Abstract
“Historiography” has two currently accepted meanings: (1) “the history of academic history” and (2) “its philosophy, theory, and methodology.” While I shall to some extent deal with the first, my overwhelming emphasis is on the second. Nevertheless, a closing bibliographic addendum will point the reader toward some very useful histories of history-writing (i.e., the “Appendix”). It also includes “essayettes.”
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Notes and References
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification, eds. J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 16–86.
St. Augustine, The City of God, trans. Henry Bettenson (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1961). Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner’s, 1941). Giambattista Vico, A Study of the New Science [1744], trans. Leon Pompa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). G. Vico, The Autobiography [1731], trans. and introductory essays, M. H. Fisch and T. Bergin (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1944). Robert Caponigri, Time and Idea: The Theory of History in Giambattista Vico (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968). There has been a minor renaissance in Vico studies that has continued to date. For an excellent discussion of J. G. von Herder’s Ideas for the Philosophy of History of Mankind (originally published in four volumes, 1784–1791), see R. Flint, The Philosophy of History in France and Germany (New York: Scribners, 1874). I. Kant, On History, ed. and trans. L. W. Beck (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963). G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991). G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, trans. H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, 3 vols. [1867-1869] (Chicago: C. H. Kerr. Co., 1925–1926). Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State [1884] (New York: Penguin Books, 1985). Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, 2 vols., trans. C. F. Atkinson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994). Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, 10 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974). A quite competent two-volume abridgement of Toynbee was done by D. C. Somervell, A Study Of History (Abridgement of Vols. 1–10), 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974). Ronald H. Nash, ed., Ideas of History, Vol. I: Speculative Approaches to History (New York: Dutton, 1969). A useful anthology of excerpts. Karl Löwith, Meaning in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949). Examines a number of speculative philosophers of history from the Bible, Orosius, and Augustine on to Hegel, Marx, and Burckhardt. Arnold Toynbee and D. C. Somervell, Civilization on Trial and The World and the West (New York: Meridian Books, 1958). Two of Toynbee’s books in one, together with D. C. Somervell’s “The Argument of A Study of History,” pp. 299–348. A. Toynbee, Toynbee on Toynbee: A Conversation Between Arnold J. Toynbee and G. R. Urban (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 213. Louis Mink, Mind, History, and Dialectic: The Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1969).
S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898), 63–67.
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 101.
Carl Becker, Detachment and the Writing of History, ed. P. Snyder (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958), 48.
G. Florovsky, “The Study of the Past,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 351–369; see p. 361.
M. G. Murphey, Our Knowledge of the Historical Past (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 10–11, 15, 19–20.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “The Meaning of Mental Health,” in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Vol. III, rev. ed., ed. W. Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1995), 1698–1704. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification, eds. J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 16–86.
A. Kiev, ed., Magic, Faith, and Healing (London: Jason Aronson, 1996); S. Kakar, Shamans, Mystics, and Doctors: A Psychological Inquiry into India and its Healing Traditions (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982); A. Kiev, Curanderismo: Mexican-American Folk Psychiatry (New York: Free Press, 1968); and M. Shepherd, ed., Psychiatrists on Psychiatry (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, eds. and trans. G. Iggers and K. von Moltke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 30–31.
S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898), 57–61.
Charles Beard, “The Noble Dream,” in Ideas of History, Vol. I: Speculative Approaches to History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 162–176. Charles Beard, The Discussion of Human Affairs (New York: Macmillan, 1936). Carl Becker, Detachment and the Writing of History, ed. P. Snyder (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958), 48. See Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Association (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), for a recent revivification of the Beard/Becker argument. He selectively refers to historians and philosophers of history who share his point of view. Where he focuses on otherwise quite competent intersubjectivist historians; he chooses their wartime histories of then-enemy countries-which are precisely the occasions when otherwise serious and rigorously empirical historians can lapse into diatribes. And yet, by claiming he has correctly read the historiographical “tea-leaves,” he invokes the same intersubjectivist criteria for competent historical work that he is explicitly decrying. Again, the epistemological problem of self-reflexivity-asserting the “truth” that there is no intersubjective historical truth (characteristic also of “deconstructionism”)-either (1) delivers them over to the hands of their enemies or else (2) commits them to the position, actually adopted by the later Foucault and some other postmodernists, that they are writing propagandist fiction. And Novick simply brushes over too many of those with opposing viewpoints. For a historicist critique of Novick see Alan B. Spitzer, Historical Truth and Lies About the Past (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 5–6.
M. White, “The Logic of Historical Narration,” in Philosophy and History, ed. Sidney Hook (New York: New York University Press, 1963), 3–31.
Hans Meyerhoff, ed., The Philosophy of History in Our Time (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), 19–20.
Charles Beard, “Written History as an Act of Faith,” in The Philosophy of History In Our Time, ed. H. Meyerhoff (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), 140–152; see p. 143. Charles Beard, in Ideas of History, Vol. I: Speculative Approaches to History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1969), 162–176; see p. 171. Frederick Teggart, Theory and Processes of History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962). Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (New York: Free Press, 1963). Forrest McDonald, “Introduction” to Beard, 1963, vii–xl, pointed out many factual problems with Beard’s Economic Interpretation and gave extensive references to the many scholars who have undermined Beard’s Marxian-influenced tract.
Carl Becker, Detachment and the Writing of History, ed. P. Snyder (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958).
Carl Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth Century Philosophers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1932).
Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966, 1969).
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 242–243. Ibid., 53.
Roy Schafer, A New Language for Psychoanalysis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). Donald Spence, Narrative Truth and Historical Truth: Meaning and Interpretation in Psychoanalysis (New York: Norton, 1982).
Hayden White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 37–38, 283.
R. Atkinson, Knowledge and Explanation in History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 46. See also M. Mandelbaum’s philosophical argument for a “critical realism” in science and history: Philosophy, Science, and Sense Perception (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964).
G. Renier, History: Its Purpose and Method (Boston: Beacon Press, 1950), 156.
K. M. Stampp, ed., The Causes of the Civil War, 3rd ed. (New York: Touchstone, 1988). G. S. Boritt, ed., The Historian’s Lincoln: Pseudohistory, Psychohistory, and History (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996).
William James, “What Pragmatism Means,” in The Writings of William James, ed. J. McDermott (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 430.
W. Walsh, Philosophy and History: An Introduction (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958), 46.
Sigmund Freud, “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 10 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 3–148; see pp. 22–23. Sigmund Freud, “Recommendations to Physicians Practicing Psycho-Analysis,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 12 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 109–120; see p. 114.
E. H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961), 34.
Sigmund Freud, Moses and Monotheism [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 23, pp. 7–137] (London: Hogarth Press, 1964). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “The Psychodynamic Determinants of Moses and Monotheism,” Psychiatry 40 (1977): 79–87.
Frank Sulloway, Freud: Biologist of the Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1979). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985).
Gregory Zilboorg, The Medical Man and the Witch in the Renaissance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935). Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941). N. P. Spanos, “Witchcraft in Histories of Psychiatry: A Critical Analysis and an Alternative Conceptualization,” Psychological Bulletin 85 (1978): 417–439.
C. Frankel, “Explanation and Interpretation in History,” in Theories of History, ed. Patrick Gardiner (New York: Free Press, 1962). J. H. Hexter, Reappraisals in History (New York: Harper & Row, 1961). C. V. Wedgwood, The Sense of the Past: Thirteen Studies in the Theory and Practice of History (New York: Collier, 1967). Ernest Nagel, “Determinism in History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 319–349. A. Callincos, Theories and Narratives: Reflections on the Philosophy of History (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995). C. Blake, “Can History Be Objective?” in Theories of History, ed. Patrick Gardiner (New York: Free Press, 1959). Patrick Gardiner, The Nature of Historical Explanation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961). I. Melden, “Historical Objectivity,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, Ronald H. Nash, ed. (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 193-204; see p. 193. A. Marwick, The Nature of History, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Lyceum, 1989). W. H. Dray, The Philosophy of History (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964). A. Johnson, The Historian and Historical Evidence (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1926). Maurice Mandelbaum, The Problem of Historical Knowledge (New York: Liveright, 1938). Maurice Mandelbaum, “Objectivism in History,” in Philosophy and History, ed. Sidney Hook (New York: New York University Press, 1963), 43–56. Maurice Mandelbaum, “Historical Explanation: The Problem of Covering Laws,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 124–139. Maurice Mandelbaum, The Anatomy of Historical Knowledge (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977). A classic! Morris Cohen, The Meaning of Human History (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1944). Bernard Norling, Towards a Better Understanding of History (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1960). W. Walsh, Philosophy and History: An Introduction (New York, Harper and Brothers, 1958). Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). W. Walsh, “Positivist and Idealist Approaches to History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 56–70. Hilary Putnam, Reason, Truth, and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Sidney Hook, “Necessity, Indeterminism, and Sentimentalism,” in Freedom and Determinism in the Age of Modern Science, ed. S. Hook (New York: Collier, 1961). John Tosh, The Pursuit of History, 2nd ed. (London: Longmans, 1991). Leon J. Goldstein, “Collingwood’s Theory of Historical Knowing,” History and Theory 9 (1970): 3–36. Leon J. Goldstein, Historical Knowing (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976). Excellent. G. Gustavson, A Preface to History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955). See Gertrude Himmelfarb, long a respected scholar, for the epistemological, ethical, and existential problems with the radical relativism of postmodernist “history”: The New History and the Old (New York: Vintage Books, 1987); The De-moralization of Society: From Victorian Virtues to Modern Values (New York: Vintage Books, 1994); On Looking Into the Abyss: Untimely Thoughts on Culture and Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1994). J. Appleby, L. Hunt, and M. Jacob, Telling the Truth About History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994). Argues that more outsider-inclusive American histories can be written without throwing objectivist truth criteria to the winds. Supports a narrative notion of history whose aim is appreciating multi-causal networks. Discusses some of the darker sources of postmodernism’s radical relativism and skeptical nihilism: in Nietzsche’s will to power and his genealogies of the “Superman”; and in Heidegger’s antihumanism and active support of Nazism. They also emphasize the importance of knowing American history for its impact on building the sort of self-identity that can participate in a genuinely inclusive democratic process. It has long been my conviction that Afro-American exclusionary American histories kept blacks from developing the robust sense of history that is so important to developing the sort of self-identity prerequisite to achievement. Fortunately the inclusion of the black experience, and their contributions to American society/culture, in our national histories is helping to right that wrong. Still, at this yet early point in including blacks in our national narratives; specialized courses in Afro-American studies are surely necessary. Hopefully whites will avail themselves of them too.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Dynamic Psychiatry in Theory and Practice (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1983).
G. Florovsky, “The Study of the Past,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 351–369; see p. 353.
B. Croce, History: Its Theory and Practice, S. Ainslee, trans. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1921), 13.
Page Smith, The Historian and History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), 155.
E. H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961), 54. Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (New York: Macmillan). Besides Langlois and Seignebos, Carr, and Bloch, see two recent books on the historian’s craft: J. W. Davison and M. H. Lytle, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), and R. W. Winks, ed., The Historian as Detective: Essays on Evidence (New York; Harper, 1969); and of course J. Barzun and H. F. Graff’s classic, The Modern Researcher, 5th ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1992).
J. Ortega y Gasset, Historical Reason, trans. P. W. Silver (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994). Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946). B. Croce, History as the Story of Liberty, trans. S. Sprigge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1941). Wilhelm Dilthey, Introduction to the Human Sciences: An Attempt to Lay a Foundation for the Study of Society and History, trans. R. Betanzos (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988).
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 283.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983).
E. H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961). Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (New York: Harvest, 1937).
C. Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Issues in the Philosophy of Science (New York: Free Press, 1965). E. Nagel, The Structure of Science, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1979).
Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, eds. and trans. G. Iggers and K. von Moltke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973).
E. Tylor, Primitive Culture, 2 vols. (New York: Holt, 1874). Leslie White, The Evolution of Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959).
W. Walsh, “Positivist and Idealist Approaches to History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 56–70; see p. 67.
W. Dray, “The Historical Explanation of Actions Reconsidered,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969). W. Dray, Perspectives on History (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980).
Arthur Danto, Narration and Knowledge: Including the integral text of Analytical Philosophy of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).
W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Vintage, 1941), 3–4.
Maurice Mandelbaum, “Historical Explanation: The Problem of Covering Laws,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 124–139; see p. 140.
M. Scriven, “Causes, Connections, and Conditions in History,” in Philosophical Analysis and History, ed. W. Dray (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 238–264; see p. 245.
Ibid., pp. 250, 251.
Patrick Gardiner, The Nature of Historical Explanation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 60–61, 93–94.
Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
S. J. Gould, Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977).
Arthur Danto, Narration and Knowledge (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985).
O. Halecki, The Limits and Divisions of European History (University of Notre Dame, 1962); and J. A. Hall, ed., States in History (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
M. Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), 140–142. W. Dray, “The Historical Explanation of Actions Reconsidered,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 106–123; see p. 109. W. Dray, Perspectives on History (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980). R. Demos, “The Language of History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 280. Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), 26.
Roy Schafer, A New Language for Psychoanalysis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). Donald Spence, Narrative Truth and Historical Truth: Meaning and Interpretation in Psychoanalysis (New York: Norton, 1982).
M. Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), 136–137.
Charles Beard, The Discussion of Human Affairs (New York: Macmillan, 1936). H. Marrou, Meaning in History (Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1966).
H. Zinn, The Southern Mystique (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 147.
W. Dray, “The Historical Explanation of Actions Reconsidered,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 106–123; see p. 109.
R. Demos, “The Language of History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 280.
Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), 26.
Ernest Nagel, “Determinism in History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 319–350; see pp. 320, 323.
Mario Bunge, Causality and Modern Science, 3rd rev. ed. (New York: Dover, 1979), 103.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Determinism, Possibility, and Ethics,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 34 (1986): 933–973.
M. Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933), 136–137.
Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, eds. and trans. G. Iggers and K. von Moltke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 40. S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898), 65.
D. McMurtrie et al., “Theory and Practice in Historical Study: A Report of the Committee on Historiography,” Social Science Research Council Bulletin 54 (1946): 137.
G. Renier, History: Its Purpose and Method (Boston: Beacon Press, 1950), 156. W. Gallie, Philosophy and Historical Understanding (New York: Schocken, 1964), 71.
Elton, 1970, 101. J. Barzun and H. Graff, The Modern Researcher, 5th ed. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanich, 1992). D. H. Fischer, Historians’Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper, 1970). C. Frankel, In Nash, 1969. R. Stover, The Nature of Historical Thinking (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967). M. Murphey, Our Knowledge of the Historical Past (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973).
C. Fischer, Historians’ Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper, 1970), 166.
M. Scriven, “Causes, Connections, and Conditions in History,” in Philosophical Analysis and History, ed. W. Dray (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 238–264; see p. 241.
E. H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961), 113, 121–122, 135, 142.
L. Gottschalk, Understanding History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950), 210, 211.
Maurice Mandelbaum, The Problem of Historical Knowledge (New York: Liveright, 1938), 265; Maurice Mandelbaum, “Historical Explanation: The Problem of Covering Laws,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 124–139, p. 134; Maurice Mandelbaum, The Anatomy of Historical Knowledge (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 57.
A. Michotte, The Perception of Causality (New York: Basic, 1963). J. Piaget, Understanding Causality, trans. David M. Miles (New York: W.W. Norton, 1974). M. Brand, ed., The Nature of Causation (Chicago: University of IL Press, 1976). M. Tooley, Causation: A Realist Approach (Oxford, 1987).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69; see pp. 32–34. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Determinism, Possibility, and Ethics,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 34 (1986): 933–973.
Ernest Nagel, “Relativism and Some Problems of Working Historians,” in Philosophy and History, ed. Sidney Hook (New York: New York University Press, 1963), 85.
Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, eds. and trans. G. Iggers and K. von Moltke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 40.
Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft, trans. P. Putnam (New York: Vintage Books, 1953), 194.
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 214.
W. Walsh, “Positivist and Idealist Approaches to History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 56–70; see p. 42. Stuart Hughes, History as Art and as Science: Twin Vistas on the Past (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
W. Walsh, “Positivist and Idealist Approaches to History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 56–70; see p. 68. H. Meyerhoff, “Introduction,” in The Philosophy of History in Our Time, ed. H. Meyerhoff (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), 19–20.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69; see pp. 32–44. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985).
Peter Gay, Art and Act: On Causes in History-Manet, Gropius, Mondrian (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 1–21.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), Chapter Six. J. Greenberg and S. Mitchell, Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983). H. Hartmann, Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation (New York: International Universities Press, 1958). E. H. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd ed. rev. enl. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963). D. N. Stern, The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology (New York: Basic Books, 1985). M. St. Clair, Object Relations and Self Psychology: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (New York: Brooks/Cole, 1996). H. A. Bacal and K. M. Newman, Theories of Object Relations: Bridges to Self Psychology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). H. Kohut, The Restoration of the Self (New York: International Universities Press, 1977). O. Kernberg, Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism (New York: Jason Aronson, 1975). B. Moore and B. Fine, eds. Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). C. Strozier and D. Offer, eds., The Leader: Psychohistorical Essays (New York: Plenum, 1985). Applies self psychology and object relations theory to historical and biographical studies. Has a good bibliography of historical/biographical literature making use of object relations theory and self psychology. C. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1979). Applies object relations and self psychology to the comprehension of American culture and character.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69. Ernest Nagel, The Structure of Science (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1961).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69; see pp. 43–44. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Determinism, Possibility, and Ethics,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 34 (1986): 933–973.
Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy, 9 vols. (New York: Image Books, 1975).
Sidney Hook, The Hero in History (New York: Humanities Press, 1950). See Friedrich Engels’s Introduction [1895] to Karl Marx, The Class Struggles in France: 1848–1850 (New York: International Publishers, 1964). Karl Marx, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (New York: International Publishers, 1994). See also Engels’s excerpt in P. Gardiner, The Nature of Historical Explanation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), 110.
Sir William Osler, Aequanímitas, with Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses, and Practitioners of Medicine (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Sons, 1904). Sir William Osler, The Evolution of Modern Medicine (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1921).
Max Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin, Vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1906–1910).
Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941). E. G. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 2nd ed. (New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1950). Controversial.
Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, 3 vols. (New York: Basic Books, 1953–1957).
Henri Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1970).
Lancelot Law Whyte, The Unconscious Before Freud (New York: Basic, 1960).
Erik Erikson, Young Man Luther (New York: Norton, 1958). Erik Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth (New York: Norton, 1968). Erik Erikson, Life History and the Historical Moment (New York: Norton, 1975).
Georges Lefebvre, The Coming of the French Revolution, trans. R. R. Palmer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1947). Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, 2 vols., trans. L. A. Manyon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961). Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 3 vols., trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row, 1972–1974). Fernand Braudel, On History, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980). Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilizations, trans. R. Mayne (New York: Penguin, 1993).
E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage, 1966). E. P. Thompson, Making History: Writings on History and Culture (New York: The New Press, 1994).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985), 129–130. E. Durschmied, The Hinge Factor: How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History (New York: Arcade, 2000). D. J. Boorstin, Cleopatra’s Nose: Essays on the Unexpected (New York: Vintage, 1995).
E. H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961), 129–130.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985), 130.
Ibid., 193–200.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), Chapters 1 and 2.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985), 193–200.
Ibid., 212–214.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983).
Bruce Mazlish, “Introduction,” Psychoanalysis and History, rev. ed., ed. B. Mazlish (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1971), 1–19.
J. M. Jauch, Are Quanta Real?: A Galilean Dialogue (Indiana University Press, 1989). B. Rosenblum and F. Kuttner, Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness (Oxford, 2006).
W. Dilthey, Wilhelm Dilthey: An Introduction, ed., trans. H. Hodges (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1944).
P. Bridgman, “Determinism in Modern Science,” in Determinism and Freedom in the Age of Modern Science, ed. S. Hook (New York: Collier, 1961), 75–94.
Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
Larry Laudan, Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). Imre Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). James Harris, Against Relativism. A Philosophical Defense of Method (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1992). P. Feyerabend, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge (London: New Left Books, 1975), 205. Larry Laudan, Science and Values: The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
P. Feyerabend, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge (London: New Left Books, 1975), 205.
Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, eds. and trans. G. Iggers and K. von Moltke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 34.
R. Atkinson, Knowledge and Explanation in History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 46.
S. Toulmin and J. Goodfield, The Discovery of Time (University of Chicago, 1973).
Oswei Temkin, The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 72–73, 110–111.
Giambattista Vico, Principles of the New Science, 2nd ed. [1744], trans. T. Bergin and M. Fisch (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984).
Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, eds. and trans. G. Iggers and K. von Moltke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973).
J. Derrida, Points: Interviews, 1974–1994, ed. E. Weber (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995). S. Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980). J. H. Smith and W. Kerrigan, eds., Taking Chances: Derrida, Psychoanalysis, and Literature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). M. Gane, ed., Baudrillard Live: Selected Interviews (London: Routledge, 1993). H. J. Silverman and D. Ilhde, eds., Hermeneutics and Deconstruction (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985). Baudrillard (op. cit) opposes the puppet-making effect of the mass-media and its commercialism. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991). Paul Feyerabend, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchist Theory of Knowledge (London: New Left Books, 1975). Paul Feyerabend, Three Dialogues on Knowledge (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991). (Lyotard referenced later). Paul Feyerabend, Killing Time: Autobiography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995). H. G. Gadamer, Philosophical Hermeneutics, trans. D. E. Linge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). The Frankfurt School opposes postmodern epistemic relativism. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Elisabeth Lasch-Quinn, eds., Reconstructing History: The Emergence of a New Historical Society (London: Routledge, 1999). S. Cohen, Historical Culture: On the Recoding of an Academic Discipline (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). Semiotic/critical approach. Against historicism. B. Spitzer, Historical Truth and Lies About the Past (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898).
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Genealogy of Morals, trans. W. Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale (New York: Vintage, 1989).
Henri Ellenberger, “Writing the History of Psychiatry,” in Psychiatry and Its History: Methodological Problems, eds. G. Mora and J. Brand (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970), 26–40.
Hannah Decker, Freud in Germany (New York: International Universities Press, 1977). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983).
Henri Ellenberger, “Writing the History of Psychiatry,” in Psychiatry and Its History: Methodological Problems, eds. G. Mora and J. Brand (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970), 26–40.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification, eds. J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 16-86.
Henri Ellenberger, “Writing the History of Psychiatry,” in Psychiatry and Its History: Methodological Problems, eds. G. Mora and J. Brand (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970), 26–40.
Leo Gershoy, Bertrand Barère: A Reluctant Terrorist (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962).
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), 238.
F. Alexander and S. Selesnick, A History of Psychiatry (New York: Mentor, 1966). Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941). Ernest Jones, The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, 3 vols. (New York: Basic, 1953-1957).
Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946). David H. Fischer, Historians’Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper, 1970).
Harry Thurston Peck, William Hickling Prescott (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, Inc., 1968). Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1952). Two chapters on Prescott.
S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898), 75.
Elton, 1970, Chapter Two.
S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898), 80.
D. Fischer, Historians’Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought (New York: Harper, 1970).
Ibid.
Henri Ellenberger, “Writing the History of Psychiatry,” in Psychiatry and Its History: Methodological Problems, eds. G. Mora and J. Brand (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970).
D. Ornston, ed., Translating Freud (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992). B. Bettelheim, Freud and Man’s Soul (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Freud and the Mind-Body Problem,” in Freud and the History of Psychoanalysis, eds. T. Gelfand and J. Kerr (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1992), 231–269.
Henri Ellenberger, “Writing the History of Psychiatry,” in Psychiatry and Its History: Methodological Problems, eds. G. Mora and J. Brand (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985).
Patrick Gardiner, The Nature of Historical Explanation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961), 93–94.
M. G. Murphey, Our Knowledge of the Historical Past (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 152.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983). On the other hand, Freud’s assertion is certainly hyperbole; see William H. Schaberg, The Nietzsche Canon: A Publication History and Bibliography (University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 198–206, for the twenty-four Nietzsche publications extant by 1873.
Maria Dorer, Historische Grundlagen der Psychoanalyse (Leipzig: Meiner, 1932).
Siegfried Bernfeld, “Freud’s Earliest Theories and the School of Helmholtz,” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 13 (1944): 341–362.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Freud’s Father Conflict: The History of a Dynamic,” Psychiatry 41 (1978): 33–56. E. R. Wallace, IV, “A Commentary on the Freud-Jung Letters,” Psychoanalytic Review 67 (1980): 111-137.
Lancelot Law Whyte, The Unconscious Before Freud (New York: Basic Books, 1960).
Gregory Zilboorg, The Medical Man and the Witch in the Renaissance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935). Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941).
N. P. Spanos, “Witchcraft in Histories of Psychiatry: A Critical Analysis and an Alternative Conceptualization,” Psychological Bulletin 85 (1978):417–439. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–166.
John Demos, Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). Fernando Cervantes, The Devil in the New World: The Impact of Diabolism in New Spain (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994). A. D. J. Macfarlane, Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (New York: Harper & Row, 1970). H. C. E. Midlefort, Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany, 1562–1684 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1972). Marion L. Starkey, The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Enquiry Into the Salem Witch Trials (New York: Anchor, 1994).
S. Langlois and C. Seignebos, Introduction to the Study of History, trans. G. Berry (London: Duckworth, 1898).
R. Atkinson, Knowledge and Explanation in History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978), 143.
Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (New York: Penguin, 1973).
O. Temkin, The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 88–89.
Ibid., 82.
George Stocking, Race, Language and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).
George Mora, “The History of Psychiatry: Its Relevance for the Psychiatrist,” American Journal of Psychiatry 126 (1970): 957–967.
Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science, rev. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1965).
R. M. Young, Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Otto Marx, “The Case of the Chronic Patient Seen From a Historical Perspective,” in Essays in the History of Psychiatry, eds. E. R. Wallace, IV, and L. C. Pressley (Columbia, SC: R. L. Bryan, 1980), 22–29.
Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York: Norton, 1988). Peter Gay, Freud for Historians (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985). Peter Gay, Reading Freud: Explorations and Entertainments (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). Peter Loewenberg, Decoding the Past: The Psychohistorical Approach (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). Peter Loewenberg, Fantasy and Reality in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
René Semelaigne, Les Pionniers de la Psychiatrie Francaise Avant et Apres Pinel, 2 vols. (Paris: J. B. Ballière, 1930, 1932). Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941).
Erwin Ackerknecht, A Short History of Psychiatry, trans. Sula Wolff (New York: Hafner, 1968). See also Ackerknecht’s A Short History of Medicine, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Freud and the Mind-Body Problem,” in Freud and the History of Psychoanalysis, eds. T. Gelfand and J. Kerr (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1994), 231–269.
Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Textbook of Insanity, trans. C. G. Shaddock (Philadelphia, Davis, 1905); “Introduction” (Munich: Hubner, 1897).
Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1973). Explores the “dehumanizing” “medical gaze” of the early 19th century Parisian clinical-pathological correlation. Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization, trans. R. Howard (New York: Pantheon, 1965). Michel Foucault, The Order of Things, trans. A. Sheridan (New York: Random House, 1970). Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, trans., ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980). Views the “will to knowledge” as the foundational error and “will to power” of Western modernism. David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971). David Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980). Andrew Scull, Demarcation: Community Treatment and the Deviant-A Radical View (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977). Andrew Scull, The Social Organization of Insanity in Nineteenth Century England (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979). Andrew Scull, Social Order/Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
L. Cahoone, ed., From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). W. T. Anderson, ed., The Truth About Truth: De-Confusing and Re-Constructing the Postmodern World (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995).
Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic, 1982).
Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941).
F. Alexander and S. Selesnick, A History of Psychiatry (New York: Mentor, 1966). Walter Bromberg, Man Above Humanity: A History of Psychotherapy (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1954). Robert G. Collingwood, The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 313.
S. Selesnick, A History of Psychiatry (New York: Mentor, 1966) Ibid., p. 334.
A. Kleinman, Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1988). Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification, eds. J. Z. Sadler, O. P. Wiggins, and M. A. Schwartz (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 16–86. R. C. Simons and C. C. Hughes, eds., The Culture-Bound Syndromes (Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1985). F. A. Johnson, Dependency and Japanese Socialization: Psychoanalytic and Anthropological Investigations Into “Amae” (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
Henri Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (NewYork: Basic Books, 1970).
Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna (New York: Touchstone, 1973). Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York: Vintage, 1981). William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). Bruno Bettelheim, Freud’s Vienna and Other Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990).
Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization, trans. R. Howard (New York: Pantheon, 1965).
David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971). David Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980). Scull, 1981.
Ibid., 115.
E. R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historic-Philosophical Overview”, and “The Meaning of Mental Health”, op. cit.; E. R. Wallace, J. Z. Sadler, and J. Radden, “The Philosophy of psychiatry: Who Needs It?”, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 185 (1997): 67–73; J. Z. Sadler, Values and Psychiatric Diagnosis (Oxford University Press, 2005).
Ronald Numbers, “Millerism and Madness,” Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 49 (1985): 289–320.
David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971). David Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980).
Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization, trans. R. Howard (New York: Pantheon, 1965); and The Birth of the Clinic (1973).
Didier Eribon, Michel Foucault, trans. B. Wing (Harvard, 1991).
G. Grob, Mental Illness and American Society, 1875–1940 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), p. 319. See also pp. 317–318.
Robert Young, Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 188.
Ibid.
Ibid., 240.
Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985).
Elaine Showalter, “Hysteria, Feminism, and Gender,” in Hysteria Beyond Freud, eds. S. Gilman, H. King, R. Porter, G. S. Rousseau, and E. Showalter (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 286–344.
R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 3rd ed. (New York: Collier/Macmillan, 1968). Includes the sociology of knowledge. R. K. Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973). P. Berger and T. Luckman, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966).
S. Gilman, Seeing the Insane: A Cultural History of Madness and Art in the Western World (New York: Wiley, Brunner/Mazel, 1985). J. M. MacGregor, The Discovery of the Art of the Insane (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989). L. Gamwell and N. Tomes, Madness in America: Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness Before 1914 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).
E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951).
George Rosen, Madness in Society: Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).
Hans Zinsser, Rats, Lice and History (New York: Little, Brown, 1935). George Rosen, A History of Public Health (New York: M.D. Publications, 1958). Frederick Cartwright, Disease and History (New York: Mentor, 1972). Robert F. Hudson, Disease and Its Control: The Shaping of Modern Thought (London: Praeger, 1983). P. Zeigler, The Black Death (London: Collins, 1969). Roselyne Rey, The History of Pain, trans. Louise Elliott Wallace (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). German Berrios, The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology Since the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Ilza Veith, Hysteria: The History of a Disease (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965). Oswei Temkin, The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945). Dan E. Beauchamp, The Health of the Republic: Epidemics, Medicine, and Moralism as Challenges to Democracy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988). J. T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987). R. S. Desowitz, The Malaria Capers: Tales of Parasites and People (New York: Norton, 1991). R. Collier, The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919 (London: Macmillan, 1974). S. M. Rothman, Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History (New York: Basic, 1995). Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 1992). S. Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and Aids and Its Metaphors (New Brunswick: Anchor Books, 1989). C. E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). H. Sigerist, Civilization and Disease (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1943). R. Dubos, Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress, and Biological Change (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959). A. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
T. McKeown, The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage, or Nemesis? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979).
W. F. Bynum, R. Porter, and M. Shepherd, eds., The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, 2 vols. (London: Tavistock, 1985).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), 42.
Sigmund Freud, Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory From His Childhood [1910] [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 11] (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 63–137. Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo [1913] [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 13] (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 1–161. Sigmund Freud, Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious [1905] [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 8] (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 1–237. Sigmund Freud, “The Moses of Michelangelo” [1914], in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 13 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 209–237. Sigmund Freud, “A Seventeenth-Century Demonological Neurosis” [1923], in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 19 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 72–105.
E. R. Wallace, IV, “The Psychodynamic Determinants of Moses and Monotheism,” Psychiatry 40(1977): 79–87. E. R. Wallace, IV, “Freud and Leonardo,” Psychiatric Forum 9 (1979):1–10. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), Chapters Two and Six. See also E. R. Wallace: “Freud and Cultural Evolutionism”, in E. R. Wallace and L. C. Pressley, eds., Essays in the History of Psychiatry (Columbia, SC: R.L. Bryan, 1980). 184–202; “The Primal Parricide”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 54 (1980): 153–165; and “Freud and Anthropology”, in E. Erwin, ed., The Freud Encyclopedia (London: Routledge, 2002). E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–161.
Ibid.
Sigmund Freud and William C. Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967).
Daniel Paul Schreber, Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken... (Leipzig: Oswald Mutze, 1903). Translated with Introduction and Notes by Ida Macalpine and Richard Hunter as Memoirs of My Nervous Illness (London: Wm. Dawson & Sons, 1955), reprinted in 1988 by Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA) with a substantial Lacanian introduction by Samuel M. Weber. Sigmund Freud, “Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia” [1911] in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 12 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 9–82. Otto Gross, “Ueber Bewusstseinzerfall” Monatschr. Psych. Neurol. 15 (1904): 46–51.
William Niederland, The Schreber Case (New York: Quadrangle, 1974). Morton Schatzman, Soul Murder: Persecution in the Family (London: Allen Lane, 1973). D. G. M. Schreber, Ärztliche Zimmergymnastik... (Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer, 1855). Three translations into English exist: (1) of the third German edition by Henry Skelton as Illustrated Medical In-Door Gymnastics (London: Williams & Norgate, 1856); of the twenty-third edition by Charles Russell Bardeen as Home Exercise for Health and Cure (Syracuse, NY: C. W. Bardeen, 1890); and of the twenty-sixth edition by Herbert A. Day as Medical Indoor Gymnastics... (London: Williams & Norgate, 1899). D. G. M. Schreber, Kallipädie (Leipzig: Fleischer, 1858); English translation in Dio Lewis, The New Gymnastics for Men, Women, and Children (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1862). Han Israëls, Schreber: Father and Son, privately printed in Amsterdam in 1981, reissued in 1989, then as a trade book in the United States (Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1989). Originally Israël’s doctoral thesis in Dutch. The definitive book on Schreber is Zvi Lothane, In Defense of Schreber: Soul Murder and Psychiatry (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1992). A good brief account of Schreber and of Freud’s analysis of him is Lothane’s entry on Schreber in Edward Erwin, ed., The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture (London: Routledge, 2002), 506–509, from which I have liberally borrowed.
Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams [1900] [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vols. 4 and 5] (London: Hogarth Press, 1955)].
J. M. Masson, The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory (New York: Viking Penguin, 1984). Morton Schatzman, “Freud: Who Seduced Whom?” New Scientist 21 (1992): 34–37. Hans Israels and Morton Schatzman, “The Seduction Theory,” History of Psychiatry 4 (1993): 23–59.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983).
Ernest Jones, Psycho-Myth, Psycho-History: Essays in Applied Psychoanalysis, 2 vols. (New York: Stonehill, 1974). Ernest Jones, On the Nightmare (London: Liveright, 1951).
David Stannard, Shrinking History: Freud and the Failure of Psychohistory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980).
Jacques Barzun, Clio and the Doctors: Psycho-History, Quanto-History, and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
Saul Friedländer, History and Psychoanalysis (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1978).
E. R. Wallace, “The Scientific Status of Psychoanalysis,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174: 379–386 (1986). E. R. Wallace, “Pitfalls of a One-Sided Image of Science: Adolf Grünbaum’s Foundations of Psychoanalysis”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 37 (1987): 493–529.
Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft (New York: Vintage, 1953), 195.
E. H. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961), 127.
Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society, rev. ed. (New York: Norton, 1963).
Erik Erikson, Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History (New York: Norton, 1958). Erik Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth (New York: Norton, 1969). Erik Erikson, Life History and the Historical Moment (New York: Norton, 1975). Roger Johnson, ed., Psychohistory and Religion: The Case of “Young Man Luther” (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977). E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–161. E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry and Religion: Toward a Dialogue and Public Philosophy,” in Psychoanalysis and Religion, eds. J. H. Smith and S. Handelman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 195–221.
R. J. Lifton and E. Olson, eds., Explorations in Psychohistory (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974). R. J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic, 1986).
William L. Langer, “The Next Assignment” [1958], in Psychoanalysis and History, rev. ed., ed. Bruce Mazlish (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1971), 87–107.
Melford Spiro, Culture and Human Nature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). Robert Levine, Culture, Behavior, and Personality (Chicago: Aldine, 1973). Philip Bock, Rethinking Psychological Anthropology, 2nd ed. (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1999). See also the work of three crucial pioneers in the application of psychoanalysis to anthropology: G. Roheim, Psychoanalysis and Anthropology: Culture, Personality, and the Unconscious (New York: International Universities Press, 1950). G. Devereux, Mojave Ethnopsychiatry: The Psychic Disturbances of an Indian Tribe (Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1951). W. La Barre, The Human Animal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). W. La Barre, The Ghost Dance: The Origins of Religion (London: Allen and Unwin, 1972).
Bruce Mazlish, James and John Stuart Mill: Father and Son in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Basic, 1975). Leon Edel, Henry James: A Life, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1985). Leon Edel, Writing Lives: Principia Biographica (New York: Norton, 1984). W. C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler (New York: Basic, 1972). Originally a secret wartime report. W. Zinser, ed., Extraordinary Lives: The Art and Craft of American Biography (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1986).
