Abstract
Operational-level approaches to process redesign have traditionally focused on “workflows”, or the chronological flows of activities in processes. It is argued in this chapter that while this makes some sense in materials-transformation processes, whose final product usually is a tangible manufactured item (e.g., a car engine), this orientation is fundamentally inconsistent with the communication-intensive nature of the vast majority of processes found in organizations today. This chapter shows, through an action research study, that a focus on communication flow representations and methods is likely to lead to better process redesign outcomes than a focus on representations and methods in connection with “workflows”. It does so by developing a set of research questions based on the communication flow optimization model, and answering those questions in the context provided by three process redesign projects facilitated by the researcher at a defense contractor in the US.
Key words
- qualitative research
- action research
- data triangulation
- process redesign
- organizational communication
- electronic communication
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
9. References
Ang, C.L. & Gay, R.K.L. (1993). IDEF0 modeling for project risk assessment. Computers in Industry, 22(1), 31–46.
Archer, R. & Bowker, P. (1995). BPR consulting: An evaluation of the methods employed. Business Process Re-Engineering & Management, 1(2), 28–46.
Argyris, C. & Schon, D.A. (1991). Participatory action research and action science compared. W.F. Whyte, ed. Participatory Action Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 85–96.
Avison, D., Lau, F., Myers, M.D. & Nielsen, P. (1999). Action research. Communications of the ACM, 42(1), 94–97.
Bashein, B.J. & Markus, M.L. (1994). Preconditions for BPR success. Information Systems Management, 11(2), 7–13.
Baskerville, R. (1997). Distinguishing action research from participative case studies. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 1(1), 25–45.
Baskerville, R. (1999). Investigating information systems with action research. Communications of the AIS, 2(19), 1–25.
Baskerville, R. & Wood-Harper, T. (1996). A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. Journal of Information Technology, 11(3), 235–246.
Baskerville, R. & Wood-Harper, T. (1998). Diversity in information systems action research methods. European Journal of Information Systems, 7(2), 90–107.
Bergner, J.T. (1991). The New Superpowers: Germany, Japan, the US, and the New World Order. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Biggs, M. (2000). Enabling a successful e-business strategy requires a detailed business process map. InfoWorld, 22(10), 64.
Booch, G., Jacobson, I. & Rumbaugh, J. (1998). The Unified Modeling Language User Guide. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
Burke, G. & Peppard, J. (Eds) (1995). Examining Business Process Re-engineering. London, UK: Kogan Page.
Burn, J. & Barnett, M. (1999). Communicating for advantage in the virtual organization. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 42(4), 215–222.
Buzacott, J.A. (1996). Commonalities in reengineered business processes: Models and issues. Management Science, 42(5), 768–782.
Caron, J.R., Jarvenpaa, S.L. & Stoddard, D.B. (1994). Business reengineering at CIGNA Corporation: Experiences and lessons learned from the first five years. MIS Quarterly, 18(3), 233–250.
Champy, J. (1995). Reengineering Management. New York, NY: Harper Business.
Chapman, W. (1991). Inventing Japan: The Making of a Postwar Civilization. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
Checkland, P. & Scholes, J. (1990). Soft Systems Methodology in Action. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Childe, S.J., Maull, R.S. & Benett, J. (1994). Frameworks for understanding business process re-engineering. International Journal of Operations & Productions Management, 14(12), 22–34.
Choi, T.Y. (1995). Conceptualizing continuous improvement: Implications for organizational change. Omega, 23(6), 607–624.
Choi, T.Y. & Behling, O.C. (1997). Top managers and TQM success: One more look after all these years. The Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 37–47.
Choi, T.Y. & Liker, J.K. (1995). Bringing Japanese continuous improvement approaches to U.S. manufacturing: The roles of process orientation and communications. Decision Sciences, 26(5), 589–620.
Chuang, T. & Yadav, S.B. (2000). A decision-driven approach to object-oriented analysis. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 31(2), 13–34.
Clemons, E.K., Thatcher, M.E., & Row, M.C. (1995). Identifying sources of reengineering failures: A study of the behavioral factors contributing to reengineering risks. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(2), 9–36.
Clutterbuck, D., & Crainer, S. (1990). Makers of Management. London, England: MacMillan.
Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J.W. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Davenport, T.H. (1993). Process Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Davenport, T.H. (1993a). Need radical innovation and continuous improvement? Integrate process re-engineering and total quality management. Planning Review, 21(3), 6–12.
Davenport, T.H. (2000). Mission Critical: Realizing the Promise of Enterprise Systems. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Davenport, T.H. & Short, J.E. (1990). The new industrial engineering: Information technology and business process redesign. Sloan Management Review, 31(4), 11–27.
