Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that have been postulated to originate from a common precursor cell population (1). This kind of tumor can occur sporadically or in a familial context of autosomally inherited syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasms (2),(3).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Rindi G, Villanacci V, Ubiali A, et al. Endocrine tumors of the digestive tract and pancreas: histogenesis, diagnosis and molecular basis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2001;1:323–333.
Calender A. Molecular genetics of neuroendocrine tumors. Digestion. 2000;62(suppl 1):3–18.
Calender A, Vercherat C, Gaudray P, et al. Deregulation of genetic pathways in neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(suppl 2):S3–S11.
Ahlman H, Wangberg B, Jansson S, et al. Interventional treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Digestion. 2000;62(suppl 1):59–68.
Solcia E, Kloppel G, Sobin LH. Histological typing of endocrine tumors. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: World Health Organization; 2000.
Solcia E, Capella C, Fiocca R, et al. The gastropancreatic endocrine system and related tumors. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1989;4:671–693.
Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ, Nobels FR. Neuroendocrine tumor markers. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2001;22:309–339.
Eriksson B, Oberg K, Stridsberg M. Tumor markers in neuroendocrine tumors. Digestion. 2000;62(suppl 1):33–38.
Reubi JC, Maurer R. Autoradiographic mapping of somatostatin receptors in the rat CNS and pituitary. Neuroscience. 1985;15:1183–1193.
Reubi JC, Laissue J, Waser B, et al. Expression of somatostatin receptors in normal, inflamed and neoplastic human gastrointestinal tissues. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;733:122–137.
Yamada Y, Post SR, Wang K, et al. Cloning and functional characterization of a family of human and mouse somatostatin receptors expressed in brain, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:251–255.
Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Laissue J, et al. Somatostatin receptors and their subtypes in human tumors and in peritumoral vessels. Metabolism. 1996;458(suppl 1):39–41.
Adams S, Baum RP, Hertel A, et al. Intraoperative gamma probe detection of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1155.
Öhrvall U, Westlin JE, Nilsson S, et al. Intraoperative gamma detection reveals abdominal endocrine tumors more efficiently than somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Cancer. 1997;80:2490–2494.
Benjegård SA, Forssell-Aronsson E, Wängberg B, Skånberg J, Nilsson O, Ahlman H. Intraoperative tumour detection using 111In-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide and a scintillation detector. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:1456–1462.
Reubi JC, Torhorst J. The relationship between somatostatin, epidermal growth factor and steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. Cancer. 1989;64:1254–1260.
Quazzani L, Reubi JC, Volle GE, et al. Evaluation of somatostatin biosynthesis, somatostatin receptors, and tumor growth in murine medullary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 1994;131:522–530.
Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ, Bakker WH, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with [111In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-and [123I-Tyr3]-octreotide: the Rotterdam experience with more than 1000 patients. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993:20:716–731.
Wiseman GA, Kvols LK. Therapy of neuroendocrine tumors with radiolabeled MIBG and somatostatin analogues. Semin Nucl Med. 1995;25:272–278.
Adams S, Baum RP, Rink T, et al. Limited value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the imaging of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:79–83.
Sundin A, Eriksson B, Bergström M, et al. PET in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1014;246–257.
Eriksson B, Bergström M, Sundin A, et al. The role of PET in localization of neuroendocrine tumors and adrenocortical tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;970;159–169.
Wiedenmann B, Jensen RT, Mignon M, et al. Preo perative diagnosis and surgical management of neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: general recommendations by a consensus workshop. World J Surg. 1998 22 309–318.
Mignon M. Natural history of neuroendocrine enteropancreatic tumors. Digestion. 2000;63:51–58.
Gulec SA, Mountcastle TS, Frey D, et al. Cytoreductive surgery in patients with advanced-stage carcinoid tumors. Am Surg. 2002;68:667–671.
Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, et al. Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:635–644.
Arnold R. Medical treatment of metastasizing carcinoid tumors. World J Surg. 1996;20:203–207.
Makridis C, Oberg K, Juhlin C, et al. Surgical treatment of mid-gut carcinoid tumors. World J Surg. 1990;14:377–385.
Schneebaum S, Even-Sapir E, Meir C, et al. Clinical applications of gamma-detection probes-radioguided surgery. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:S26–S35.
Colton CL, Hardy JG. Evaluation of a sterilizable radiation probe as an aid to the surgical treatment of osteoid osteoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;65:1019–1022.
Sutton R, Doran HE, Williams EM, et al. Surgery for mid-gut carcinoid. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2003;10:469–481.
Memon MA, Nelson H. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors: current management strategies. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:1101–1118.
Marsh DJ, Learoyd DL, Robinson BG. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: recent advances and management update. Thyroid. 1995;5:407–424.
Moley JF. Medullary thyroid cancer. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75:405–420.
Raue F. German medullary thyroid carcinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia registry. German MTC/MEN Study Group. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma/Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 1998;383:334–336.
Kebebew E, Ituarte PH, Siperstein AE, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: clinical characteristics, treatment, prognostic factors, and a comparison of staging systems. Cancer. 2000;88:1139–1148.
Schröder S, Bocker W, Baisch H, et al. Prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 1988;62:806–816.
Gordon PR, Huvos AG, Strong EW. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. A clinicopathologic study of 40 cases. Cancer. 1973;31:915–924.
Woolner LB, Beahrs OH, Black BM, et al. Long-term survival rates. In: Hedinger CHR, ed. Thyroid Cancer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1969:326–330.
Grauer A, Blind E. Tumor markers for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Rec Results Cancer. 1992;125:55–89.
Cohen R, Campos JM, Salaun C, et al. Preoperative calcitonin levels are predictive of tumor size and postoperative calcitonin normalization in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Groupe d’Etudes des Tumeurs a Calcitonine (GETC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:919–922.
Nobels FR, Kwekkeboom DJ, Coopmans W, et al. Chromogranin A as serum marker for neuroendocrine neoplasia: comparison with neuron-specific enolase and the α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2622–2628.
Wahl RA, Röher AD. Surgery of C cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Prog Surg. 1988;19:100–112.
Cohen MS, Moley JF. Surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Intern Med. 2003;253:616–626.
Giuffrida D, Gharib H. Current diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:695–701.
Frank-Raue K, Raue F, Buhr HJ, et al. Localization of occult persisting medullary thyroid carcinoma before microsurgical reoperation: high sensitivity of selective venous catheterization. Thyroid. 1992;2:113–117.
Gotthardt M, Battmann A, Hoffken H, et al. 18F-FDG PET, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, and CT in metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma: a clinical study and an analysis of the literature. Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25:439–443.
Shapiro B, Sisson JC, Shulkin BL, et al. The current status of metaiodobenzylguanidine and related agents for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Q J Nucl Med. 1995;39:3–8.
Adams S, Acker P, Lorenz M, et al. Radioisotope-guided surgery in patients with pheochromocytoma and recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2001;92:263–270.
Dörr U, Frank-Raue K, Raue F, et al. The potential value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:439–445.
Kwekkeboom DJ, Lamberts SWJ, Reubi JC, et al. Tumor localization using 111In-octreotide scintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:599.
Baudin E, Lumbroso J, Schlumberger M, et al. Comparison of octreotide scintigraphy and conventional imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:912–916.
Adams S, Baum RP, Hertel A, et al. Comparison of metabolic and receptor imaging in recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma with histopathological findings. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:1277–1283.
Reubi JC, Krenning E, Lamberts SWJ, et al. In vitro detection of somatostatin receptors in human tumors. Digestion. 1993;54:76–83.
Kwekkeboom DJ, Reubi JC, Lamberts SW, et al. In vivo somatostatin receptor imaging in medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1413–1417.
Rufini V, Salvatori M, Garganese MC, et al. Role of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis and therapy of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Rays. 2000;25:273–282.
Moley JF, DeBenedetti MK. Patterns of nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma: recommendations for extent of node dissection. Ann Surg. 1999;229:880–887.
Scollo C, Baudin E, Travagli JP, et al. Rationale for central and bilateral lymph node dissection in sporadic and hereditary medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2070–2075.
Inoue T, Tamaki Y, Sato Y, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of breast cancer by a real-time intraoperative navigation system. Breast Cancer. 2005;12:122–129.
Otha H, Tsuji T, Endo K, et al. SPECT images using 99mTc(V)-DMSA in lung metastasis of osteosarcoma. Ann Nucl Med. 1989;3:37–40.
Ercan MT, Gulaldi NC, Unsal IS, et al. Evaluation of 99mTc(V)-DMSA for imaging inflammatory lesions. An experimental study. Ann Nucl Med. 1996;10:419–423.
Behr TM, Gratz S, Munz DL, et al. Anti-CEA antibodies versus octreotide for the detection of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: are CEA and somatostatin-receptorexpression prognostic factors? J Nucl Med. 1997;38:9P.
De Groot JW, Links TP, Jager PL, et al. Impact of 18Ffluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in patients with biochemical evidence of recurrent or residual medullary thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:786.
Bockisch A, Brandt-Mainz K, Gorges R, et al. Diagnosis in medullary thyroid cancer with [18F]FDG-PET and improvement using a combined PET/CT scanner. Acta Med Austriaca. 2003;30:22–25.
Goldstein RE, O’Neill Jr JA, Holcomb III GW, et al. Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg. 1999;229:755–764.
Peppercorn PD, Grossman AB, Reznek RH. Imaging of incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Clin Endocrinol. 1998;48:379–388.
Hoefnagel CA. Metaiodobenzylguanidine and somatostatin in oncology: role in the management of neural crest tumors. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:561–581.
Pacak K, Linehan WM, Eisenhofer G, et al. Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:315–329.
Ricard M, Tenenbaum F, Schlumberger M, et al. Intraoperative detection of pheochromocytoma with iodine-125 labelled metaiodobenzylguanidine: a feasibility study. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:426–430.
Kaltsas G, Korbonits M, Heintz E, et al. Comparison of somatostatin analogue and meta-iodobenzylguanidine radionuclides in the diagnosis and localization of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:895–902.
Rolleman E, Krenning EP, van Gameren A, et al. Uptake of 111In-DTPA-Octreotide in the rat kidney is inhibited by colchicine and not by fructose. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:709–713.
Neumann HP, Berger DP, Sigmund G, et al. Pheochromocytomas, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1531–1538.
Pacak K, Goldstein DS, Doppman JL, et al. A “pheo” lurks: novel approaches for locating occult pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3641–3646.
Proye CAG, Lokey JS. Current concepts in functioning endocrine tumors of the pancreas. World J Surg. 2004:28;1231–1238.
Pederzoli P, Falconi M, Bonora A, et al. Cytoreductive surgery in advanced endocrine tumours of the pancreas. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;31:S207–S212.
Jensen RT Gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. Gastrinoma. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1996;10:603–643.
Viola KV, Sosa JA. Current advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005;17:24–27.
Bansal R, Tiemey W, Carpenter S, et al. EUS should play a primary role in preoperative localization of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:19–25.
Vinik AI, Moattari AR. Treatment of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1989;18:483–518.
Scott BA, Gatenby RA. Imaging advances in the diagnosis of endocrine neoplasia. Curr Opin Oncol. 1998;10:37–42.
Service FJ, McMahon MM, O’Brien PC, et al. Functioning insulinoma: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival of patients: a 60-year study. Mayo Clin Proc. 1991;66:711–719.
Grant CS. Gastrointestinal endocrine tumors. Insulinoma. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1996;10:645–671.
Service FJ. Classification of hypoglycemic disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:501–517.
Erickson D, Kudva YC, Ebersold MJ, et al. Benign paragangliomas: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in 236 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5210–5216.
Heij HA, Rutgers EJ, de Kraker J, et al. Intraoperative search for neuroblastoma by MIBG and radioguided surgery with the gamma detector. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;28:171–174.
Schindl M, Kaserer K, Niederle B. Treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors: the necessity of a type-adapted treatment. Arch Surg. 2001;136:49–54.
Wolfe MM, Jensen RT. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Current concepts in diagnosis and management. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1200–1209.
Eckhauser FE, Lloyd RV, Thompson NW, Raper SE, Vinik AI. Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. Surgery. 1988;104:1046–1053.
Hirschowitz BI, Griffith J, Pellegrin D, Cummings OW. Rapid regression of enterochromaffin-like cell gastric carcinoids in pernicious anemia after antrectomy. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:1409–1418.
Akerstrom G. Management of carcinoid tumors of the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas. World J Surg. 1996;20:173–182.
Norton JA, Alexander HR, Fraker DL, Venzon DJ, Gibril F, Jensen RT. Comparison of surgical results in patients with advanced and limited disease with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Ann Surg. 2001;234:495–506.
Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 50-year analysis of 562 gastric carcinoids: small tumor or larger problem? Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:23–32.
Soga J. Endocrinocarcinomas (carcinoids and their variants) of the duodenum. An evaluation of 927 cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2003;22:349–363.
Zyromski NJ, Kendrick ML, Nagorney DM, et al. Duodenal carcinoid tumors: how aggressive should we be? J Gastrointest Surg. 2001;5:588–593.
Norton JA, Cromack DT, Shawher TH, et al. Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of islet cell tumors. Ann Surg. 1988;207:160–168.