Philip Pomper, The Structure of Mind in History: Five Major Figures in Psychohistory (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985). W. K. Runyan, Life Histories and Psychobiography: Explorations in Theory and Method (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982). W. K. Runyan, ed. Psychology and Historical Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). Benjamin Wolman, ed., The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of History (New York Harper & Row, 1973). Bruce Mazlish, ed., Psychoanalysis and History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1971). C. B. Strozier and D. Offer, eds., The Leader: Psychohistorical Essays (New York: Plenum, 1985). The first half is a history of psychohistory.
Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, Volume I, Education of the Senses (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984). Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, Volume II, The Tender Passion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986). E. Kris, Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art (New York: International Universities Press, 1952). A Ph.D. art historian and lay analyst (in the second generation of Freud’s immediate disciples). D. E. Schneider, The Psychoanalyst and the Artist (New York: Mentor, 1950). R. Kuhns, Psychoanalytic Theory of Art (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983). L. Bersani, The Freudian Body: Psychoanalysis and Art (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986). M. M. Gedo, ed., Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Art, 3 vols. (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1986–1988). An excellent compilation of issues by psychoanalytically oriented art historians, and art historically informed analysts. E. H. Spitz, Art and Psyche (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985). J. J. Spector, The Aesthetics of Freud: A Study in Psychoanalysis and Art (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972). On psychoanalysis and literature: P. Meisel, ed., Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981). S. Weber, The Legend of Freud (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982). G. Rose, The Power of Form: A Psychoanalytic Approach to Aesthetic Form (New York: International Universities Press, 1980).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985).
Ibid. The historian should also be aware of the usefulness of social psychology. See E. Aronson’s classic text, The Social Animal, 7th ed. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).
Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938). 221a. R.E. Berkhofer, A Behavioral [not “Behaviorist”] Approach to Historical Analysis (New York: Macmillan, 1969). Examines the applications of sociological, anthropological, and philosophical concepts to history.
Kay R. Jamison, Touched With Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament (New York: Free Press, 1993).
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985).
Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1946). Margaret Mead, And Keep Your Power Dry (New York: Morrow, 1942). G. Gorer, The Americans: A Study in National Character (London: Cresset, 1948). Abram Kardiner, The Individual and His Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939). Abram Kardiner, The Psychological Frontiers of Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945). R. A. Schweder and R. A. LeVine, eds., Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). G. Stocking, ed., Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict, and Others: Essays on Culture and Personality (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992). A. Kiev, ed., Magic, Faith, and Healing: Primitive Psychiatry Today (New York: Free Press, 1964). G. Devereux, Reality and Dream: Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian (New York: International Universities Press, 1951). W. Muensterberger, ed., Man and His Culture: Psychoanalytic Anthropology After “Totem and Taboo” (New York: Taplinger, 1969). C. Kluckhohn and H. A. Murray, eds., Personality in Nature, Society, and Culture, rev. ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965). C. Kluckhohn, Culture and Behavior (New York: Free Press, 1962). M. Spiro, Oedipus in the Trobriands (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). T. Lidz and R. W. Lidz, Oedipus in the Stone Age: A Psychoanalytic Study of Masculinzation in Papua New Guinea (New York: International Universities Press, 1989). W. N. Stephens, The Oedipus Complex: Cross-Cultural Evidence (New York: Free Press, 1962). The author provides much evidence for the universality of the Oedipus complex. Probably most cultural anthropologists would agree. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983), also considers the balance between the cultural/historical relativity of psychology and behavior on one hand, and psychological universals on the other. See especially Chapter Five. See Thomas Gregor’s Anxious Pleasures: The Sexual Lives of an Amazonian People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985) for strong evidence of underlying sexual issues similar to our own. S. Heald and A. Deluz, Anthropology and Psychoanalysis (London: Routledge, 1994). R. Hunt, ed., Personalities and Cultures (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979). T. M. Abel, R. Metraux, and S. Roll, Psychotherapy and Culture, rev. ed. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987). M. Konner, The Tangled Wing: Biological Constraints on the Human Spirit (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1982). O. Lewis, Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1959). O. Lewis, Pedro Martinez: A Mexican Peasant and His Family (New York: Random House, 1964). Robert Coles, in his five-volume study Children in Crisis, deals with poverty-stricken families in America (1) generally [Vol. 1: AStudy in Courage and Fear (1967)], (2) in Appalachia [Vol. 2: Migrants, Sharecroppers, Mountaineers (1971)], (3) in relation to the Southern (especially Afro-American) migration to the North [Vol. 3: The South Goes North (1971)], and (4) among Eskimos, and Mexican-Americans and Indians in the Southwest [Vol. 4: Eskimos, Indians, Chicanos (1977)], and finally (5) treats the rich and privileged [Vol. 5: The PrivilegedOnes(1977)] (Boston: Little, Brown). R. Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952). Classic autobiographical novel of what it was like to be black in pre-Civil Rights America and one of the great works of twentieth century American literature.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification, eds. J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 16–86. E. R. Wallace, IV, “The Meaning of “Mental Health,” in The Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Vol. 3, ed. W. Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1996), 1698–1704.
Iwao Hoshii, The World of Sex: Perspectives on Japan and the West; Vol. 1: Sexual Equality; Vol. 2: Sex and Marriage; Vol. 3: Responsible Parenthood; Vol. 4: Sex in Ethics and Law (Ashford, UK: Paul Norbury Publications, 1986/87). R. E. Hagel and R. C. Hessney, eds. and trans., Expressions of Self in Chinese Literature (Columbia University Press, 1985); D. K. Kondo, Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace (University of Chicago Press, 1990).
F. A. Johnson, Dependency and Japanese Socialization: Psychoanalytic and Anthropological Investigations into “Amae” (Foreword by T. Doi), (New York University Press, 1993); T. Doi, The Anatomy of Dependence, trans. J. Bester (Tokyo: Kadansha, 1973).
Zevedei Barbu, Problems of Historical Psychology (New York: Grove Press, 1961).
T. Zelden, An Intimate History of Humanity (New York: Harper Collins, 1994).
P. Rieff, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist (New York: Viking Press, 1958). P. Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966). R. J. Lifton, The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation (New York: Basic, 1993).
R.F. Baumeister, Identity: Cultural Change and the Struggle for the Self (Oxford, 1986); J.D. Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic, 1996). K. Keniston, The Uncommitted: Alienated Youth in American Society (New York: Dell, 1965); K. Lorenz, The Waning of Humaneness (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987); C. Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: Norton, 1978); W. I. Thompson, At the Edge of History (New York: Harper and Row, 1971); L. A. Rickels, The Case of California (Johns Hopkins, 1991); A. Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education has Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today’s Students (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987); P. Johnson, Intellectuals (New York: Harper and Row, 1988); and M. Kammen, Visual Schock; A History of the Art Controversies in American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006).
P. Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966). E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–161.
Ibid. R. J. Lifton, The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Age of Fragmentation (New York: Basic, 1993).
Lifton, ibid.
E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–161.
C. G. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1933). C. G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections: An Autobiography (New York: Vintage, 1965).
Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1950); rev. ed. 1963.
D. J. Levinson, C. Darrow, E. Klein, M. Levinson, and B. McKee, The Seasons of a Man’s Life (New York: Knopf, 1978). D. J. Levinson with J. Levinson, The Seasons of a Woman’s Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). G. E. Vaillant, Adaptation to Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). A 30-year study of adult development in men.
J. W. Fowler, Stages of Faith; The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981). G. L. Sapp, ed., Handbook of Moral Development (Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1986). Also deals with Piaget & Kohlberg.
E. Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. W. R. Trask (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946). E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951). E. Rohde, Pyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality Among the Greeks, trans. W. B. Hillis (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1925). B. Simon, Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece: The Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978).
L. Bohannon, Return to Laughter (London: Gollancz, 1954). K. Read, The High Valley (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965). K. Read, Return to the High Valley: Coming Full Circle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951).
E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951). E. Rohde, Pyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality Among the Greeks, trans. W. B. Hillis (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1925). B. Simon, Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece: The Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978). M. M. Austin, trans. and ed., The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation (Cambridge University Press, 1981).
E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951). P. Lain Entralgo, The Therapy of the Word in Classical Antiquity, trans. L. J. Rather and J. M. Sharp (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970). B. G. Rosenthal, The Images of Man (New York: Basic Books, 1971). B. Simon, Mind and Madness in Ancient Greece: The Classical Roots of Modern Psychiatry (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978). E. Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. W. R. Trask (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1946). M. Carrithers, S. Collins, S. Lukes, The Category of the Person: Anthropology, Philosophy, History (Cambridge University Press, 1985); C. Gill, ed., The Person and the Human Mind: Issues in Ancient and Modern Philosophy (Clarendon Press of Oxford University, 1990).
C. M. Otten, ed., Anthropology and Art: Readings in Cross-Cultural Aesthetics (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976); R. Layton, The Anthropology of Art, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, 1991); and R. L. Anderson, Calliope’s Sisters: A Comparative Study of Philosphies of Art (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice/Hall, 1990).
G. E. R. Lloyd, Demystifying Mentalities (Cambridge University Press, 1990); J. N. Bremmer, The Early Greek Concept of the Soul (Princeton University Press, 1983); F. M. Cornford, From Religion to Philosophy: A Study in the Origins of Western Speculation (Princeton University Press, 1991); H. Wijsenbeek-Wijler, Aristotle’s Concept of Soul, Sleep and Dreams (Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert, 1978); J. E. Annas, Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); J. E. Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (Princeton University Press, 1991); W. K. C. Guthrie, The Greeks and Their Gods (Boston: Beacon, 1966); and W. Jaeger’s multi-volume masterwork, Paidaea: The Ideals of Greek Culture, trans. G. Highet, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1965): From Archaic to Early Christian Times.
Philip Ariès and Georges Duby, eds., A History of Private Life, 5 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987–1991).
J. Demos, Past, Present, and Personal: The Family and the Life Course in American History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986). J. M. Hawes and M. R. Hines, eds., American Childhood: A Research Guide and Historical Handbook (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985). J. M. Hawes and E. I. Nybakken, eds., American Families: A Research Guide and Historical Handbook (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991). P. Rose, Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages (New York: Vintage, 1983). On French peasant families’ (mostly ill-founded) fear of the nobility swarming down to crush them (a sort of “mass hysteria” or “group delusion”); see G. Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789: Rural Panic in Revolutionary France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973). P. Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life, trans. R. Baldick (New York: Harper & Row, 1962). F. Gies and J. Gies, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper & Row, 1987). J. Revel and L. Hunt, eds., Histories: French Constructions of the Past, trans. A. Goldhammer (New York: Free Press, 1995). An anthology of essays, most from the Annales school; many deal with the history of the self, sexuality, and family and childhood.
W. K. Lacey, The Family in Ancient Greece (Cornell, 1984) S. C. Humphreys, Anthropology and the Greeks (London: Routledge, 1978). D. W. Halperin, J. J. Winkler, F. I. Zeitlin, eds., Before Sexuality: the Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World (Princeton, 1990). K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard, 1978). E. C. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens (New York: Harper and Row, 1985). Profusely illustrated.
R. Hunt, ed., Personality and Culture: Readings in Psychological Anthropology (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979). W. W. Turner and E. M. Brunes, eds., The Anthropology of Experience (Chicago: University of IL Press, 1986). K. Hastrup and P. Hervik, eds., Social Experience and Anthropological Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1994). C. Geertz, Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author (Stanford University Press, 1988). E. T. Hall, An Anthropology of Everyday Life (New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1992). Mythologies, which are projections of a people’s experiences of themselves and of the social and natural worlds; tell us a great deal more about their cultures and personalities, than about their actual histories. The following cover international mythologies. S. N. Kramer, ed., Mythologies of the Ancient World (New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1961). T. R. Roberts, M. J. Roberts, and B. P. Katz, Mythology, Tales of Ancient Civilizations: Greek, Roman, Norse, Celtic, Indian, Chinese, Japanese (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2003). J. Forty, Mythology: A Visual Encyclopedia (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2004). Treats: Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern; Indian and Sri Lankan; China, Japan, and South-East Asian; European; New World Indian; African; and Oceanan. See the excellent and well-illustrated and-mapped Cultural Atlases by Facts-on-File (New York, 1986–1991). These include Cultural Atlases on: Ancient Egypt (J. Baines and J. Malek); The Bible (J. Rogerson); The Jewish World (N. de Lange); Christianity (H. Chadwick and G.R. Evans); The Greek World (P. Levi); The Roman World (T. Cornell and J. Matthews); Medieval Europe (D. Matthew); The Islamic World Since 1500 (F. Robinson); India (G. Johnson); China (C. Blunden and M. Elvin); Africa (J. Murray); and Ancient America [North and South] (M. Coe, D. Snow, and E. Benson).
H. J. Dopp, The Encyclopedia of Erotica (London: Temporis Press, 2003). B. Love, Encyclopedia of Unusual Sex Practices (London: Greenwich, 2002). E. Lucie-Smith, Erotica: The Fine Art of Sex (New York: Hydra, 2003). A. Mahon, Eroticism and Art (Oxford University Press, 2005). C. Hill and W. Wallace, eds., The Collected Erotica: An Illustrated Celebration of Human Sexuality Through the Ages (London: Carroll and Grof, 2006). J. Smalls, Homosexuality in Art (New York: Parkstone Press, 2003). G. Greer, The Beautiful Boy (New York: Rizzoli, 2003). L. Manniche, Sexual Life in Ancient Egypt (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987). K. Mysliwiec, Eros on the Nile (London: Duckworth, 2004). J. L. Foster, trans. and ed., Love Songs of the New Kingdom (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992). P. Werner, Life in Greece in Ancient Times, trans. D. Macrae (Geneva: Minerva, 1986). Chapters on sexuality; as well as marriage and family life, children, and the status of women. P. Ariès and A. Béjin, Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present Times, tran. A. Forster (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986). M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 3 volumes, trans. R. Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1988/90). R. P. Knight and T. Wright, Sexual Symbolism: A History of Phallic Worship: The Practice of Sexual Superstition in Ancient Times and During the Middle Ages, 2 volumes. [R. P. Knight, A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus, 1786; and T. Wright’s The Worship of the Generative Powers During the Middle Ages of Western Europe, 1866] (New York: Julian Press, 1957). D. M. Friedman, A Mind of Its Own: A Cultural History of the Penis (New York: Penguin, 2003). D. H. Garrison, Sexual Culture in Ancient Greece (University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). J. R. Clarke, Roman Sex: 100 B.C. to A.D. 250 (New York: Abrams, 2003). A. McCall, The Medieval Underworld (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1993). Includes treatments of heterosexual and homosexual practices, and prostitution. S. J. Campbell, The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studio: [i.e., collection] of Isabella d’Este (Yale University Press, 2006). M. D. Sheriff, Fragonard: Art and Eroticism (University of Chicago, 1990). H. J. Döpp, Paris Eros: The Imaginary Museum of Eroticism in Paris (London: Temporis, 1992). H. J. Döpp, The Erotic Museum of Berlin (London: Temporis, 2001). H. J. Döpp, Venus: The Amsterdam Museum of Erotic Art (London: Temporis, 2002). N. J. Ringdal, Love for Sale: A World History of Prostitution (New York: Atlantic/Grove, 2003). M. Mason, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (Oxford University Press, 1995). S. Marcus, The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth Century England (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985). C. Meyer, Pleasures Taken: Performances of Sexuality and Love in Victorian Photographs (Duke University Press, 1995). P. Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, 2 volumes (Oxford, 1984/86). Touches especially on eroticism, love, and sexuality in art. J. Esten, John Singer Sargent: The Male Nudes (New York: Universe, 1999). S. Kern, The Culture of Love: Victorians to Moderns (Harvard, 1992). W. Kendrick, The Secret Museum: Pornography in Modern Culture (New York: Viking, 1987). J. Zeitz, Flapper: The Notorious Life and Scandalous Times of the First Thoroughly Modern Woman (New York: Crown, 2006). For many illustrations of erotic art in India; see: R.C. Craven, Indian Art, rev. ed. (London: Thames and Hudson, 1997); and P. Rawson, The Art of Tantra (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993).
M. Stone, When God Was a Woman (New York: Dorset, 1976). Traces the history of Mother Goddesses. For more on this, see: E. Chiera, They Wrote on Clay (University of Chicago, 1966); R. DeVaux, Ancient Israel (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965); W. B. Emery, Archaic Egypt (Hammondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1961); R. Graves, The Greek Myths (London: Curtis Brown, 1955); O. R. Guerney, The Hittites, 2nd ed. (Hammondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1954); and H. W. F. Saggs, The Greatness That Was Babylon (New York: Praeger, 1965). G. Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (Harvard, 1993). R. M. and J. J. Jameson, Growing Up in Ancient Egypt (London: Rubicon, 1990). Includes discussion of women’s social roles and statuses; as well as information on marriage, the family, and child-rearing, and childhoods of girls and boys generally. J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt (London: Thames and Hudson, 2006). D. S. Carter, His Majesty, Queen Hapshetsut (New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1987). S. B. Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Greece (New York: Schocken, 1975). S. B. Pomeroy, Women In Hellenistic Egypt: From Alexander to Cleopatra (New York: Schocken, 1984). The Hellenistic period also saw a burst of sculpture of the (hitherto-neglected) female nude. M. Grant, Cleopatra: A Biography (New York: Dorset, 1992). N. Lewis, Life in Egypt Under Roman Rule (Clarendon Press of Oxford, 1983). Includes information on women’s various statuses and social roles, as well as on marriage and family life. V. León, Uppity Women of Ancient Times (New York: MJF Books, 1995). Biographies of 200 prominent women in antiquity. Entertainingly-written, like the one below. V. León, Uppity Women of Medieval Times (New York: MJF Books, 1997). 200 biographies of notable women throughout the Middle Ages and into the early Renaissance. J. Fines, Who’s Who in the Middle Ages: From the Collapse of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1995). Includes historiographically-important women. G. Servadio, Renaissance Woman (I. B. Taurus, 2005). Persuasively argues that the invention of the printing press (ca. 1450/56) made education available to many-more women, from Vittoria Colonna to Queen Elizabeth I; which made a more egalitarian vision of upper-crust women. N. G. Heller, ed., Women Artists: Works From the National Museum of Women in the Arts (New York: Rizzoli, 1989). Discusses (and illustrates) the work of notable women artists, from the sixteenth/seventeenth centuries through present-day Europe and North America. Parenthetically, the flamboyant Baroque painter, Artemisia Gentileschi; was an inspiration to the many women-artists who followed. Notably, great women artists did not become an accepted part of the canon included in the standard general and art histories until the 1970s through ′90s! W. Chadwick, Women, Art, and Society (London: Thames and Hudson, 1996). Examines the many brilliant women artists from late Medieval/Renaissance/Baroque times till recently; who were persistently marginalized by the males who established the canon of “great art“. Also addresses the closely-related issues of ethnicity, class, and sexuality. An excellent example of solid feminist art history. E. Kurzweil, Freudians and Feminists (San Francisco: Westview, 1995). Examines the work of women analysts; and the mutual impact of feminism and psychoanalysis. She draws on the insights of French Lacanian psychoanalysis. T. Brennan, The Interpretation of the Flesh: Freud and Femininity (London: Routledge, 1992). She draws on Lacanian and Kleinian object relations theory; in her reworking of Freud and psychoanalytic theory. Adopting a physicalistic stance on mind-body and Freudian theory; she provides nothing-less than a new foundation for psychoanalytic theory (with implications for practice). The Freud and Dora case illustrates the (probably, in large measure, unconscious, or at-most preconscious) patriarchal assumptions of Freud; and their disastrous effects on Dora’s analysis in 1901. It is also an excellent exemplar of the social and familial determinants of fin de siècle women’s psychopathology-which also functioned as hindrances to their recovery. In fairness to Freud, this was still in the very-early stages of his development of a theory of psychoanalytic therapeusis. For example the concepts of “transference” and “countertransference” were not realized until the early 1910s. On all this, and more, see: H. Decker, Freud, Dora, and Vienna, 1900 (New York: Free Press, 1991); P. McCaffrey, Freud and Dora: The Artful Dream (Rutgers University Press, 1984); and P. J. Mahony, Freud’s Dora: A Psychoanalytic, Historical, and Textual Study (Yale, 1996). S. V. Rosser, Biology and Feminism: A Dynamic Interaction (New York: Twayne, 1992). Like E. F. Keller (cited elsewhere herein); Rosser argues that masculine attitudes have influenced the basic assumptions and values of biology and science generally: such as concepts of causality and an overemphasis on an investigator-distant “objectivity.“
M. Oakeshott, Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933).
A. O. Lovejoy, “Present Standpoints and Past History,” in The Philosophy of History in Our Time, ed. H. Meyerhoff (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), 177, 180.
B. Croce, History: Its Theory and Practice, trans. S. Ainslee (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1921). B. Croce, History as the Story of Liberty, trans. S. Sprigge (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1941). M. Bloch, The Historian’s Craft, trans. P. Putnam (New York: Vintage Books, 1953).
Ibid., 43. See also Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, trans. I. E. Clegg (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1937). This is but one volume (Vol. 8) in his eight-volume masterpiece on the medieval world. It is also an excellent example of the Annales school’s approach. Bloch, too, published important works on feudal society (referenced elsewhere).
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of History,” in The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1938).
E. Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961).
W. Walsh, Philosophy of History: An Introduction (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958).
B. W. Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978). B. W. Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1880–1914 (New York: Ballantine, 1994).
J. Ortega y Gasset, Historical Reason, trans. P. W. Silver (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984). W. Dilthey, Wilhelm Dilthey: An Introduction, ed., trans. H. Hodges (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1944). Carl G. Gustavson, The Mansion of History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976). L. Gottschalk, ed., Generalization in the Writing of History: A Report of the Committee on Historical Analysis of the Social Science Research Council (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963). J. H. Plumb, In the Light of History (New York: Dell, 1972). P. Weiss, History: Written and Lived (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1962). W. Laquer and G. L. Moses, eds., The New History: Trends in Historical Research and Writing Since World War II. Journal of Contemporary History Volume 4 (New York: Harper & Row, 1967). B. Bailyn, On the Teaching and Writing of History (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1994). M. R. Cohen, The Meaning of Human History, 2nd ed. (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1967). O. Handlin, Truth in History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1979). G. G. Iggers, New Directions in European Historiography, rev. ed. (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1975). A. Marwick, The Nature of History, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Lyceum Books, 1987). J. Lukacs, Historical Consciousness, or The Remembered Past, rev. ed. (New York: Schocken Books, 1985). H. J. Blackham, The Future of Our Past: From Ancient Greece to Global Village (Oxford: Prometheus Books, 1996). D. D. Roberts, Benedetto Croce and the Uses of Historicism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). A. Ludtke, ed., The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experience and Ways of Life, trans. W. Templer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995). C. V. Wedgwood, The Sense of the Past: Thirteen Studies in the Theory and Practice of History (New York: Collier Books, 1960).
O. Temkin, The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).
Raymond Aron, “Evidence and Inference in History,” in Ideas of History, Vol. II: The Critical Philosophy of History, ed. Ronald H. Nash (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1969), 260. Raymond Aron, Introduction to the Philosophy of History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961).
Robert Young, Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941). Henry’s contribution was limited to the penultimate chapter, a competent treatment of the history of organic psychiatry. Unfortunately, it was deleted from the 1967 paperback reprint-as was Hurd’s useful chapter on the history of hospital psychiatry.
David Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973). David Musto, “History and the Psychiatrist,” American Journal of Psychiatry 135(Supplement) (1978): 22–26; see p. 25.
Pedro Lain Entralgo, Doctor and Patient (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).
David Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press, 1973). Revised Edition (Harvard, 1999). David Musto, “History and the Psychiatrist,” American Journal of Psychiatry 135(Supplement) (1978): 22–26.
G. Mora and J. Brand, “Introduction,” Psychiatry and Its History: Methodological Problems in Research (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1970). See also G. Mora, “The Historiography of Psychiatry and Its Development: A Re-Evaluation,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1 (1965):43–52. On presentism.
H. Stuart Hughes, History as Art and as Science: Twin Vistas on the Past (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 24. The book also contains a very respectful chapter on psychoanalysis.
Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
A. Kleinman, Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979). A. Kleinman, Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1988). See also A. Kleinman and B. Good, eds., Culture and Depression (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry and its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview” (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979) (op. cit.).
E. Wallace, “Introduction,” Essays in the History of Psychiatry, eds. E. Wallace and L. Pressley (Columbia, SC: R. L. Bryan, 1980), xiii–xviii.
A. Stanton and M. Schwartz, The Mental Hospital (New York: Basic, 1954).
H. T. Engelhardt, The Foundations of Bioethics, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 331. J. H. Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (New York: Free Press, 1961).
P. Lain Entralgo, Doctor and Patient (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969). E. Pellegrino and D. Thomasma, A Philosophical Basis of Medical Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
P. Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (New York: Harper, 1966).
E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–161.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Historiography and Causation in Psychoanalysis: An Essay on Psychoanalytic and Historical Epistemology (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1985). S. Novey, The Second Look: The Reconstruction of Personal History in Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968). The first to apply the philosophy of history to psychoanalysis. Unfortunately his premature death prevented the book from being more than a fragment of his original intent.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “The Meaning of Mental Health,” in Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Vol. III, rev. ed., ed. W. Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1995), 1698–1704.
O. Temkin, The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 98–100.
E. R. Wallace, “Freud as Ethicist,” in Contributions to Freud Studies, Vol. I, P. Stepansky, ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1986), 83–141.
Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Determinism, Possibility, and Ethics,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 34 (1986): 933–973.
E. R. Wallace, “Free Will, Hermeneutics, and Psychology,” Annals of Scholarship 5 (1988): 246–253.
P. Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966). D. Browning, Religious Thought and the Modern Psychologies (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987). E. R. Wallace, “Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Religion,” International Review of Psychoanalysis 18 (1991): 265–278.
E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry: The Healing Amphibian,” in Does Psychiatry Need a Public Philosophy?, eds. D. Browning and I. Evison (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1992), 74–120.
For theoretical and quantitative discussions of psychiatry and the major psychotherapeutic professions, and their moral and religious dimensions, see: (1) W. E. Henry, J. H. Sims, and S. L. Spray, The Fifth Profession: Becoming a Psychotherapist (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1971); (2) W. A. Rushing, The Psychiatric Profession: Power, Conflict, and Adaptation in a Psychiatric Hospital Staff (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964); (3) A. Rogow, The Psychiatrists (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970); (4) A. Strauss, Psychiatric Ideologies and Institutions (New York: Free Press, 1964); (5) B. Lewin and H. Ross, Psychoanalytic Education in the United States (New York: Norton, 1960); and (6) P. Halmos, The Faith of the Counselors (New York: Schocken, 1970); and T. S. Krawiec, ed., The Psychologists, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1974).
Because of the importance of the psychiatry/psychoanalysis/psychology and religion interface as a barometer of the metaphysical and valuational dimensions of our profession, this is a lengthy bibliography. It is but the tip of the iceberg of a gargantuan literature. Its length also reflects-ironically, given Freud’s stated antipathy to religion-that psychoanalysis has had a tremendous impact on liberal Christian/Jewish theology and pastoral care. The best general bibliography, with descriptive annotations, is Hendrike Van de Kemp’s Psychology and Theology in Western Thought 1672–1965: A Historical and Annotated Bibliography (Millwood, NY: Kraus International, 1984). Also see W. W. Meissner’s Annotated Bibliography in Religion and Psychology (New York: Academy of Religion and Mental Health, 1961). W. James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Longmans, 1902). Still the classic work. R. Otto, The Idea of the Holy [1917], trans. J. Harvey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978). An important phenomenological treatment. A. S. Heschel, God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1955). M. Buber, The Knowledge of Man, trans. M. Friedman (New York: Harper & Row, 1965). M. Buber, I and Thou, trans. W. Kaufman (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970). German edition Ich und Du (Leipzig: Insel-Verlag, 1923). One of the most widely influential books of the twentieth century. R. Niebuhr, Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation of History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1937). P. Tillich, Dynamics of Faith (New York: Harper, 1957). E. Wiesel, Wise Men and Their Tales: Portraits of Biblical, Talmudic, and Hasidic Masters (New York: Schocken Books, 2003). M. Friedländer, The History and Philosophy of the Jewish Religion (New York: Pardes, 1946). D. J. Silver and B. Martin, A History of Judaism, 2 vols. (New York: Basic,1974). M. Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane (New York: Harper & Row, 1961). J. Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, 5 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971–1989). Hailed as the best and most comprehensive history of Christianity in English. Long Dean of Yale’s Graduate School. S. E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, 2 vols. (Garden City, NY: Image Books, 1975). M. J. Adler, How to Think About God: A Guide for the 20th Century Pagan (New York: Macmillan, 1991). M. J. Adler, Truth in Religion: The Plurality of Religions and the Unity of Truth (New York: Macmillan, 1980). By the famous University of Chicago philosopher, Aristotle scholar, co-founder of the University of Chicago Great Books series and curriculum, and Jew-turned-Episcopalian. H. Küng, Does God Exist? (New York: Vintage, 1981). By the famous contemporary liberal-Catholic theologian. J. Hicks, Philosophy of Religion (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970). H. Margenau and R. A. Varghese, eds., Cosmos, Bios, Theos: Scientists and Religion (Chicago: Open Court, 1992). J. F. Barnes, The Psychology of Religion (New York: Free Press, 1984). M. Ostow and B. A. Scharfstein, The Need to Believe: The Psychology of Religion (New York: International Universities Press, 1954). Psychoanalysts and observant Jews. D. M. Wulff, Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991). Probably the best text in English. S. Freud, “Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 9 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 117–127. S. Freud, The Future of an Illusion [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 21] (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 5–56. S. Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 21] (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 64–145. H. Meng and R. Freud, Psychoanalysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister (New York: Basic, 1963). B. Spilka, R. W. Hood, and R. L. Gorsuch, The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1985). P. W. Pruyser, A Dynamic Psychology of Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1968). A Presbyterian psychoanalyst at the Menninger Institute. P. W. Pruyser, Between Belief and Unbelief (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). R. L. Johnstone, Religion in Society: A Sociology of Religion, 4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992). P. Bergen, The Social Canopy: A Sociology of Religion (New York: Doubleday, 1967). By the renowned sociologist of knowledge and a Protestant. K. Menninger, Whatever Became of Sin? (New York: Hawthorne, 1973). Menninger was an Elder in his Presbyterian church. A. H. Maslow, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature (New York: Penguin, 1976). G. Allport, The Individual and His Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1950). E. Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion (New York: Harper, 1960). E. Fromm, Sigmund Freud’s Mission (New York: Harper, 1972). H. Küng, Freud and the Problem of God (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979). E. Grollman, Judaism in Sigmund Freud’s World (New York: Century, 1965). M. Gresser, Dual Allegiance: Freud as a Modern Jew (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995). E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–161. C. G. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1933). C. G. Jung, Psychology and Religion [1938] (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976). R. C. Smith, The Wounded Jung (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press). By a historian and philosopher of religion. Much of the book centers on Jung’s relationship to religion. V. Frankel, Man’s Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1962). First published in German in 1946 as Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, the German title being much more revealing (“A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp”). An important book. M. E. Marty and K. L. Vaux, eds., Health/Medicine and the Faith Traditions (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982). N. Beasley, The Cross and the Crown: The History of Christian Science (Boston: Little, Brown, 1952). Mary Baker Eddy got many of her most important ideas from the hypnotist Phineas Quimby, though she never gave him his due. E. Kurtz, Not-God: A History of Alcoholics Anonymous (Center City, MN: Hazelden Press, 1979). A fascinating intellectual, social, and cultural history of the spiritually and morally centered twelve-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous (founded 1935). The title refers to the co-founder, William Wilson’s (Bill W)assertion in the 1939 first edition of Alcoholics Anonymous that “First of all we had to quit playing God” (p. 62). P. Homans, Theology After Freud (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). P. Homans, Jung in Context (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979). Focuses on Jung’s impact on theology. M. T. Kelsey,Healing and Christianity: A History (New York: Harper & Row, 1973). B. Holifield, A History of Pastoral Care in America: From Salvation to Self-Realization (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1983). A. Stokes, Ministry After Freud (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1985). R. J. Hunter, Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counseling (Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1990). The best compendium in the field. Contains entries pertaining to the interface of psychiatry and religion (including four by E. R. Wallace). E. M. Pattison, ed., Clinical Psychiatry and Religion (Boston: Little Brown, 1969). L. Lreceptive to psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Eventuated in the current pastoral psychotherapy segment of the broader clinical pastoral movement (Christian and Jewish). V. White, Soul and Psyche: An Inquiry Into the Relationship of Psychotherapy and Religion (New York: Harper, 1950). Written from a Jungian standpoint. O. Pfister, Christianity and Fear: A Study in the History and in the Psychology and Hygiene of Religion (London: Allen and Unwin, 1946). C. F. Davis, The Evidential Force of Religious Experience (Clarendon Press of Oxford University, 1989). A brilliant philosophical, psychosocial, and theological study. A fit successor to James’s Varieties of Religious Experience; and to Otto’s The Idea of the Holy. D. D. Williams, The Minister and the Care of Souls (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961). H. Clinebell, Basic Types of Pastoral Care and Counseling (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1984). W. E. Oates, The Religious Care of the Psychiatric Patient (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978). A leader of the early to contemporary generation of the mental health chaplaincy and clinical pastoral movements. A prolific writer of theoretical and practical texts. W. E. Oates, When Religion Gets Sick (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1970). C. V. Gherkin, The Living Human Document: Re-Visioning Pastoral Counseling in a Hermeneutical Mode (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1984). The definitive statement by another leader of the mental health chaplaincy and clinical pastoral movement. There have been two organizations within this movement for some time: the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC) and the American Association of Clinical Pastoral Education (AACPE). The former comprises more-traditional Christian and Jewish clergy, while the latter caters to a somewhat-more-liberal segment. The AACPE is more psychoanalytically oriented and supports pastoral psychotherapy, not just pastoral counseling. Certification as an AACPE supervisor requires theological knowledge and clinical experience, as well as personal analytic psychotherapy of all its candidates. It is important to note, however, that some have a foot in both organizations. O. Pfister, “Die Illusion einer Zukunft” [“The illusion of the Future”], Imago 14 (1928): 149–184. O. Pfister, Psychoanalyse und Weltanschauung [Psychoanalysis and World-Views] (Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytische Verlag, 1928). Both works are a riposte to Freud’s Future of an Illusion and his quasireligious faith in science (“scientism”). Pfister also pointed out that Freud moved from propositions about developmental influences on adult conceptions of God to metaphysical propositions (i.e., that the psychological dynamisms entirely determine theistic beliefs and that there is no God). Pfister, a Ph.D., as well as a pastor and lay analyst, mounted a much more philosophically and psychoanalytically sophisticated argument than Freud’s in The Future of an Illusion (much of which comes straight out of Hume and Feuerbach). M. Ostow, Judaism and Psychoanalysis (New York: Ktav, 1982). M. H. Spero, Judaism and Psychology: Halakhic Perspectives (New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1980). Focuses on psychoanalysis. M. H. Spero, Religious Objects in Psychotherapy and Judaism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). A. M. Rizzuto, The Birth of the Living God(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979). Based on object relations theory and Winnicott’s “transitional object” approach. Built around a great deal of actual clinical case material. W. W. Meissner, Psychoanalysis and Religious Experience (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984). Like Rizzuto, draws heavily on Winnicott’s transitional object idea. Chapter 4 (pp. 73–103) is a good discussion of Pfister’s response to Freud’s Future of an Illusion and of the two men’s relationship (stable and long-lasting; despite their p 33 (1983): 215–243. E. R. Wallace, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983). An important focus is Freud’s theories about “primitive” and contemporary Western religion (i.e., Judaism and Christianity). E. R. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” The Psychoanalytic Study of Society 10 (1984): 113–166. Also focuses on Freud’s ambivalent and conflicted attitude toward religion, as well as his more positive take on belief in the Deity in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Argues psychoanalysis itself took on quasi-religious overtones for Freud, such that it was in part (contra Rieff, 1966) a “commitment therapy” for him. E. R. Wallace, “Further Reflections on the Relationship Between Psychoanalysis and Religion,” Listening: The Journal for Religion and Culture 20 (1985): 175–194. E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry and Religion: Toward a Dialogue and Public Philosophy,” in Psychoanalysis and Religion (Psychiatry and the Humanities, Vol. 11), eds. J. Smith and S. Handelman (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 195–221. Deals with points of contact and conflict between psychiatry/psychoanalysis and religion; reviews the social science research on the subject. E. R. Wallace, “Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Religion,” International Review of Psychoanalysis 18 (1991): 265–278. Deals with pathological and health-promoting versions of religious faith and practice. Points out that the issue of religious truths is a metaphysical-and not psychologically soluble-problem. E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry: The Healing Amphibian,” in Does Psychiatry Need a Public Philosophy?, eds. S. Browning and I. Evison (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991), 74–120. Takes a pluralistic view of our various psychiatries and their relations to modern culture and religion. Argues that psychiatry needs to do a better job of articulating itsrelation to religion and other popular aspects of culture (i.e., a public philosophy). Also views psychiatry as “amphibious,” with one foot in the sciences and another in the humanities and values-realm generally.
I. Lakatos, The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1984). I. Lakatos, Mathematics, Science and Epistemology, Vol. 2 (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1987).
