Abstract
Bonding in ceramic materials may be quite complicated. It will be primarily covalent and/or ionic, but it may also have a metallic component, a van der Waals component, etc. In this chapter we will review the basic types of primary and secondary bonds and see how they apply to ceramics. We will also review the concept of energy bands, which we use in discussing electrical properties later. The purpose of this chapter is to review the concepts that we will use throughout the text. If it is not a review for you, suggestions are given for suitable texts that will give you the details. Important topics include the type of bonding, the origin of hybridization, mixed bonding, and energy bands.
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General References
Huheey, J.E. (1993) Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, Harper & Row, London. If the different interactions are not familiar to you from introductory chemistry or materials science classes, this text covers the material in some detail.
Kittel, C. (2004) Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition, Wiley, New York. A more rigorous and mathematical treatment of energy bands than we give in this chapter.
Pauling, L. (1960) The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Often referenced and well worth seeing.
Specific References
Born, M. (1919) “A thermo-chemical application of the lattice theory,” Verhandl. Deut. Phys. Ges. 21, 13.
Born, M. and Mayer, J.E. (1932) “Lattice theory of ionic crystals,” Z. Phys. 75, 1.
Chase, M.W., Jr. (1998) NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th edition, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C.; American Institute of Physics for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, New York.
Haber, F. (1919) “Theory of the heat of reaction,” Verhandl. Deut. Phys. Ges. 21, 750.
Hamaker, H.C. (1937) “London-van der Waals attraction between spherical particles,” Physica 4, 1058. The original.
Johnson, D.A. (1982) Some Thermodynamic Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Kubaschewski, O., Alcock, C.B., and Spencer, P.J. (1993) Materials Thermochemistry, 6th edition, Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Lande, A. (1920) “Size of atoms,” Z. Phys. 1, 191.
Lifshitz, E.M. (1956) “The theory of molecular attractive forces between solids,” Soviet Phys. JETP-USSR 2, 73.
Madelung, E. (1918) “The electric field in systems of regularly arranged point charges,” Phys. Z. 19, 524.
Shannon, R.D. and Prewitt, C.T. (1969) “Effective ionic radii in oxides and fluorides,” Acta Crystallogr B25, 925. Gives the alternatives to Pauling’s radii.
Shannon, R.D. (1976) “Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides,” Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751.
van Vechten, J.A. (1973) “Quantum dielectric theory of electronegativity in covalent systems. III. Pressuretemperature phase diagrams, heats of mixing, and distribution coefficients,” Phys. Rev. B7, 1479.
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(2007). Bonds and Energy Bands. In: Ceramic Materials. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46271-4_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46271-4_4
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