Although metallic glasses synthesized by rapid quenching from the melt were first discovered in 1960 by Duwez and coworkers at Caltech, the study of the mechanical behavior of metallic glasses only started in the early 1970s. Metallic glasses were found to deform elastically and exhibit negligible plasticity in uniaxial tension. Despite a limited macroscopic tensile plastic strain (<0.5%), exceptionally high strain (~100) was observed to take place within localized shear bands. One of the scientific questions naturally arises: how does a shear band nucleate and propagate in a medium presumably consisting of randomly packed atoms? Several theories, including the freevolume model and the dislocation model, were subsequently proposed to address the shear band formation and propagation. It was impossible to carry out irrevocable experiments to prove these theories at that time due to the limited size of the samples, and thus a poorly defined stress state during mechanical testing, and the lack of advanced analytical tools. However, the situation changed after the successful development of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in many alloy systems, e.g., Zr-, Mg-, Pd-, La-, Cu-, Ti-, and Febased. As a result of this development, research of BMGs has been very active, especially in the area of mechanical deformation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
C. T. Liu, L. Heatherly, D. S. Easton, C. A. Carmichael, J. H. Schneibel, C. H. Chen, J. L. Wright, M. H. Yoo, J. A. Horton, and A. Inoue, Test environment and mechanical properties of Zr-base bulk amorphous alloys, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 29(7), 1811-1820 (1998).
T. Mukai, T. G. Nieh, Y. Kawamura, A. Inoue, and K. Higashi, Influence of strain rate on compressive mechanical behavior of Pd40Ni40P20 bulk metallic glass, Intermetallics 10 (11-12), 1071-1077 (2002).
T. Masumoto and R. Maddin, Structural stability and mechanical properties of amorphous metals, Mater. Sci. Eng. 19(1), 1-24 (1975).
E. Pekarskaya, C. P. Kim, and W. L. Johnson, In situ transmission electron microscopy studies of shear bands in a bulk metallic glass based composite, J. Mater. Res. 16(9), 2513-2518 (2001).
F. Spaepen, A microscopic mechanism for steady state inhomogeneous flow in metallic glasses, Acta Metall. 25(4), 407-415 (1977).
A. S. Argon, Plastic deformation in metallic glasses, Acta Metall. 27, 47-58 (1979).
Z. F. Zhang, J. Eckert, and L. Schultz, Difference in compressive and tensile fracture mechanisms of Zr59Cu20Al10Ni8Ti3 bulk metallic glass, Acta Mater. 51(4), 1167-1179 (2003).
P. E. Donovan, A yield criterion for Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass, Acta Mater. 37(2), 445-456 (1989).
C. A. Schuh and A. C. Lund, Atomistic basis for the plastic yield criterion of metallic glass, Nat. Mater. 2(7), 449-452 (2003).
H. A. Bruck, A. J. Rosakis, and W. L. Johnson, The dynamic compressive behavior of beryllium bearing bulk metallic glasses, J. Mater. Res. 11(2), 503-511 (1996).
W. J. Wright, R. Saha, and W. D. Nix, Deformation mechanisms of the Zr40Ti14Ni10Cu12Be24 bulk metallic glass, Mater. Trans. JIM 42(4), 642-649 (2001).
P. Lowhaphandu, S. L. Montgomery, and J. J. Lewandowski, Effects of superimposed hydrostatic pressure on flow and fracture of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk amorphous alloy, Scripta Mater. 41(1), 19-24 (1999).
T. Mukai, T. G. Nieh, Y. Kawamura, A. Inoue, and K. Higashi, Dynamic response of a Pd40Ni40P20 bulk metallic glass in tension, Scripta Mater. 46(1), 43-47 (2002).
R. Maddin and T. Masumoto, Deformation of amorphous palladium-20 at% silicon, Mater. Sci. Eng. 9, 153-162 (1972).
Y. Kawamura, T. Shibata, A. Inoue, and T. Masumoto, Deformation behavior of Zr65Al10Ni10Cu15 glassy alloy with wide supercooled liquid region, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 (9), 1208-1210 (1996).
J. Das, M. B. Tang, K. B. Kim, R. Theissmann, F. Baier, W. H. Wang, and J. Eckert, Work-hardenable ductile bulk metallic glass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 205501 (2005).
B. Yang, L. Riester, and T. G. Nieh, Strain hardening in a bulk metallic glass under nanoindentation, Scripta Mater. 54, 1277-1280 (2006).
T. C. Hufnagel, T. Jiao, Y. Li, L. Q. Xing, and K. T. Ramesh, Deformation and failure of Zr57Ti5Cu20Ni8Al10 bulk metallic glass under quasi-static and dynamic compression, J. Mater. Res. 17(6), 1441-1445 (2002).
H. Bei, S. Xie, and E. P. George, Softening caused by profuse shear banding in a bulk metallic glass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 105503 (2006).
H. Kimura and T. Masumoto, A model of the mechanics of serrated flow in an amorphous alloy, Acta Metall. 31(2), 231-240 (1983).
C. A. Schuh, T. G. Nieh, and Y. Kawamura, Rate dependence of serrated flow during nanoindentation of a bulk metallic glass, J. Mater. Res. 17(7), 1651-1654 (2002).
C. A. Schuh and T. G. Nieh, A nanoindentation study of serrated flow in bulk metallic glasses, Acta Mater. 51(1), 87-99 (2003).
C. A. Schuh, A. S. Argon, T. G. Nieh, and J. Wadsworth, The transition from localized to homogeneous plasticity during nanoindentation of an amorphous metal, Philos. Mag. A 83 (22), 2585-2597 (2003).
C. A. Schuh, A. C. Lund, and T. G. Nieh, New regime of homogeneous flow in the deformation map of metallic glasses: Elevated temperature nanoindentation experiments and mechanistic modeling, Acta Mater. 52(20), 5879-5891 (2004).
P. Wesseling, T. G. Nieh, W. H. Wang, and J. J. Lewandowski, Preliminary assessment of flow, notch toughness, and high temperature behavior of Cu60Zr20Hf10Ti10 bulk metallic glass, Scripta Mater. 51(2), 151-154 (2004).
J. J. Lewandowski, M. Shazly, and A. S. Nouri, Intrinsic and extrinsic toughening of metallic glasses, Scripta Mater. 54(3), 337-341 (2006).
B. Yang, C. T. Liu, T. G. Nieh, M. Morrison, P. K. Liaw, and R. A. Buchanan, Localized heating and fracture criterion for bulk metallic glasses, J. Mater. Res. 21(4), 915-922 (2006).
W. L. Johnson and K. Samwer, A universal criterion for plastic yielding of metallic glasses with a (T/Tg)2/3 temperature dependence, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 195501 (2006).
A. Inoue, B. L. Shen, H. Koshiba, H. Kato, and A. R. Yavari, Ultra-high strength above 5000 MPa and soft magnetic properties of Co-Fe-Ta-B bulk glassy alloys, Acta Mater. 52, 1631-1637 (2004).
H. S. Chen, Glassy metals, Rep. Prog. Phys. 43, 353-432 (1980).
Z. P. Lu and C. T. Liu, A new approach to understanding and measuring glass formation in bulk amorphous materials, Intermetallics 12, 1035-1043 (2004).
B. Yang, C. T. Liu, and T. G. Nieh, Unified equation for the strength of bulk metallic glasses, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(22), 221911 (2006).
H. Chen, Y. He, G. J. Shiflet, and S. J. Poon, Deformation-induced nanocrystal formation in shear bands of amorphous alloys, Nature 367, 541-543 (1994).
W. H. Jiang, F. E. Pinkerton, and M. Atzmon, Deformation-induced nanocrystallization in an Al-based amorphous alloy at a subambient temperature, Scripta Mater. 48(8), 1195- 1200 (2003).
W. H. Jiang and M. Atzmon, Mechanically-assisted nanocrystallization and defects in amorphous alloys: A high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study, Scripta Mater. 54, 333-336 (2006).
J. J. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Suresh, and A. S. Argon, Nanocrystallization during nanoindentation of a bulk amorphous metal alloy at room temperature, Science 295, 654-657 (2002).
M. Chen, A. Inoue, W. Zhang, and T. Sakurai, Extraordinary plasticity of ductile bulk metallic glasses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 245502 (2006).
J. Li, X. Gu, and T. C. Hufnagel, Using fluctuation microscopy to characterize structural order in metallic glasses, Microsc. Microanal. 6, 509-515 (2003).
J. Li, F. Spaepen, and T. C. Hufnagel, Nanometre-scale defects in shear bands in a metallic glass, Philos. Mag. A 82(13), 2623-2630 (2002).
K. M. Flores, Structural changes and stress state effects during inhomogeneous flow of metallic glasses, Scripta Mater. 54, 327-332 (2006).
B. P. Kanungo, S. C. Glade, P. Asoka-Kumar, and K. M. Flores, Characterization of free volume changes associated with shear band formation in Zr- and Cu-based bulk metallic glasses, Intermetallics 12, 1073-1080 (2004).
. Y. Hirotsu, T. G. Nieh, A. Hirata, T. Ohkubo, and N. Tanaka, Local atomic ordering and nanoscale phase separation in a Pd-Ni-P bulk metallic glass, Phys. Rev. B 73, 012205 (2006). http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v73/e012205
K. Zhang, J. R. Weertman, and J. A. Eastman, Rapid stress-driven grain coarsening in nanocrystalline Cu at ambient and cryogenic temperatures, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 061921 (2005).
D. Pan, T. G. Nieh, and M. W. Chen, Strengthening and softening of nanocrystalline nickel during multi-step nanoindentation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(16), 161922 (2006).
S. F. Pugh, Relations between the elastic moduli and plastic properties of polycrystalline pure metals, Philos. Mag. 45, 823-843 (1954).
J. J. Gilman, B. J. Cunningham, and A. C. Holt, Method for monitoring the mechanical state of a material, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 125, 39-42 (1990).
A. H. Cottrell, The art of simplification in materials science, MRS Bull. 22(5), 15 (1997).
V. N. Novikov and A. P. Sokolov, Poissons ratio and the fragility of glass-forming liquids, Nature 431, 961-963 (2004).
J. J. Lewandowski, W. H. Wang, and A. L. Greer, Intrinsic plasticity or brittleness of metallic glasses, Philos. Mag. Lett. 85(2), 77-87 (2005).
J. Schroers and W. L. Johnson, Ductile bulk metallic glass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 255506 (2004).
X. J. Gu, A. G. McDermott, and S. J. Poon, Critical Poisson’s ratio for plasticity in FeMo-C-B-Ln bulk amorphous steel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 211905 (2006).
J. J. Lewandowski, M. Shazly, and A. S. Nouri, Intrinsic and extrinsic toughening of metallic glasses, Scripta Mater. 54(3), 337-341 (2006).
J. J. Brennan and K. M. Prewo, Silicon carbide fiber reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composites exhibiting high strength and toughness, J. Mater. Sci. 17, 2371-2383 (1982).
R. D. Conner, R. B. Dandliker, and W. L. Johnson, Mechanical properties of tungsten and steel fiber reinforced Zr41.25Ti13.75Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 metallic glass matrix composites, Acta Mater. 46(17), 6089-6102 (1998).
C. C. Hays, C. P. Kim, and W. L. Johnson, Microstructure controlled shear band pattern formation and enhanced plasticity of bulk metallic glasses containing in situ formed ductile phase dendrite dispersions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(13), 2901-2904 (2000).
C. Fan, H. Li, L. J. Kecskes, K. Tao, H. Choo, P. K. Liaw, and C. T. Liu, Mechanical behavior of bulk amorphous alloys reinforced by ductile particles at cryogenic temperatures, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 145506 (2006).
G. He, J. Eckert, and W. Loser, Stability, phase transformation and deformation behavior of Ti-base metallic glass and composite, Acta Mater. 51, 1621-1631 (2003).
Y. Kawamura, T. Nakamura, and A. Inoue, Superplasticity in Pd40Ni40P20 metallic glass, Scripta Mater. 39(3), 301-306 (1998).