A. O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea [1933], (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978). A classic philosophical and historical examination of a long-dominant concept and metaphor. A. O. Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1948). A. O. Lovejoy, The Revolt Against Dualism: An Inquiry Concerning the Existence of Ideas (LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1955). A brilliant critique and analysis of metaphysical and epistemological dualism.
H. Deutsch, The Psychology of Women, 2 vols. (1945) (New York: Bantam Books, 1973). The pioneering work by one of the most important women analysts in Freud’s Vienna Society. Very orthodox in places, but with revolutionary implications in others. J. Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Reich, Laing, and Women (New York: Vintage, 1974). A critical and revisionist stance. E. Fox Genovese, Feminism Without Illusions: A Critique of Individualism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991). One of America’s most-balanced feminist historians, who is not merely into “blame the men” approaches. Here she chides historical and contemporary feminists for their one-sided focus on individualism—to the exclusion of intimacy, community, and family. E. F. Keller, A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintock (San Francisco: Freeman, 1983). Argues that the femininity of this great maize geneticist led her to look at scientific problems in a different way. Also points out how male prejudice prevented her from getting a Nobel Prize until very late in life. L. Freeman, The Story of Anna O.: The Woman Who Led Freud to Psychoanalysis (New York: Walker and Company, 1972). A relatively early (and very sober and insightful) feminist work in the history of psychoanalysis. Reveals Bertha Pappenheim’s important role in Breuer and Freud’s development of the “talking cure” and analysis of free associations. She later became a gifted social worker and feminist advocate. J. Sayers, Mothers of Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991). C. MacCormack and M. Strathern, eds., Nature, Culture, and Gender (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). S. J. Kessler and W. McKenna, Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978). Examines the differential impact of social structure and culture on notions of femininity and masculinity. Incorporates a psychoanalytic orientation.
Abram Kardiner, The Individual and His Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939). Abram Kardiner, The Psychological Frontiers of Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1945). H. and R. Ansbacher, eds., The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler: The First Systematic Presentation of His Writings (New York: Basic Books, 1956). Amounts to a systematic exposition of Adler’s theory and therapy. The best biographical treatment of Adler is still Ellenberger’s (1970) monographic chapter on him in his classic The Discovery of the Unconscious: The Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1970). For a counterbalance to Ellenberger, see Paul Stepansky’s rather critical biography, In Freud’s Shadow: Adler Context (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1983). Stepansky argues that much of Adler’s psychology was thinly disguised socialist political propaganda. Jung never published a complete account of his psychology and its applications in psychotherapy. One has to go through his writings to find pieces of it here and there. The closest such text is the terse posthumous Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice (New York: Pantheon, 1968, published originally in English). His writings are readily available in The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, issued in 20 volumes under the aegis of the Bollingen Foundation from 1957 to 1979, with Vol. 19 being the excellent bibliography and Vol. 20 the general index, to which two supplementary volumes were added in 1983 and 1992. The early volumes were published in New York by Pantheon, with the series later taken over by Princeton University Press. In England the set was issued by Routledge. The English translation corresponds (though not exactly) to the Gesammelte Werke, published as 18 volumes in 22 physical books by Rascher Verlag in Zurich, with the last few volumes issued by Walther-Verlag, the successor firm to Rascher. The two best introductory texts on Jung’s analytical psychology are (1) (Jung-endorsed) J. Jacobi, The Psychology of Jung (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1943, first published in German in 1940) and (2) J. Singer’s thorough and eminently readable Boundaries of the Soul: The Practice of Jung’s Psychology (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975). For a historical overview; see A. Samuels, Jung and the Post-Jungians (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975). Also of course Ellenberger’s (1970) fine entry on Jung. For an overview of Clara Thompson’s interpersonal dynamic culturalist approach, as well as that of her followers and colleagues at the revisionist William Alanson White Institute (one of the first to accept non-M.D. psychoanalytic candidates, and heavily influenced by Sullivan), see C. Thompson, M. Mazer, and E. Witenberg, eds., An Outline of Psychoanalysis, rev. ed. (New York: Random House, 1955; a revision of her 1950 Psychoanalysis: Evolution and Development). K. Horney, The Collected Works of Karen Horney, 2 vols. (New York: W. W. Norton, ca. 1964). Her five published books were here usefully issued together. There is a Horney-influenced Institute of Psychoanalysis in New York, which publishes its own journal, The American Journal of Psychoanalysis. The members and trainees of revisionist “neo-Freudian” Institutes formed the American Academy of Psychoanalysis; as opposed to the much older, mainstream American Psychoanalytic Association. Harry Stack Sullivan, a renegade member of the American Psychoanalytic Association who actively collaborated with cultural anthropologists, increasingly moved toward a more culturally informed interpersonal and proto-object relations psychoanalysis. During his decade in New York he was a regular member of the Zodiac Club (composed of culture and personality anthropologists such as Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Clyde Kluckhohn, and other anthropological luminaries). The culture and personality movement of the 1930s through the early 1960s was the golden age of psychoanalytic influence on anthropology-though it still has an important presence in that discipline [Edwin R. Wallace, IV, Freud and Anthropology: A History and Reappraisal (New York: International Universities Press, 1983)]. Sullivan moved to the Baltimore-Washington, D.C. area, working at the “Ivy League” psychoanalytic sanitaria, first at the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt hospital outside Baltimore and then at Chestnut Lodge outside Washington. He pioneered in the use of audiovisual material in resident supervision and in demonstrating interview technique. A troubled man and an alcoholic; he was nevertheless the first home-grown near-genius in American psychiatry (Adolf Meyer, one of his influences, was of course a transplanted Swiss). At Sheppard Pratt, Sullivan organized a pioneering schizophrenia treatment unit, with aides he had personally trained and with a very high staff-to-patient ratio. This was before the antipsychotic medications; and his results seem to have been quite positive. He strongly influenced the great dynamic psychiatrist of both neurotic and psychotic disorders Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (whose Principles of Intensive Psychotherapy [University of Chicago Press, 1950] was the first important and widely used dynamic psychotherapy text for non-analytic psychiatrists), who became clinical director at Chestnut Lodge. Sullivan wrote mostly articles, especially for the journal he helped found in 1938, Psychiatry: Journal of the Biology and Pathology of Interpersonal Relations, which is still thriving. After much collegial pressure; he published an addendum volume to the journal Psychiatry; which was the first systematic exposition of his approach: Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry: The First William Alanson White Memorial Lectures (1945, 147 pages, originally published in the journal in 1940). The first Sullivan-related book to appear after his death was P. Mullahy, ed., The Contributions of Harry Stack Sullivan: A Symposium, (New York: Hermitage House, 1952). It was divided into three sections: (1) “Sullivan’s Conceptions,” (2) “Sullivan as a Clinician,” and (3) “Sullivan and the Social Sciences.” The contributors to each section were among the most distinguished in their fields. After Sullivan’s death in 1949, his faithful secretary, Helen Swick Perry, edited his seminal articles into half-a-dozen books (all coherently organized by topic and all published by W. W. Norton). In order these were Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry (1953), The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (1953), The Psychiatric Interview (1954), Clinical Studies in Psychiatry (1956), Schizophrenia as a Human Process (1962), and The Fusion of Psychiatry and Social Science (1964). Of these, the most widely influential were the first three. For Clinical Studies Perry and Dexter Bullard managed to condense over a million words in 246 lectures and case discussions at Chestnut Lodge, stenographically or audiovisually recorded from 1942 to April 1946. Finally, against the wishes of his friends and colleagues, in 1972 Norton published Sullivan’s at times bizarre and very self-revealing Personal Psychopathology, originally privately circulated in 1932 to only a small number of people, but circulated again in 1965 in privately printed form by the William Alanson White Foundation. Despite-and in some respects because of-the thinly-veiled discussions of his own traumatic childhood, adolescence, adult psychopathology, and homosexual propensities; this remains a useful book-it certainly is for anyone interested in Sullivan himself. An excellent book on Sullivan, oriented toward the clinician, is A. H. Chapman, Harry Stack Sullivan: The Man and His Work (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1976). Helen Swick Perry capped off her life’s wo with her marvelous biography, Psychiatrist of America: The Life of Harry Stack Sullivan (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1982). My 1983 psychoanalytic text draws heavily on Sullivan’s approach: E. Wallace, Dynamic Psychiatry in Theory and Practice (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger). On the so-called “neo” or “post” Freudians generally, see P. Mullahy, Oedipus: Myth and Complex. Freud, Jung, Adler, Rank, Sullivan, Horney, Fromm (New York: Hermitage Press, 1948), and J. A. C. Brown, Freud and the Post-Freudians (New York: Penguin, 1964).
H. Kohut, The Analysis of the Self (New York: International Universities Press, 1971). H. Kohut, The Restoration of the Self (New York: International Universities Press, 1977). The latter was his mature statement; and much more readable and clinically applicable than his first book, which was a mish-mash of traditional structural and economic concepts with his then still-evolving self psychology. Many writers (previously cited) are forming bridges among traditional psychoanalytic ego psychology, object relations theory, and Kohutian self psychology, with many such syntheses published by The Analytic Press.
284. J. Dollard and N. E. Miller, Personality and Psychotherapy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950). An early attempt to synthesize psychoanalysis and behaviorist learning theory. P. L. Wachtel, Psychoanalysis and Behavior Therapy: Toward an Integration (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
M. Ferguson, The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformations in the 1980s (Los Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1980). L. Rickels, The Case of California (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). A humorous/serious account of California’s myriad popular cultures, including the cult of alternative psychotherapies. A. Kiev, Curanderismo: Mexican-American Folk Psychiatry (New York: Free Press, 1968). N. Gevitz, ed., Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988). F. M. Frohock, Healing Powers: Alternative Medicine, Spiritual Communities, and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). For religious and folk-psychotherapeutic traditions in India, see S. Kakar, Shamans, Mystics, and Doctors (Boston: Beacon Press, 1982). As of 1990 the Indian Psychiatric Society had only 1,200 members and the Indian Psychoanalytic Society fewer than 40-for a country of 1.3 billion people! (Vijoy Varma, M.D., several times president of the Indian Psychiatric Society, personal communication, 1990).
P. Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966). E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry: The Healing Amphibian,” in Does Psychiatry Need a Public Philosophy?, D. Browning and I. Evison, eds. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1992), 74’120.
S. Freud, “Postscript,” The Question of Lay Analysis [The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 20] (London: Hogarth Press), 1955, 251–257. H. Meng and R. Freud, Psychoanalysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister (New York: Basic, 1963), 21–23.
E. R. Wallace, “Psychiatry: The Healing Amphibian,” in Does Psychiatry Need a Public Philosophy?, D. Browning and I. Evison, eds. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1992), 74–120.
R. L. Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance, 1912–1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). A. Wear, ed., Medicine in Society: Historical Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 1–13.
The Continental phenomenological psychiatrists have contributed a great deal to descriptive psychiatry and to the practice of psychiatry, and yet they are mostly unheard of in America. For a classic history of phenomenological and existential psychiatry, see H. Spiegelberg, Phenomenology in Psychology and Psychiatry (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1972).
H. Sigerist, “Introduction,” in G. Zilboorg, The Medical Man and the Witch in the Renaissance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935).
A. Deutsch, The Mentally Ill in America (New York: Doubleday, 1937).
American Psychiatric Association, One Hundred Years of American Psychiatry (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944).
G. Mora, “The History of Psychiatry: A Cultural and Bibliographical Survey,” Psychoanalytic Review 52 (1965):298–315. G. Mora, “The History of Psychiatry and Its Development,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1 (1965): 43–64. The paper in which he first-developed his important concept of “presentism”. See also G. Mora, “The History of Psychiatry: Its Relevance for the Psychiatrist,” American Journal of Psychiatry 126 (1970): 957–967; and O. Marx, “What is the History of Psychiatry,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 40 (1970): 593–605.
American Psychiatric Association Committee on History and Library, The History of American Psychiatry: A Teaching and Research Guide.
E. R. Wallace, IV, and E. McCranie, “Questionnaire on the Teaching of Psychiatry and the Humanities in North American Residency Programs” (unpublished paper, 1989). A study sanctioned by the American Psychiatric Association’s Committee on History and Library. Presented at the 1990 Meeting of the A. P. A. McCranie was the statistitian. It also included questions on the exposure of Residents to other areas of the humanities, social sciences, ethics/values, popular culture (e.g., films and novels), and religion/theology—as they intersect with psychiatric theory, practice, and investigation. Very few training programs treated any of these issues.
See, for example, J. MacIver, The Frog Pond (New York: George Braziller, 1961); M. J. Ward, The Snake Pit (New York: Random House, 1946); and L. Rhodes and L. Freeman, Chastise Me With Scorpions: The Story of a Woman’s Fight Against Self-Destruction (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1964); and literally dozens more before and after.