Davenport, T.H. & Stoddard, D.B. (1994). Reengineering: Business change of mythic proportions? MIS Quarterly, 18(2), 121–127.
Davis, W.S. (1983). System Analysis and Design: A Structured Approach. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Dean, D.L., Lee, J.D., Orwig, R.E., & Vogel, D.R. (1995). Technological support for group process modeling. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(3), 42–63.
Deming, W.E. (1986). Out of The Crisis. Cambridge, MA: Center for Advanced Engineering Study, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Dennis, A. & Wixom, B.H. (2000). Systems Analysis and Design: An Applied Approach. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Dennis A.R., Hayes G.S., & Daniels, R.M., Jr. (1999). Business process modeling with group support systems. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 115–142.
Drucker, P.F. (1989). The New Realities. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Drucker, P.F. (1993). Professional’s productivity. Accross the Board, 30(9), 50.
Earl, M.J. (1994). The new and the old of business process redesign. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 3(1), 5–22.
Elden, M. & Chisholm, R.F. (1993). Emerging varieties of action research. Human Relations, 46(2), 121–141.
Fingar, P., Aronica, R. & Maizlish, B. (2001). The Death of “e” and the Birth of the Real New Economy. Tampa, FL: Meghan-Kiffer Press.
Fox, W.M. (1990). An interview with Eric Trist, father of the sociotechnical systems approach. The Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 26(2), 259–279.
Galbraith, J. (1977). Organizational Design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Galliers, R.D. (1991). Choosing appropriate information system research approaches: A revised taxonomy. H. Nissen, H.K. Klein, & R. Hirschheim, eds. Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. New York, NY: North-Holland, pp. 327–345.
Galliers, R.D. (1992). Choosing information systems research approaches. R. Galliers, ed. Information Systems Research: Issues, Methods and Practical Guidelines. Boston, MA: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 144–162.
Glaser, B.G. & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing.
Graves, R.H. (2001). Seeking defense efficiency. Acquisition Review Quarterly, 8(3), 47–60.
Grover, V., Jeong, S.R., Kettinger, W.J., & Teng, J.T.C. (1995). The implementation of business process reengineering. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(1), 109–144.
Hammer, M. (1990). Reengineering work: Don’t automate, obliterate. Harvard Business Review, 68(4), 104–114.
Hammer, M. (1996). Beyond Reengineering. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Hammer, M. (2000). Reengineering redux. CIO Magazine, 13(10), 143–156.
Hammer, M. & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the Corporation. New York, NY: Harper Business.
Hammer, M. & Stanton, S.A. (1995). The Reengineering Revolution. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Hammer, M. & Stanton, S.A. (1997). The reengineering revolution. Government Executive, 27(9), 2–8.
Harrington, J.H. (1991). Business Process Improvement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Harrington, J.H., Esseling, E.K.C. & Van Nimwegen, H. (1998). Business Process Improvement Workbook: Documentation, Analysis, Design, and Management of Business Process Improvement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. New York, NY: Wiley.
Hunt, V.D. (1996). Process Mapping: How to Reengineer your Business Processes. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Ishikawa, K. (1986). Guide to Quality Control. Tokyo, Japan: Asian Productivity Organisation.
Jick, T.D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602–611.
Jonsonn, S. (1991). Action research. H. Nissen, H.K. Klein, & R. Hirschheim, eds. Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions. New York, NY: North-Holland, 371–396.
Juran, J. (1989). Juran on Leadership for Quality. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Katzenstein, G. & Lerch, F.J. (2000). Beneath the surface of organizational processes: A social representation framework for business process redesign. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 18(4), 383–422.
Kettinger, W.J. & Grover, V. (1995). Toward a theory of business change management. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(1), 9–30.
Kock, N. (1995). Process Reengineering, PROI: A Practical Methodology. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Editora Vozes (in Portuguese).
Kock, N. (1999). Process Improvement and Organizational Learning: The Role of Collaboration Technologies. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.
Kock, N. (2001). Compensatory adaptation to a lean medium: An action research investigation of electronic communication in process improvement groups. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 44(4), 267–285.
Kock, N. (2002). Managing with web-based IT in mind. Communications of the ACM, 45(5), 102–106.
Kock, N. (2005). Business Process Improvement through E-Collaboration: Knowledge Sharing through the Use of Virtual Groups. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.
Kock, N. & McQueen, R.J. (1996). Product flow, breadth and complexity of business processes: An empirical study of fifteen business processes in three organizations. Business Process Re-engineering & Management, 2(2), 8–22.
Kock, N. & Murphy, F. (2001). Redesigning Acquisition Processes: A New Methodology Based on the Flow of Knowledge and Information. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Acquisition University Press.
