Chapter Summary
Predation, food competition, and infanticide all negatively impact female reproductive success. Female dominance rank may mitigate these effects, if competitive exclusion allows high-ranking females to gain priority of access to critical food resources. It may also exacerbate them, if low-ranking females are forced to feed or rest in marginal habitats where they are at increased risk. In this chapter, we present data on reproduction, mortality, and female reproductive success from a 10-year study of free-ranging chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Okavango Delta of Botswana and examine the influence of predation, infanticide, and dominance rank on female reproductive success. Predation appeared to be the cause of most deaths among adult females and juveniles, whereas infanticide was the most likely cause of deaths among infants. Seasonality strongly affected both births and mortality: The majority of conceptions occurred during the period of highest rainfall. Mortality due to predation and infanticide was highest during the 3-month period when flooding was at its peak, most likely because the group was more constrained to move along predictable routes during this time. Those reproductive parameters most likely to be associated with superior competitive ability-interbirth interval and infant growth rates-conferred a slight fitness advantage on high-ranking females. This fitness advantage was counterbalanced, however, by the effects of infanticide and predation. Infanticide affected high- and low-ranking females more than middle-ranking females, while predation affected females of all ranks relatively equally. As a result, there were few rank-related differences in estimated female lifetime reproductive success.
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References
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Janson, C., 1985, Aggressive competition and individual food consumption in wild brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18:125–138.
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Janson, C., 1998, Testing the predation hypothesis for vertebrate sociality: Prospects and pitfalls, Behaviour 135:389–410.
Janson, C. H. and van Schaik, C. P., 2000, The behavioral ecology of infanticide by males, in: Infanticide by Males and Its Implications, C. van Schaik and C. Janson, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469–494.
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Johnson, S. E., 2001, Modeling the trade-off between energy acquisition and predation risk: Effects on individual variation in growth and mortality among baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New Mexico.
Johnson, S. E., 2003, Life history and the competitive environment: Trajectories of growth, maturation, and reproductive output among Chacma baboons, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 120:83–98.
Johnstone, R. A., 2000, Models of reproductive skew: A review and synthesis, Ethology 106:5–26.
Keller, L. and Reeve, H. K., 1994, Partitioning of reproduction in animal societies, Trends Ecol. Evol. 9:98–103.
Le Boeuf, B. J. and Reiter, J., 1988, Lifetime reproductive success in northern elephant seals, in: Reproductive Success, T. H. Clutton-Brock, ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp.344–362.
Lee, P. C. and Johnson, J. A., 1992, Sex differences in alliances, and the acquisition and maintenance of dominance status among immature primates, in: Coalitions and Alliances in Primates and Other Animals, A. Harcourt, and F. de Waal, eds., Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 391–414.
Melnick, D. J. and Pearl, M. C., 1987, Cercopithecines in multimale groups: Genetic diversity and population structure, in: Primate Societies, B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, T. T. Struhsaker, eds., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 121–134.
Moss, C. J., ed., in press, The Elephants of Amboseli, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
van Noordwijk, M. A. and van Schaik, C. P., 1987, Competition among female long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, Anim. Behav. 35:577–589.
van Noordwijk, M. A. and van Schaik, C. P., 1999, The effects of dominance rank and group size on female lifetime reproductive success in wild long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis, Primates 40:105–130.
O’Riain, M. J., Bennett, N. C., Brotherton, P. N., McIlrath, G., and Clutton-Brock, T. H., 2000, Reproductive suppression and inbreeding avoidance in wild populations of cooperatively breeding meerkats (Suricata suricatta), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48:471–477.
Packer, C., Herbst, L., Pusey, A. E., Bygott, J. D., Hanby, J. P., Cairns, S. J., and Borgerhoff Mulder, M., 1988, in: Reproductive Success, T. H. Clutton-Brock, ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp.363–383.
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Packer, C., Pusey, A. E., and Eberly, L. E., 2001, Egalitarianism in female African lions, Science 293:690–693.
Palombit, R. A., Seyfarth, R. M., and Cheney, D. L., 1997, The adaptive value of “friendships” to female baboons: Experimental and observational evidence, Anim. Behav. 54:599–614.
Palombit, R., Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., Rendall, D., Silk, J., Johnson, S., and Fischer, J., 2000, Male infanticide and defense of infants in chacma baboons, in: Infanticide by Males and Its Implications, C. van Schaik, and C. Janson, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 123–152.