. A. L. Mulder, R. J. A. Derksen, J. W. Drijver, and S. Radelaar, Presented at the Procee- dings of 4th International Conference on Rapidly Quenched Metals, Sendai, 1982 (unpublished).
T. G. Nieh, T. Mukai, C. T. Liu, and J. Wadsworth, Superplastic behavior of a Zr-10Al5Ti-17.9Cu-14.6Ni metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region, Scripta Mater. 40(9), 1021-1027 (1999).
M. Bletry, P. Guyot, Y. Brechet, J. J. Blandin, and J. L. Soubeyroux, Homogeneous deformation of bulk metallic glasses in the super-cooled liquid state, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 387-389, 1005-1011 (2004).
A. Reger-Leonhard, M. Heilmaier, and J. Eckert, Newtonian flow of Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk metallic glassy alloys, Scripta Mater. 43, 459-464 (2000).
J. P. Chu, C. L. Chiang, T. Mahalingam, and T. G. Nieh, Plastic flow and tensile ductility of a bulk amorphous Zr55Al10Cu30Ni5 alloy at 700 K, Scripta Mater. 49(5), 435-440 (2003).
C. L. Chiang, J. P. Chu, C. T. Lo, Z. X. Wang, W. H. Wang, J. G. Wang, and T. G. Nieh, Homogeneous plastic deformation in bulk amorphous Cu60Zr20Hf10Ti10 alloy, Intermetallics 12, 1057-1061 (2004).
D. H. Bae, J. M. Park, J. H. Na, D. H. Kim, Y. C. Kim, and J. K. Lee, Deformation behavior of Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu-Be metallic glass and composite in the supercooled liquid region, J. Mater. Res. 19(3), 937-942 (2004).
F. Spaepen, Homogeneous flow of metallic glasses: A free volume perspective, Scripta Mater. 54(3), 363-367 (2006).
T. G. Nieh, J. Wadsworth, C. T. Liu, G. E. Ice, and K.-S. Chung, Extended plasticity in the supercooled liquid region of bulk metallic glasses, Mater. Trans. JIM 42(4), 613-618 (2001).
T. G. Nieh, J. Wadsworth, C. T. Liu, Y. Ohkubo, and Y. Hirotsu, Plasticity and structure instability in a bulk metallic glass deformed in the supercooled liquid region, Acta Mater. 49 (15), 2887-2896 (2001).
J. P. Chu, C. L. Chiang, T. G. Nieh, and Y. Kawamura, Superplasticity in a bulk amorphous Pd-40Ni-20P alloy: A compression study, Intermetallics 10(11-12), 1191- 1195 (2002).
W. J. Kim, D. S. Ma, and H. G. Jeong, Superplastic flow in a Zr65Al10Ni10Cu15 metallic glass crystallized during deformation in a supercooled liquid region, Scripta Mater. 49 (11), 1067-1073 (2003).
G. Wang, J. Shen, J. F. Sun, Y. J. Huang, J. Zou, Z. P. Lu, Z. H. Stachurski, and B. D. Zhou, Superplasticity and superplastic forming ability of a Zr-Ti-Ni-Cu-Be bulk metallic glass in the supercooled liquid region, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 351(3), 209-217 (2005).
Y. Saotome, K. Itoh, T. Zhang, and A. Inoue, Superplastic nanoforming of Pd-based amorphous alloy, Scripta Mater. 44(8-9), 1541-1545 (2001).
Y. Saotome, T. Hatori, T. Zhang, and A. Inoue, Superplastic micro/nano-formability of La60Al20Ni10Co5Cu5 amorphous alloy in supercooled liquid state, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 304, 716-720 (2001).
J. P. Chu, C. L. Chiang, H. Wijaya, R. T. Huang, C. W. Wu, B. Zhang, W. H. Wang, and T. G. Nieh, Compressive deformation of a bulk Ce-based metallic glass, Scripta Mater. 55, 227-230 (2006).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nieh, T.G. (2008). Deformation Behavior. In: Miller, M., Liaw, P. (eds) Bulk Metallic Glasses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48921-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48921-6_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-48920-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-48921-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)