Abstract
Every year, there are substantial numbers of juveniles who come into contact with police and the legal system. In 2000, 2.4 million juveniles (17 years or younger) were formally arrested, 32% (758,208) of whom were aged 14 years and younger (Snyder, 2002). Many more children interact with law enforcement but are not officially arrested. And, as the above quote indicates, what occurs during the police interaction can have a significant impact on juveniles’ further passage into the legal system.
For delinquents, law enforcement is the doorway to the juvenile justice system. Once a juvenile is apprehended for a law violation, it is the police officer who first determines if the juvenile will move deeper into the justice system or will be diverted (Snyder & Sickmund, 1999, p. 111).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Hembrooke, H. (1998). Reliability and credibility of young children’s reports: From research to policy and practice. American Psychologist,53, 136–151.
Carter, C. A., Bottoms, B. L., & Levine, M. (1996). Linguistic and socioemotional influences on accuracy of children’s reports. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 335–358.
Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 403–439.
Ceci, S. J., Loftus, E., Leichtman, M., & Bruck, M. (1994). The role of source misattribution in the creation of false beliefs among preschoolers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 62, 304–320.
Everington, C. & Fulero, S. M. (1999). Measuring understanding and suggestibility of defendants with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 37, 212–220.
Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979).
Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731 (1969).
Gallegos v. Colorado, 370 U.S. 49 (1962).
Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 208–214.
Garven, S., Wood, J. M., Malpass, R. S., & Shaw, J. S. (1998). More than suggestion: The effect of interviewing techniques from the McMartin preschool case. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 347–359.
Garven, S., Wood, I. M., Si Malpass, R. S. (2000). Allegations of wrongdoing: The effects of reinforcement on children’s mundane and fantastic claims. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 38–49.
Ghetti, S., & Redlich, A. D. (2001). Reactions to youth crime: Perceptions of accountability and competency. Behavioral Sciences and the Law,19, 33–52.
Goodman, G. S., Bottoms, B., Schwartz-Kenney, B., & Rudy, L. (1991). Children’s testimony about a stressful event: Improving children’s reports. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7, 69–99.
Goodman, G. S., Emery, R. E., & Haugaard, J. J. (1997). Developmental psychology and law: Divorce, child maltreatment, foster care, and adoption. In I. E. Sigel & A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 775–874). New York: Wiley.
Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., Buckley, J., & Shapiro, C. (1999). Innovations for child witnesses: A national survey. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 5, 255–281.
Grisso, T. (1981). Juvenile’s waiver of rights: Legal and psychological competence. New York: Plenum.
Grisso, T. (1997). The competence of adolescents as trial defendants. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law,3, 3–32.
Grisso, T., & Ring, M. (1979). Parents’ attitudes toward juveniles’ rights in interrogation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 6, 211–226.
Grisso, T., Steinberg, L., Woolard, J., Cauffman, E., Scott, E., Graham, S., Lexcen, F., Reppucci, N. D., Sr Schwartz, R. (2003). Juveniles’ competence to stand trial: A comparison of adolescents’ and adults’ capacities as trial defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 27,333–363.
Gudjonsson, G.H. (2003). The psychology of interrogations and confessions. Chichester: Wiley.
Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 (1948).
Huang, D. T. (2001). “Less unequal footing”: State courts’ per se rules for juvenile waivers during interrogations and the case for their implementation. Cornell Law Review, 86, 437–477.
Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Billings, F. J. (1998). Individual differences and the creation of false childhood memories. Memory, 6, 1–20.
Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., & Jayne, B. C. (2001). Criminal interrogation and confessions (4th ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
Kaban, B., & Tobey, A. E. (1999). When police question children: Are protections adequate? Journal of the Center for Children and the Courts,1, 151–160.
Kassin, S. M. (2002, November). False confessions and the jogger case. (Opinion Editorial) New York Times.
Kassin, S. M. (1997). The psychology of confession evidence. American Psychologist, 52, 221–233.
Kassin, S. M., Goldstein, C. C., & Savitsky, K. (2003). Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 187–203.