Adams S, Baum RP, Wenisch HJC, et al. Intraoperative gamma probe detection of neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1155–1160.
Schirner WJ, O’Dorisio TM, Schirner TP, et al. Intraoperative localization of neuroendocrine tumors with 125ITYR3-octreotide and a hand-held gamma detecting probe. Surgery. 1993;114:745–752.
Öhrvall U, Westlin JE, Nilsson S, et al. Intraoperative gamma detection reveals abdominal endocrine tumors more efficiently than somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Cancer. 1997;80:2490–2494.
Lebtahi R, Cadiot L, Sarda L, et al. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:853–858.
Ind TE, Granowska M, Britton KE, et al. Preoperative radioimmunodetection of ovarian carcinoma using a hand-held gamma detection probe. Br J Cancer. 1994;70:1263–1266.
Adams S, Baum RP, Adams M, et al. Untersuchungen zur prä-und intraoperativen Lokalisation von neuroendokrinen Tumoren. Acta Med Austriaca. 1997;2:81–86.
Burke AP, Thomas RM, Elsayed AM, Sobin LH. Carcinoids of the jejunum and ileum: an immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 167 cases. Cancer. 1997;79:1086–1093.
Falconi M, Bettini R, Scarpa A, Capelli P, Pederzoli P. 2001 Surgical strategy in the treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Ann Oncol. 12(suppl 2):S101–S103.
Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer. 2003;97:934–959.
Hanson HW, Feldman JM, Binder RA, et al. Carcinoid tumors: iodine-131 MIBG scintigraphy. Radiology. 1989;17:699–703.
Fischer M, Kamanbroo D, Sonderkamp H. Scintigraphic imaging of carcinoid tumors with J-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine. Lancet. 1984;135:657–662.
Ricke J, Klose KJ, Mignon M, et al. Standardization of imaging in neuroendocrine tumors: results of a European Delphi process. Eur J Radiol. 2001;37:8–17.
Ganim RB, Norton JA. Recent advances in carcinoid pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Surg Oncol. 2000;9:173–179.
Krausz Y, Keidar Z, Kogan I, et al. SPECT/CT hybrid imaging with 111In-pentetreotide in assessment of neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;59:565–573.
Roggo A, Wood WC, Ottinger LW. Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Ann Surg. 1993;217:385–390.
Sandor A, Modlin IM. A retrospective analysis of 1570 appendiceal carcinoids. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:422–428.
Moertel CG, Weiland LH, Nagorney DM, Dockerty MB. Carcinoid tumor of the appendix: treatment and prognosis. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1699–1701.
Butler JA, Houshiar A, Lin F, Wilson SE. Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix. Am J Surg. 1994;168:685–687.
Soga J. Carcinoids of the colon and ileocecal region: a statistical evaluation of 363 cases collected from the literature. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1998;17:139–148.
Soga J. Carcinoids of the rectum: an evaluation of 1271 reported cases. Surg Today. 1997 27:112–119.
Stinner B, Kisker O, Zielke A, Rothmund M. Surgical management for carcinoid tumors of small bowel, appendix, colon, and rectum. World J Surg. 1996;20:183–188.
Koura AN, Giacco GG, Curley SA, Skibber JM, Feig BW, Ellis LM. Carcinoid tumors of the rectum: effect of size, histopathology, and surgical treatment on metastasis free survival. Cancer. 1997 79:1294–1298.
Sauven P, Ridge JA, Quan SH, Sigurdson ER. Anorectal carcinoid tumors. Is aggressive surgery warranted? Ann Surg. 1990;211:67–71.
Woltering EA, Barrie R, O’Dorisio TM, et al. Detection of occult gastrinomas with iodine 125-labeled lanreotide and intraoperative gamma detection. Surgery. 1994;116:1139–1146.
Kwekkeboom D, Krenning EP, de Jong M. Peptide receptor imaging and therapy. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1704–1713.
Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW. Somatostatin receptor subtype expression in human tumors. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(suppl 2):S31–S36.
Anderson CJ, Dehdashti F, Cutler PD, et al. 64Cu-TETAoctreotide as a PET imaging agent for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:213–221.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baum, R.P., Sandrucci, S., Adams, S. (2008). Radioguided Surgery of Neuroendocrine Tumors. In: Mariani, G., Giuliano, A.E., Strauss, H.W. (eds) Radioguided Surgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38327-9_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-38327-9_24
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-33684-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-38327-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)