Palombit, R. A., Cheney, D. L., and Seyfarth, R. M., 2001, Female-female competition for male “friends” in wild chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus), Anim. Behav. 61:1159–1171.
Pereira, M., 1988, Agonistic interactions of juvenile savanna baboons. I. Fundamental features, Ethology 79:195–217.
Pinheiro, J. C. and Bates, D. M., 2000, Mixed-effect models in S and S-Plus, Springer, New York.
Rhine, R. J., Wasser, S. K., and Norton, G. W., 1988, Eight-year study of social and ecological correlates of mortality among immature baboons of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, Am. J. Primatol. 16:199–212.
Rhine, R. J., Norton, G. W., Wynn, G. M., and Wynn, R. D., 1989, Plant feeding of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, and the relationship between seasonal feeding and immature survival, Int. J. Primatol. 10:319–342.
Rhine, R. J., Norton, G. W., Rogers, J., and Wasser, S. K., 1992, Secondary sex ratio and maternal dominance rank among wild yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, Am. J. Primatol. 27:261–273.
Rhine, R. J., Norton, G. W., and Wasser, S. K., 2000, Lifetime reproductive success, longevity, and reproductive life history of female yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, Am. J. Primatol. 51:229–241.
Ron, T., Henzi, S. P. and Motro, U., 1996, Do female chacma baboons compete for a safe spatial position in a southern woodland habitat? Behaviour 133:475–490.
Roodt, V., 1998, Trees and Shrubs of the Okavango Delta: Nutritional Uses and Nutritional Value, Shell Oil Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Ross, K., 1987, Okavango: Jewel of the Kalahari, Macmillan, New York.
van Schaik, C. P., 1983, Why are diurnal primates living in groups? Behaviour 87:120–144.
van Schaik, C. P., 1989, The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates, in: Comparative Socioecology: The Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Other Animals, V. Standen and R. A. Foley, eds., Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 195–218.
Silk, J. B., 1983, Local resource competition and facultative adjustment of sex ratios in relation to competitive abilities, Am. Nat. 121:56–66.
Silk, J. B., 1987, Activities and feeding behavior of free ranging pregnant baboons, Int. J. Primatol. 8:593–613.
Silk, J. B., 1993, The evolution of social conflict among female primates, in: Primate Social Conflict, W. A. Mason and S. P. Mendoza, eds., State University of New York Press, Albany, pp. 49–83.
Silk, J. B., Seyfarth, R. M., and Cheney, D. L., 1999, The structure of social relationships among female baboons in the Moremi Reserve, Botswana, Behaviour 136:679–703.
Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C., and Altmann, J., 2003, Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival, Science 302:1231–1234.
Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C., and Altmann, J., 2004, Patterns of coalition formation by adult female baboons in Amboseli, Kenya, Anim. Behav. 67:573–582.
Smuts, B. and Nicolson, N., 1989, Reproduction in wild female olive baboons, Am. J. Primatol. 19:229–246.
Sterck, E. H. M., Watts, D. P., and van Schaik, C. P., 1997, The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 41:291–309.
Sugiyama, Y. and Ohsawa, H., 1982, Population dynamics of Japanese monkeys with special reference to the effects of artificial feeding, Folia primatol. 39:238–263.
Tabachnik, B. G. and Fidell, L. S., 2001, Using Multivariate Statistics, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Vehrencamp, S. L., 1983, A model for the evolution of despotic versus egalitarian societies, Anim. Behav. 31:667–682.
Wasser, S. K., Norton, G. W., Rhine, R. J., Klein, N., and Kleindorfer, S., 1998, Ageing and social rank effects on the reproductive system of free-ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, Hum. Reprod. Update 4:430–438.
Whitten, P. L., 1983, Diet and dominance among female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), Am. J. Primatol. 5:139–159.
Wrangham, R. W., 1980, An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups, Behaviour 75:262–300.
Wrangham, R. W., 1981, Drinking competition in vervet monkeys, Anim. Behav. 29:904–910.
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Cheney, D.L. et al. (2006). Reproduction, Mortality, and Female Reproductive Success in Chacma Baboons of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. In: Swedell, L., Leigh, S.R. (eds) Reproduction and Fitness in Baboons: Behavioral, Ecological, and Life History Perspectives. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33674-9_7
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