Kassin, S. M., & Kiechel, K. L. (1996). The social psychology of false confessions: Compliance, internalization, and confabulation. Psychological Science, 7, 125–128.
Kassin, S. M., & McNall, K. (1991). Police interrogations and confessions: Communicating promises and threats by pragmatic implication. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 233–251.
Kassin, S. M., & Norwich, R. J. (in press). Why people waive their Miranda rights: The power of innocence. Law and Human Behavior.
Leo, R. A. (1996a) Miranda’s revenge: Police interrogation as a confidence game. Law and Society Review, 30, 259–288.
Leo, R. A. (1996b). Inside the interrogation room. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,86, 266–303.
Leo, R. A. & Drizin, S. (2003). Proven false confessions cases. Retrieved March 7, 2003 from http://www.innocenceproject.org/does/Master_List_False_Confessions.html
Leo, R. A., & Ofshe, R. J. (1998). The consequences of false confessions: Deprivations of liberty and miscarriages of justice in the age of psychological interrogation. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 429–496.
Loftus, E., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720–725.
Macdonald, J. M., & Michaud, D. L. (1992). Criminal interrogation. Denver, CO: Apache Press.
McCann, J. T. (1998). Broadening the typology of false confessions. American Psychologist, 53, 319–320.
McGough, L. (1994). Videotaping children’s accounts. In L. McGough (Ed.), Child witnesses: Fragile voices in the American legal system (pp. 189–232). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
Ofshe, R. J. (1992). Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation: False confessions due to dissociative state; mis-identified multiple personality and the satanic cult hypothesis. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, XL, 125–156.
Pezdek, K., Finger, K., & Hodge, D. (1997). Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility. Psychological Science, 8, 437–441.
Poole, D. A., & Lamb, M. E. (1998). Investigative interviews of children: A guide for helping professionals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Possley, M. (1998, August). How cops got boys to talk. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL.
Quas, J. A., Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., & Redlich, A. D. (2000). Questioning the child witness: What can we conclude from the research thus far? Trauma, Abuse, and Violence, 1, 223–249.
Redlich, A. D., & Goodman, G. S. (2003). Taking responsibility for an act not committed: The influence of age and suggestibility. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 141–156.
Redlich, A. D., Silverman, M., & Steiner, H. (2003). Factors affecting pre-adjudicative and adjudicative competence in juveniles and young adults. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 21, 1–17.
Rhode Island v. Immis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980).
Richardson, G., Gudjonsson, G. H., & Kelly, T. P. (1995). Interrogative suggestibility in an adolescent forensic population. Journal of Adolescence,18, 211–216.
Robin, G. D. (1982). Juvenile interrogation and confessions. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 10, 224–228.
Ruback, R. B., & Vardaman, P. J. (1997). Decision making in delinquency cases: The role of race and juveniles’ admission/denial of the crime. Law and Human Behavior, 21, 47–69.
Saywitz, K., Jaenicke, C., Sr Camparo, L. (1990). Children’s knowledge of legal terminology. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 523–535.
Saywitz, K., Nathanson, R., & Snyder, L. S. (1993). Credibility of child witnesses: The role of cornmtmicative competence. Topics in Language Disorders, 13, 59–78.
Snyder, H. N. (2002, November). Juvenile arrests 2000. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (1999). Juvenile offenders and victims: 1999 National report. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
Stalans, L., & Henry, G. (1994). Societal views of justice for adolescents accused of murder: Inconsistency between community sentiment and automatic legislative transfers. Law and Human Behavior, 18, 675–696.
Warren, A., Hulse-Trotter, K., & Tubbs, E. (1991). Inducing resistance to suggestibility in children. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 273–285.
Wood, J. M., Billings, J., Taylor, T., Corey, D., Burns, J., & Garven, S. (2000, June). Guilty knowledge and false confessions regarding a staged theft: Effects of reinforcement on children’s admissions. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Miami, Florida.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Redlich, A.D., Silverman, M., Chen, J., Steiner, H. (2004). The Police Interrogation of Children and Adolescents. In: Lassiter, G.D. (eds) Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38598-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38598-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-33151-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-38598-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive