Abstract
Bioceramics are ceramics used for the repair and reconstruction of human body parts. There are many applications for bioceramics; currently the most important is in implants such as alumina hip prostheses. Alumina is classified as an inert bioceramic because it has very low reactivity in the body. However, bioactive materials have the ability to bond directly with bone. The advantages are
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Earlier stabilization of the implant
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Longer functional life
Bioactive ceramics are relatively weak compared with common implant metals and high strength ceramics such as alumina and zirconia. As a result they are often used as coatings, relying on the mechanical strength and toughness of the substrate. An important bioactive ceramic is hydroxyapatite (HA). Natural bone is a composite in which an assembly of HA particles is reinforced by organic collagen fibers. Hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene composites have been developed in an attempt to replicate the mechanical behavior of bone.
A major problem with this topic stems from the realization that you cannot replace bone if you do not understand why bone has such incredible mechanical properties. So if you work in this field you must learn about biology.
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General References
Hench, L.L. and Wilson, J.K. (Eds.) (1993) An Introduction to Bioceramics, World Scientific, Singapore. A collection of chapters on different aspects of bioceramics written by experts in the field. This is an excellent resource.
LeGeros, R.Z. and LeGeros, J.P. (Eds.) (1998) Bioceramics, Volume 11, Proceedings of the 11 th International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine, World Scientific, Singapore. The most recently published proceedings in this annual conference series. Covers the latest developments in all aspects of the field of bioceramics.
Marieb, E.N. (1998) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th edition, Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, CA. For a more detailed description of bone.
Park, J.B. (1984) Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Plenum, New York. A textbook covering all aspects of biomaterials. The section covering ceramic implant materials is quite brief, but there is information about polymers and metals and a general background about the field.
Ravaglioli, A. and Krajewski, A. (1992) Bioceramics: Materials, Properties, and Application, Chapman & Hall, London. Covers the history of bioceramics, scientific background to the field, and state of the art as of 1991.
Shackelford, J.F. (Ed.) (1999) Bioceramics: Applications of Ceramics and Glass Materials in Medicine Mater. Sci. Forum, 293. A recent monograph on bioceramics.
Williams, D.F. (1999) The Williams Dictionary of Biomaterials, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. The latest collection of definitions used in the field of biomaterials.
Yamamuro, T., Hench, L.L., and Wilson, J. (Eds.) (1990) Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, Volume I: Bioactive Glasses and Glass Ceramics, Volume II: Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxylapatite Ceramics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. A collection of articles on bioactive and resorbable bioceramics.
Specific References
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 13.01, Medical Implants, ASTM, Philadelphia. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has developed several standards related to bioceramics for surgical implants: the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
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Brömer, H., Pfeil, E., and Käs, H.H. (1973) German Patent 2,326,100. Patent for Ceravital.
Chakrabarti, O., Weisensel, L., and Sieber, H. (2005) “Reactive melt infiltration processing of biomorphic Si-Mo-C ceramics from wood,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 88(7), 1792.
DiB: Definitions in Biomaterials (1987) D.F. Williams (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 6. Includes a discussion of biocompatibility.
Ducheyne, P. and Hench, L.L. (1982) “The processing and static mechanical properties of metal fibre reinforced bioglass®,” J. Mater. Sci. 17, 595. Diffusion across a bioglass-metal interface.
Galletti, P.M. and Boretos, J.W. (1983) “Report on the Consensus Development Conference on Clinical Applications of Biomaterials” J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 17, 539. Defined “biomaterial.”
Hench, L.L. (1991) “Bioceramics: From concept to clinic,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74, 1487. An excellent review on this topic.
Hench, L.L. and Andersson, O. (1993) “Bioactive glasses,” in An Introduction to Bioceramics, edited by L.L. Hench and J.K. Wilson, World Scientific, Singapore, 41.
Klawitter, J.J. and Hulbert, S.F. (1971) “Application of porous ceramics for the attachment of load bearing orthopedic applications,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2, 161. Determined that a minimum pore size of 100 µm is necessary for bone ingrowth.
Mehmel, M. (1930) Z. Kristallogr. 75, 323. One of two original determinations of the structure of hydroxyapatite. The structure was originally taken to be the same as that of fluorapatite, Ca10(PO4)6F2, which had already been resolved.
Merwin, G.E., Wilson, J., and Hench, L.L. (1984) in Biomaterials in Otology, edited by J.J. Grote, Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 220–229. Description of bioglass.
Náray-Szabó, S. (1930) Z. Kristallogr. 75, 387. The other paper on the structure of hydroxyapatite.
Posner, A.S., Perloff, A., and Diorio, A.F. (1958) “Refinement of the hydroxyapatite structure,” Acta Cryst. 11, 308. Determined atom positions, bond lengths, and lattice parameters for the HA crystal structure.
Roy, D.M. and Linnehan, S.K. (1974) “Hydroxyapatite formed from coral skeletal carbonate by hydrothermal exchange,” Nature 247, 220. Developed the natural-template method for making porous HA.
Sarakiya, M. (1994) “An introduction to biomimetics: A structural viewpoint,” Microsc. Res. Techn. 27, 360. A very useful introduction.
Sato, T. and Shimada, M. (1985) “Transformation of yttria-doped tetragonal ZrO2 polycrystals by annealing in water,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 68, 356. Described the martensitic transformation in ZrO2 in aqueous environments.
Wang, Q., Huang, W., Wang D., Darvell, B.W., Day, D.E., and Rahaman, M.N. (2006) “Preparation of hollow hydroxyapatite microspheres,” J. Mater. Sci: Mater. Med. 17, 641.
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(2007). Ceramics in Biology and Medicine. In: Ceramic Materials. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46271-4_35
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