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Gender and Racial Variations of the Lacrimal System

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The Lacrimal System

Conclusion

In summary, some differences between the lacrimal systems of males and females and those of different races have been well documented, such as the smaller nasolacrimal canal diameter of women as compared with men. However, further comparative studies are needed to fully address the anatomic differences, which would provide better surgical guidelines. Variations exist even within each gender and race. The key to being a successful lacrimal surgeon lies in the awareness of such nuances and the ability to adjust surgical technique when an anatomic variation is encountered in any patient.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA

    Susan R. Carter MD

  2. Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Roberta E. Gausas MD (Director of Oculoplastic and Orbital Surgery)

Authors
  1. Susan R. Carter MD
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  2. Roberta E. Gausas MD
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Eyelid and Facial Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Surgery, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA

    Adam J. Cohen MD (Consulting Surgeon) (Consulting Surgeon)

  2. Department of Surgery, Doctor’s Hospital, Sarasota, FL, 34239, USA

    Michael Mercandetti MD, MBA, FACS (Attending Staff) (Attending Staff)

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10021

    Brian G. Brazzo MD (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon) (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon)

  4. Oculoplastics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11219

    Brian G. Brazzo MD (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon) (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon)

  5. Oculoplastics Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Lincoln Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10451

    Brian G. Brazzo MD (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon) (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon)

  6. Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY, 10003, USA

    Brian G. Brazzo MD (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon) (Clinical Assistant Professor, Director and Attending Surgeon)

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© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

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Carter, S.R., Gausas, R.E. (2006). Gender and Racial Variations of the Lacrimal System. In: Cohen, A.J., Mercandetti, M., Brazzo, B.G. (eds) The Lacrimal System. Springer, New York, NY . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35267-1_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35267-1_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-25385-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-35267-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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