker G, et al. Variation in orthopedic surgeon’s perceptions of the indications for and outcomes of knee replacement. CMAJ 1995;152:687–697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Porter GA, Soskolne CL, Yakimets WW, Newman SC. Surgeon-related factors and outcome in rectal cancer. Ann Surg 1998;227:157–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lieberman MD, Kilburn H, Lindsey M, Brennen MF. Relation of perioperative deaths to hospital volume among patients undergoing pancreatic resection for malignancy. Ann Surg 1995;222:638–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Simunovic M, To T, Theriault M, Langer B. Relation between hospital surgical volume and outcome for pancreatic resection for neoplasm in a publicly funded health care system. CMAJ 1999;160:643–648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gordon TA, Burleyson GP, Tielsch JM, Cameron JL. The effects of regionalization on cost and outcome for 1 general high-risk surgical procedure. Ann Surg 1995;221:43–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Birkmeyer JD, Finlayson SR, Tosteson AN, Sharp SM, Warshaw AL, Fisher ES. Effect of hospital volume on in-hospital mortality with pancreaticoduodenectomy. Surgery 1999;125:250–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Khuri SF, Henderson WG, Hur K, Hossein M, Daley J. The relationship of surgical volume to outcome in 8 common operations. Paper presented at: the meeting of the American Surgical Association; April 1999; San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Halm EA, Lee C, Chassin MR. Is volume outcome related to outcome in health care? A systematic review and methodologic critique of the literature. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:511–520.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. An Assessment of 169 Interventions. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Sinclair JC, Hayward R, Cook DJ, Cook RJ, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. JAMA 1995;274:1800–1804.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Liberati A. Problems in defining hierarchies (levels) of evidence for studies to be included in systematic reviews of effectiveness of interventions. Paper presented at: the Second Symposium on Systematic Reviews: Beyond the Basics; January 1999; Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Levels of evidence and grade recommendation. Available at: http:www.cebm.net/levels_of_evidence.asp.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Horton R. Surgical research or comic opera: questions, but few answers. Lancet 1996;347:984–985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Spodick DH. Randomized controlled clinical trials. The behavioral case. JAMA 1982;247:2258–2260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Barnes RW. Understanding investigative clinical trials. J Vasc Surg 1989;9:609–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Haines SJ. Randomized clinical trials in the evaluation of surgical innovation. Neurosurgery 1979;51:5–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Solomon MJ, Laxamana A, Devore L, McLeod RS. Randomized controlled trials in surgery. Surgery 1994;115:707–712.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hall JC, Mills B, Nguyen H, Hall JL. Methodological standards in clinical trials. Surgery 1996;119:466–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Solomon JS, McLeod RS. Should we be performing more randomized controlled trials evaluating surgical operations? Surgery 1995;118:459–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Goligher JC, Pulvertaft CN, Watkinson G. Controlled trial of vagotomy and gastroenterology, vagotomy and gastroenterostomy, vagotomy and antrectomy and subtotal gastrectomy in elective treatment of duodenal ulcer. BMJ 1964;1455–1460.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Cook DJ, Sackett DL, Spitzer WO. Methodologic guidelines for systematic reviews of randomized control trials in health care from the Potsdam consultation on meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:167–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. L’Abbee KA, Detsky AS, O’Rourke K. Meta-analysis in clinical research. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:224–233.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Spitzer WO, ed. The Potsdam International Consultation on Meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:1–171.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Chalmers TC, Altman DG, eds. Systematic Reviews. London: British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Users’ guides to the medical literature. VI. How to use an overview. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994;272:1367–1371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Moher D, Olkin I. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: a concern for standards. JAMA 1995;274:1962–1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. LeLorier J, Gregoire G, Benhaddad A, Lapierre J, Dederian F. Discrepancies between meta-analysis and subsequent large randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 1997;337:536–542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Moher D, Olkin I. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: a concern for standards. JAMA 1995;274:1962–1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Dickerson K, Scherer R, Lefebvre C. Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ 1994;309:1286–1291.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Moher D, Fortin P, Jadad AR, et al. Completeness of reporting of trials published in languages other than English: implications for conduct and reporting of systematic reviews. Lancet 1996;347:363–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Jadad AR, McQuay HJ. Meta-analyses to evaluate analgesic interventions: a systematic qualitative review of their methodology. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:235–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Dixon E, Hameed M, Sutherland F, Cook DJ, Doig C. Evaluating meta-analyses in the general surgical literature. A critical appraisal. Ann Surg 2005;241:450–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Library. Vista, CA: Cochrane Collaboration. (The Cochrane Library is available on CD-ROM on a quarterly basis. The Cochrane Library, Update Software Inc., 936 La Rueda, Vista, CA 92084, USA.)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Committee to Advise Public Health Service on Clinical Practice Guidelines (Institute of Medicine) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Directions for a New Program. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990:58.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wright JG, McLeod RS, Mahoney J, Lossing A, Hu X from the Surgical Clinical Epidemiology Group. Surgery 1996;119:706–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Browman GP, Levine MN, Mohide A, et al. The practice guidelines development cycle: a conceptual tool for practice guidelines development and implementation. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:502–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Wolff SH. Practice guidelines, a new reality in medicine. II. Methods of developing guidelines. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:946–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Hayward RSA, Wilson MC, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt GH, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. Are recommendations valid? JAMA 1995;274:570–574.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence Based Medicine. How to Practice and Teach EBM. Pearson Professional Ltd; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Oxman AD, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. I. How to get started. JAMA 1993;270:2093–2095.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users7 guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1993;270:2598–2601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ. Users’ guides to the medical literature. II. How to use an article about therapy or prevention. B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994;271:59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. HI. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA 1994;271:389–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. IE. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA 1994;271:703–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. IV. How to use an article about harm. JAMA 1994;271:1615–1619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson WS, Tugwell P, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. JAMA 1994;272:234–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Richardson WS, Detsky AS, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA 1995;273:1292–1295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Richardson WS, Detsky AS, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. VII. How to use a clinical decision analysis. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA 1995’273:1610–1613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Naylor DC, Guyatt GH, for the evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. X. How to use an article reporting variations in the outcomes of health services. JAMA 1996;275:554–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Naylor CD, Guyatt GH, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. XI. How to use an article about a clinical utilization review. JAMA 1996;275:1435–1439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Guyatt GH, Naylor CD, Juniper E, Heyland DK, Jaeschke R, Cook DJ, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users7 guides to the medical literature. XII. How to use an article about health-related quality of life. JAMA 1997;277:1232–1237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Drummond MF, Richardson WS, O’Brien BJ, Levine M, Heyland D, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. XIII. How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice. A. Are the results of the study valid? JAMA 1997;277:1552–1557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. O’Brien BJ, Heyland D, Richardson WS, Levine M, Drummond MF, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. XIII. How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients? JAMA 1997;277:1802–1806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dans AL, Dans LF, Guyatt GH, Richardson S, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Users’ guides to the medical literature. XTV. How to decide on the applicability of clinical trial results to your patient. JAMA 1998;279:545–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Last JM. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford Medical Publications; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Cook RJ, Sackett DL. The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ 1995;310:452–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Guyatt GH, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Cook D, Shannon H, Walter S. Basic statistics for clinicians: 2. Interpreting study results: confidence intervals. CMAJ 1995;152:169–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto

    Robin S. McLeod MD, FRCSC (Professor, Head)

  2. Division of General Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Robin S. McLeod MD, FRCSC (Professor, Head)

Authors
  1. Robin S. McLeod MD, FRCSC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA

    Jeffrey A. Norton MD, FACS (Robert L. and Mary Ellenburg Professor, Chief) (Robert L. and Mary Ellenburg Professor, Chief)

  2. Divisions of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA

    Jeffrey A. Norton MD, FACS (Robert L. and Mary Ellenburg Professor, Chief) (Robert L. and Mary Ellenburg Professor, Chief)

  3. Departments of Surgery and Public Health, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

    Philip S. Barie MD, MBA, FCCM, FACS (Professor, Chief) (Professor, Chief)

  4. Division of Critical Care and Trauma, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

    Philip S. Barie MD, MBA, FCCM, FACS (Professor, Chief) (Professor, Chief)

  5. Departments of Surgery and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    R. Randal Bollinger MD, PhD, FACS (Professor) (Professor)

  6. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Alfred E. Chang MD, FACS (Chief, Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery) (Chief, Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery)

  7. Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Stephen F. Lowry MD, MBA, FACS (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

  8. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Stephen F. Lowry MD, MBA, FACS (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

  9. Department of Surgery, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Sean J. Mulvihill MD, FACS (Professor and Chair, Senior Director of Clinical Affairs) (Professor and Chair, Senior Director of Clinical Affairs)

  10. Huntsman Cancer Institute, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Sean J. Mulvihill MD, FACS (Professor and Chair, Senior Director of Clinical Affairs) (Professor and Chair, Senior Director of Clinical Affairs)

  11. Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Harvey I. Pass MD, FACS (Professor) (Professor)

  12. Radiology, and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Robert W. Thompson MD, FACS (Professor of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Vice-Chairman for Research) (Professor of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Vice-Chairman for Research)

  13. Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Robert W. Thompson MD, FACS (Professor of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Vice-Chairman for Research) (Professor of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Vice-Chairman for Research)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McLeod, R.S. (2008). Evidence-Based Surgery. In: Norton, J.A., et al. Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68113-9_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-30800-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-68113-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation