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Notes
- 1.
Such changes, of course have been made and a lot of new tax laws have been established. The problem is that their enactment is not that easy and that most of them are not clear.
- 2.
They will not be of interest here so we shall not examine them in detail.
- 3.
In the developing countries, the tax share ranges from just over 5% in Chile to 62% in Gambia. The average share for all (non-oil) developing countries is 17%. There is however a wide dispersion around the mean and the trade tax share is substantially in excess of this in many cases.
- 4.
This resembles an old story of introducing the post code in a desert of an Arabic country. They put different boxes for the different towns and in the evening a bare foot Bedouin comes with a big bag and gathers all the letters together and sets for to the sorting room of the nearest post office.
- 5.
According to the profit from $0 to $50,000 15%; from $50,001 to $75,000-25%; from $75,001 to 10 million-34% above 10 million-35%.
- 6.
Attention should be directed only to the Value Added Tax and the excise duties.
- 7.
The size of the underground economy varies between countries, but is probably equivalent to between 5% and over 20% of GDP. For more background, see, for example, Evaluation de l'economie au noir, Office de Recherches Sociales Europeenes, November 1995.
- 8.
Taxation in the European Union, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 20.03.1996, SEC (96) 487 final. Discussion paper for the Informal Meeting of ECOFIN Ministers.
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Smatrakalev, G. (2008). Tax System Change: The Bulgarian Experience. In: McGee, R. (eds) Taxation and Public Finance in Transition and Developing Economies. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25712-9_20
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