Kock, N., McQueen, R.J. & Corner, J.L. (1997). The nature of data, information and knowledge exchanges in business processes: Implications for process improvement and organizational learning. The Learning Organization, 4(2), 70–80.
Lacity, M.C. & Janson, M.A. (1994). Understanding qualitative data: A framework of text analysis methods. Journal of Management Information Systems, 11(2), 137–155.
Lau, F. (1997). A review on the use of action research in information systems studies. A.S. Lee, J. Liebenau, & J.I. DeGross, eds. Information Systems and Qualitative Research. London, England: Chapman & Hall, 31–68.
Ledford, G.E. & Mohrman, S.A. (1993). Self-design for high involvement: A large-scale organizational change. Human Relations, 46(2), 143–173.
Ledford, G.E. & Mohrman, S.A. (1993b). Looking backward and forward at action research. Human Relations, 46(11), 1349–1359.
Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. G.W. Lewin, ed. Resolving Social Conflicts. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 201–216.
Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
Maull, R.S., Weaver, A.M., Childe, S.J., Smart, P.A. & Bennett, J. (1995). Current issues in business process re-engineering. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 15(11), 37–52.
Maxwell, J.A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. London, England: Sage.
Mayo, E. (1945). The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Misterek, S.D., Dooley, K.J. & Anderson, J.C. (1992). Productivity as a performance measure. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 12(1), 29–45.
Mumford, E. (2001). Advice for an action researcher. Information Technology & People, 14(1), 12–27.
Myers, M.D. (1997). Qualitative research in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 21(2), 241–242.
Nissen, M.E. (1998). Redesigning reengineering through measurement-driven inference. MIS Quarterly, 22(4), 509–534.
Olesen, K., & Myers, M.D. (1999). Trying to improve communication and collaboration with information technology: An action research project which failed. Information Technology & People, 12(4), 317–332.
Orlikowski, W.J. & Baroudi, J.J. (1991). Studying information technology in organizations: Research approaches and assumptions. Information Systems Research, 2(1), 1–28.
Ould, M.A. (1995). Business Processes: Modelling and Analysis for Re-engineering and Improvement. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Patton, M.Q. (1980). Qualitative Evaluation Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Patton, M.Q. (1987). How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Peters, M. & Robinson, V. (1984). The origins and status of action research. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 20(2), 113–124.
Popper, K.R. (1992). Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York, NY: Routledge.
Rapoport, R.N. (1970). Three dilemmas in action research. Human Relations, 23(6), 499–513.
Reason, P. (1993). Sitting between appreciation and disappointment: A critique of the special edition of Human Relations on action research. Human Relations, 46(10), 1253–1270.
Rigby, D. (1993). The secret history of process reengineering. Planning Review, 21(2), 24–27.
Rumbaugh, J., Jacobson, I. & Booch, G. (1998). The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
Scriven, M. (1974). Maximizing the power of causal investigations: The modus operandi method. W.J. Popham, ed. Evaluation in Education: Current Applications. Berkeley, CA: McCutchan, 66–84.
Siegel, S. & Castellan, N.J. (1998). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Sommer, B. & Sommer, R. (1991). A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Stoddard, D.B. & Jarvenpaa, S.L. (1995). Business process redesign: Tactics for managing radical change. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12(1), 81–107.
Strauss, A.L. & Corbin, J.M. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Strauss, A.L & Corbin, J.M. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sucham, J. & Hayzak, G. (2001). The communication characteristics of virtual teams: A case study. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 44(3), 174–186.
Taylor, F.W. (1885). A Piece Rate System. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Taylor, F.W. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY: Norton & Company.
Teng, J.T.C., Seung, R.J. & Grover, V. (1998). Profiling successful reengineering projects. Communications of the ACM, 41(6), 96–102.
Toffler, A. (1991). Powershift. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Trist, E.L., Higgin, G.W., Pollock, A.E. & Murray, H.A. (1970). Sociotechnical systems. P.B. Smith, ed. Group Processes. Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books, 41–54.
Truex, D.P., III (2001). Three issues concerning relevance in IS research: Epistemology, audience, and method. Communications of the AIS, 6(24), 1–11.
Venkatraman, N. (1994). IT-enabled business transformation: From automation to business scope redefinition. Sloan Management Review, 35(2), 73–87.
Walton, M. (1989). The Deming Management Method. London, England: Mercury.
Walton, M. (1991). Deming Management at Work. London, England: Mercury.
Waring, S.P. (1991). Taylorism Transformed. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.
Yin, R.K. (1994). Case Study Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kock, N. (2007). A Test of the Communication Flow Optimization Model Through an Action Research Study at a Defense Contractor. In: Kock, N. (eds) Information Systems Action Research. Integrated Series in Information Systems, vol 13. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36060-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36060-7_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-36059-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-36060-7
eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsBusiness and Management (R0)