I. Illich, Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health (New York: Random House, 1976). Deals with the social, political, and economic powers of medicine in general. P. Miller and N. Rose, eds., The Power of Psychiatry (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986). D. Ingleby, Critical Psychiatry (New York: Penguin, 1981). P. Sedgwick, Psychopolitics (London: Pluto Press, 1982). Discusses the anti-psychiatry of R. D. Laing, T. Szasz, and E. Goffman. R. Castel, F. Castel, and A. Lovell, The Psychiatric Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982). C. Unsworth, The Politics of Mental Health Legislation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986). N. Kittrie, The Right to Be Different (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971). T. Szasz, Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry (New York: Macmillan, 1973). E. Goffman, Asylums (first issued as a paperback original by Anchor Books in 1961, then the next year in cloth by Aldine in Chicago). Many of these books overlook the severe distress and social disability of many mental patients as well as their inability to function outside of a community (an “asylum” in the positive sense of the word). For such patients, the “liberty” and “freedom” of a normal person are tragic jokes. Thanks to one-sidedly antipsychiatric civil libertarians, such “asylum” is no longer available to the non-rehabilitatable, chronic mentally ill. They have been “dumped” on communities unwilling to integrate them-assuming this could be done, were the communities willing. They form a significant percentage of contemporary “street people,” while others end up in shabby boarding houses where the landlords control their disability checks. See, on just one antipsychiatric issue, the lawyer and psychiatrist P. S. Applebaum and T. G. Gutheíl, “Rotting With Their Rights on: Constitutional Theory and Clinical Reality in Drug Refusal by Psychiatric Patients,” Bulletin of the American Journal of Psychiatry and the Law 7 (1979): 306–315.
J. Robitscher, The Powers of Psychiatry (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1980). A psychiatrist and lawyer.
R. Hunter and I. Macalpine, eds., Three Hundred Years of Psychiatry, 1535–1860: A History Presented in Selected English Texts (London: Oxford University Press, 1963). E. Kraepelin, Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte (Foundations of Modern Psychiatry and Neuroscience) (Bristol: Thoemmes, 2002). Reprint of the 1909–1915 German edition, which was published as two logical volumes in four physical volumes, here reproduced in five volumes: I: Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry. II: Clinical Psychiatry ... Abstracted and Adapted from the Seventh German Edition of Kraepelin’s “Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie” by A. Ross Diefendorf. III: General Paresis. IV: Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. V: Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. In 1978 I had the pleasure of hearing Oscar Diethelm, then one of Kraepelin’s few surviving students, speak at Hopkins. Psychologically, Diethelm described the Master as distanced and hard to get close to. This might well explain the arm’s—length style of his examinations and demonstrations of patients (on which many of his former pupils had commented)—as well as, of course, his psychiatric thinking.
American Psychiatric Association Committee on History and Library, The History of American Psychiatry: A Teaching and Research Guide.
“Supplement to the American Journal of Psychiatry: Sesquicentennial Anniversary, 1844–1994,” American Journal of Psychiatry 151 (1994): 1–280. An extraordinarily interesting selection of key papers over the 150 years of the Journal’s history, as well as from other journals such as the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. It spans the Association’s name changes: from the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (which eventually included the assistant physicians as well), through the American Medico-Psychological Association, to the present-day American Psychiatric Association.
Philosophy, Psychiatry, Psychology, a quarterly journal published by the Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore; for the Association for the Advancement of Philosophy and Psychiatry.
E. R. Wallace, IV, “What Is ‘Truth’?: Some Philosophical Contributions to Psychiatric Issues,” American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 137–147. See also subsequent Letters to the Editor by readers and Wallace in American Journal of Psychiatry, September, October, and November 1988, and January 1989 issues. E. R. Wallace, J. Radden, and J. Sadler, “The Philosophy of Psychiatry: Who Needs It?” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 185 (1997): 67–73. Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Psychiatry and Its Nosology: A Historico-Philosophical Overview,” in Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification, eds. J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 16–86; Edwin R. Wallace, IV, “Toward a Phenomenological and Minimally Theoretical Psychoanalysis,” The Annual of Psychoanalysis, XVII (1989): 17–69; etc. For representative recent books on the subject see: J. Sadler, O. Wiggins, and M. Schwartz, eds., Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994); M. Spitzer, E. A. Uehlein, and G. Oepen, eds., Psychopathology and Philosophy (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988); and G. Graham and L. Stephens, eds., Philosophical Psychopathology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994). See also H. Spiegelberg’s exceptional Phenomenology in Psychology and Psychiatry (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1972) and his History of Phenomenology (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1966). For an early classic on the philosophy of psychopathology, expanded and revised a number of times, see Karl Jaspers’s 1913 Allgemeine Psychopathologie and the translation of the fourth German edition by J. Hoenig and M. W. Hamilton as General Psychopathology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963). Even after he turned completely to philosophy, Jaspers kept updating and revising the text. He relied on a number of his clinical psychiatric friends to keep him abreast of developments in the specialty—which he turned from in 1913, to devote full-time to phenomenological philosophy. Unconfirmed (at least to my knowledge) rumors have circulated that his retirement from clinical psychiatry (ca. age 31, with the prospects for a brilliant career before him) may have been due to a psychiatric disorder. In any event, for an eminently readable and informative account of Jaspers’s training and practice at the University of Heidelberg in the era of Kraepelinian psychiatry, see his “Philosophical Autobiography” in The Philosophy of Karl Jaspers (Library of Living Philosophers), ed. P. A. Schilpp (La Salle, IL, Open Court, 1957); augmented edition, 1981, pp. 5–94.
W. Griesinger, Mental Pathology and Therapeutics (Library of the New York Academy of Medicine) [1847, 1867] (New York: Hafner, 1965). E. von Feuchtersleben, The Principles of Medical Psychology (London: The Sydenham Society, 1847).
A. M. Freedman and H. I. Kaplan, eds., Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, lst ed. (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1967), 2nd ed. 1975, 3rd ed. 1980, with Kaplan now the first editor. H. I. Kaplan and B. J. Sadock, eds., Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/IV (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1985); Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry /V (5th ed.), 1989. The 2000 seventh and 2004 eighth editions, edited by Benjamin and Virginia Sadock, were published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, retitled as Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, the addition of the editors’ names indicating the textbook’s now canonical status. When questioned about the reasons for the drastic truncation and derogation in status of the history chapter, Benjamin Sadock told John Gach in the late 1980s that it was because clinicians were not interested in history. A self-fulfilling prophecy, if there ever was one!
G. N. Grob, The Mad Among Us: A History of the Care of America’s Mentally Ill (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). Although it has new material, this is a useful abbreviation of Grob’s three-volume magnum opus on the community and hospital care of the mentally ill. It also carries the story from 1940 forward to the 1990s. Taken altogether: the abridgement and the original volumes contain an invaluable bibliography of primary and secondary sources in the history of American community and hospital psychiatry. Norman Dain has also contributed to the history of community and hospital psychiatry: Clifford W. Beers: Advocate for the Insane (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980) and Concepts of Insanity in the United States 1789–1865 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964). In 1949, Albert Deutsch issued a revised and expanded edition of his seminal The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday). This essay has already cited others-such as the revisionist histories of Scull and Rothman. The earliest serious comprehensive attempt at a history of North American hospital psychiatry was Johns Hopkins psychiatrist and hospital administrator Henry Hurd’s huge four-volume The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1916, 1917), which was much more a (still-useful) encyclopedic reference work than a narrative history.
For excellent examples of the history of general medical education in the United States see: K. M. Ludmerer, Learning to Heal: The Development of American Medical Education (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985); W. G. Rothstein, American Physicians in the 19th century: From Sects to Science (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1985); W. G. Rothstein, American Medical Schools and the Practice of Medicine: A History (Oxford University Press, 1987); W. P. Norwood, Medical Education in the United States Before the Civil War (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944); M. Kaufman, American Medical Education: The Formative Years, 1765–1910 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976); and A. McGehee Harvey, Science at the Bedside: Clinical Research in American Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981). See also: R. H. Shryock, Medicine in America: Historical Essays (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), with a useful chapter on the “general indifference of 19th century American medical schools to European basic science”; R. H. Shryock, Medical Licensing in America, 1650–1965 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967); R. H. Shryock, The Unique Influence of the Johns Hopkins University on American Medicine (Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1953); R. H. Shryock, The Development of Modern Medicine: An Interpretation of the Social and Scientific Factors Involved, 2nd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947); S. Flexner and J. T. Flexner, William Henry Welch and the Heroic Age of American Medicine (New York: Viking, 1941); H. Cushing, The Life of Sir William Osler, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925); and G. W. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute, 1901–1953: Origins and Growth (New York: Rockefeller Institute Press, 1964). Apart from the German/Austrian scientific medical school and residency influence on the founding of the Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1893, the watershed event in the improvement of markedly substandard American medical education was the blockbuster 1910 publication of Abraham Flexner’s exposé, Medical Education in the United States and Canada (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching). Flexner followed this with a very unfavorable comparison of American and European medical education (especially in the basic sciences and especially when compared to the Germanspeaking countries), Medical Education in Europe (New York: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1912). The two Flexner reports galvanized the American Medical Association into action and led to the closure of the many proprietary, privately owned “medical schools,” as well as the closing or rapid upgrading of many state medical colleges. On the status of European medical education and basic and clinical science see E. Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967), and E. Lesky, The Vienna Medical School of the 19th Century, trans., L. Williams and I. Levy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). Both are classics. The Paris Medical School was oriented toward clinical statistics and the improvement of physical diagnosis, in part through the development of more-sophisticated diagnostic aids (like the stethoscope). Its clinical and statistical studies led to the abandonment of the old “antiphlogistic” methods of bleeding, cupping, purging, and so on. It focused, as well, on clinico-pathological correlation (via Bichat’s pioneering work in tissue pathology). In the first half of the nineteenth century Americans who could afford it went to the Paris School, returning with clinical innovations for the handful of top U.S. medical schools. By contrast, Americans (often with the M.D. already in hand) in the second half of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century, went to the German-language universities (especially Vienna and Berlin) to study in their basic science institutes and rotate through their hospital specialty residency programs. It was the Germanic science-based clinical medicine that most energized the improvement in American medical education in the later nineteenth century (preeminently at Johns Hopkins, but also at Columbia, Pennsylvania, Harvard, Yale, and Michigan). Johns Hopkins adopted the Germanic institute program of Anatomy/Microanatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Bacteriology, and eventually even the History of Medicine (1929). On the experience of women and blacks with American medical education, see M. R. Walsh, Doctors Wanted: Women Need Not Apply: Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession, 1837-1975 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), and H. M. Morais, The Negro in Medicine (Library of Negro Life and History) (New York: Publishers Company, 1967).
E. Winters, ed., The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer, 4 vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1950–1952). An essentially complete collection of Meyer’s papers, with volumes devoted to Neurology, Psychiatry, Medial Teaching, and Mental Hygiene, each introduced by a specialist in the particular field. For a judicious selection from Meyer’s papers; see A. Lief, ed., The Commonsense Psychiatry of Dr. Adolf Meyer: Fifty-Two Selected Papers (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948), which includes a biographical narrative. See also R. Leys and R. B. Evans, eds., Defining American Psychology: The Correspondence Between Adolf Meyer and Edward Bradford Titchener (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990). Meyer massively influenced the direction of American psychiatry, training a generation of psychiatrists who became eminent themselves. However, he liked to think one could be more atheoretical than is actually possible. Hence his “psychobiology” never received a genuinely coherent and systematic elaboration–Meyer never wrote a book. He was more a pragmatic and eclectic clinician than a theorist and integrative thinker, and lacked the flashes of brilliance of, say, a Harry Stack Sullivan. Nevertheless, as a vigorous promoter of psychiatry in medicine and medical education, he was peerless. Although his initial training and practice was neuropathological, he became increasingly psychologically oriented as the years went on. Although he was much too eclectic to embrace the synthetic and comprehensive theory of psychoanalysis, he always politically supported it. Indeed, many later-to-be-prominent American psychoanalysts were residents under Meyer at Manhattan State Hospital and at Hopkins. All things considered, and despite his deficiencies, he deserves the appellation of “father of modern American psychiatry.”
Gregory Zilboorg, The Medical Man and the Witch in the Renaissance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935). Gregory Zilboorg and George Henry, A History of Medical Psychology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941).
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Wallace, E.R. (2008). Historiography. In: Wallace, E.R., Gach, J. (eds) History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34708-0_1
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