Abstract
English dovetails with globalisation and now serves so many purposes in continental European countries and in the institutions of the European Union that it is becoming a second language. Some of the political, journalistic and academic marketing of English, is false. There are fundamental paradoxes in the ostensible commitment of the EU to maintaining linguistic diversity and the expansion of the uses of English. Many of the variables affecting the goals and forms of English learning are contrasted in a Global English Paradigm and a World Englishes Paradigm. The conflicting pressures and interpretations of what is at stake in changed uses and forms of English can be traced in its evolving hybridity, in trends towards diglossia, and mythology about how English functions as a ‘lingua franca.’ Research into the increased use of English in Germany and Scandinavia is reported on. Moves towards seeing English as detached from Anglo-American norms are scrutinized, and limitations in the existing research are identified. Efforts nationally and in the EU directed towards strengthening multilingualism in education need to address the political, economic and cultural aspects of Englishization and to engage with these more actively in language policy formation and the reform of language pedagogy if the language ecology of Europe is to flourish.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, R. J. (2003). G.lobal L.anguages O.ppress B.ut A.re Liberating, Too: The dialectic of English. In Mair, C. (Ed.), The politics of English as a world language: New horizons in postcolonial English studies (pp. 87–96). Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.
Ammon, U. (2000). Towards more fairness in international English: Linguistic rights of non-native speakers? In Phillipson, R. (Ed.), Rights to language. Equity, power, and education (pp. 102–110). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Blommaert, J. (2003) Commentary: A sociolinguistics of globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4), 607–623.
Bondebjerg, I. (2003). Culture, media and globalisation. In Humanities — essential research for Europe (pp. 71–88). Copenhagen: Danish Research Council for the Humanities.
Bourdieu, P. (2001). Contre-feux 2. Pour un mouvement social européen. Paris: Raisons d’agir.
Brutt-Grifller, J. (2002). World English: A study of its development. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Cameron, D. (2002). Globalization and the teaching of ‘communication’ skills. In Block, D. and Cameron, D. (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching (pp. 67–82). London: Routledge.
Chaudenson, R. (2003). Geolinguistics, geopolitics, geostrategy: The case for French. In J. Maurais & M. A. Morris (Eds.), Languages in a globalising world (pp. 291–297). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Commission of the European Union (2003). Promoting language learning and linguistic diversity: An Action Plan 2004–2006, (COM(2003) 449). Retrieved September 20 2005, from http://europa.eu.int/.
Council of Europe (2004). Filling the frame. Five years of monitoring the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Council of Europe (2005). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. http://www.coe.int, language policy division.
Crystal, D. (1997). English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
De Swaan, A. (2001). Words of the world. The global language system, Cambridge: Polity.
Dendrinos, V. (1999). The conflictual subjectivity of the periphery ELT practitioner. In A.-F. Christidis, (Ed.), ’strong’ and ‘weak’ languages in the European Union. Aspects of linguistic hegemonism (pp. 711–717). ys of an international conference, Thessaloniki, 26–28 March 1997. Thessaloniki: Centre for the Greek Language.
Gawlitta, K., and Vilmar, F. (eds.) (2002). ‘Deutsch nix wichtig’? Engagement für die deutsche Sprache. Paderborn: IBF Verlag.
Graddol, D. (1998). The future of English? London: The British Council.
Grin, F. (2001). English as economic value: Facts and fallacies. World Englishes 20(1), 65–78.
Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hjarvad, S. (2004). The globalization of language. How the media contribute to the spread of English and the emergence of medialects. Nordicom Information Gothenburg 2, 75–97 (original also published in Danish).
Höglin, R. (2002). Engelska språket som hot och tillgång i Norden. Copenhagen: Nordiska Ministerrådet.
House, J. (2003). English as a lingua franca: A threat to multilingualism? Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4), 556–578.
Hüllen, W. (1992). Identifikationssprache und Kommunikationssprache. Über Probleme der Mehrsprachigkeit. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 20(3), 298–317.
Hüllen, W. (2003). Global English: Desired and dreaded. In R. Ahrens (Ed.), Europäische Sprachenpolitik. European language policy (pp. 113–122). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.
Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kachru, Braj B. (1986). The alchemy of English: The spread, functions and models of non-native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon.
Kayman, M. A. (2004). The state of English as a global language: Communicating culture. Textual practice 18(1), 1–22.
Kontra, M. (1997). English linguistic and cultural imperialism and teacher training in Hungary. Report on the 2nd ELT Conference on Teacher Training in the Carpathian Euro-region, Debrecen, Hungary, 25–27 April 1997. Budapest: British Council, English Language Teaching Contacts Scheme, 83–88.
Kramsch, C. (2002). In search of the intercultural. Review article, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6(2), 275–285.
McCarty, T. L. (2004). Dangerous difference: A critical-historical analysis of language education policies in the United States. In Tollefson, J. & Tsui, A. B. M. (Eds.) Medium of instruction policies. Which agenda? Whose agenda? (pp. 71–93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Melander, B. (2001). Swedish, English and the European Union. In Boyd, S. and Huss, L. (Eds.), Managing multilingualism in a European nation-state. Challenges for Sweden (pp. 13–31). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Monbiot, G. (2000). Captive state: The corporate take-over of Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Mufwene, S. S. (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nuffield Languages Inquiry (2000). Languages: The next generation. The Final Report and Recommendations of the Nuffield Languages Inquiry, Retrieved December 21 2005, from http://www.nuffield.org.
Pegrum, M. (2004). Selling English: Advertising and the discourses of ELT. English Today 77, 20(1), 3–10.
Petersen, M and Shaw, P. (2002). Language and disciplinary differences in a biliterate context. World Englishes, 21(3), 357–374.
Phillipson, R. (1999). Voice in global English: Unheard chords in Crystal loud and clear. Applied Linguistics, 20(2), 265–276.
Phillipson, R. (2003). English-only Europe? Challenging language policy, London: Routledge.
Phillipson, R. (2004). English in globalization: Three approaches. Journal of Language, Identity and Education, 3(1), 73–84.
Phillipson, R. (2005). Language policy and linguistic imperialism. In Ricento, T. (Ed.), An introduction to language policy: Theory and method, (pp. 346–361). Oxford: Blackwell.
Phillipson, R. (2006) Figuring out the Englishization of Europe. In J. Jenkins, & C. Leung (Eds.), Reconfiguring Europe: The contribution of applied linguistics, (pp. 65–85). London: Equinox and the British Association of Applied Linguistics.
Preisler, B. (1999). Functions and forms of English in a European EFL country. In Bex, T. & Watts, R. J. (Eds.) Standard English: The widening debate (pp. 239–267). London: Routledge.
Rice, C. (2000). Campaign 2000: Promoting the national interest. Cited in the Danish daily Information, 14 June 2001.
Rothkopf, D. (1997). In praise of cultural imperialism? Foreign policy, 107, 38–53.
Seidlhofer, B. (2004). Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 209–239.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education-or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
The Guardian Weekly, 13–19 August 2004.
Tsuda, Y. (1994). The diffusion of English: Its impact on culture and communication. Keio Communication Review, 16, 49–61.
Wilkinson, R. (Ed.) (2004). Integrating content and language. Meeting the challenge of a multilingual higher education. Maastricht: Maastricht University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Phillipson, R. (2007). English, No Longer a Foreign Language in Europe?. In: Cummins, J., Davison, C. (eds) International Handbook of English Language Teaching. Springer International Handbooks of Education, vol 15. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-46300-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-46301-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawEducation (R0)