Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tethering with Maternal and Fetal Catheterization as a Model for Studying Pre- to Postnatal Continuities

  • Chapter
Nursery Rearing of Nonhuman Primates in the 21st Century

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

  • 863 Accesses

Abstract

Tethering with maternal and fetal catheterization is a preparation that gives researchers direct access to the physiological status of both mother and fetus without the need for anesthesia or restraint. The technique involves the use of a flexible hollow metal cable that attaches at one end to a nylon jacket worn by the female and at the other end to a freely rotating turntable at the center-top of the cage. The tether could also exit the cage through the back wall, but the top-of-cage configuration allows the instrumented mother to move about the cage as freely as a noninstrumented animal (Morton et al., 1987). Catheters protected by the cable can be implanted in both mother and fetus as well as in the amniotic cavity. Using this preparation, a researcher can manipulate the fetus, deliver drugs, draw blood or amniotic fluid, and monitor intrauterine pressure along with maternal and fetal blood pressure and heart rate. With the use of electrodes implanted to measure muscle function, fetal behavior can even be assessed. In addition, it may soon be possible to visualize the fetus in utero using a specialized catheter adapted for use with ultrasound technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baguma-Nibasheka, M., Mecenas, C.A., Giussani, D.A., and Nathanielsz, P.W. (2000). Inhibitory effect of iloprost on the contractility of lower uterine segment myometrium from rhesus monkeys in normal-term and androstenedione-induced preterm labor. J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. 7:167–169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, C.L., Lubach, G.R., Karaszewski, J.W., and Ershler, W.B. (1996). Prenatal endocrine activation alters postnatal cellular immunity in infant monkeys. Brain Behav. Immun. 10:221–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J.C., and Lazarus, R.L. (1980). Cognitive style, stress perception, and coping. In: Handbook on Stress and Anxiety: Contemporary Knowledge, Theory, and Treatment. Jossey-Bass Inc., San Francisco, pp. 144–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dember, N.W., and Earl, R.W. (1957). Analysis of exploratory, manipulatory, and curiosity behaviors. Psychol. Rev. 64:91–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denenberg, V.H., Hoplight, B.J., and Mobraaten, L.E. (1998). The uterine environment enhances cognitive competence. NeuroReport 9:619–623.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diczfalusy, E. (1974). Endocrine function of the human fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 119:419–433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, D.M., Giussani, D.A., Jenkins, S.L., Mecenas, C.A., Winter, J.A., Wentworth, R.A., and Nathanielsz, P.W. (1997). Timing of the switch from myometrial contractures to contractions in late-gestation pregnant rhesus monkeys as recorded by myometrial electromyogram during spontaneous term and androstenedione-induced labor. Biol. Reprod. 56:557–562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, D., Diorio, J., Liu, D., Meaney, M.J. (1999). Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science 286:1155–1158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giussani, D.A., Jenkins, S.L., Mecenas, C.A., Winter, J.A., Honnebier, M.B.O.M., Wu, W., and Nathanielsz, P.W (1996a). Daily and hourly temporal association between Δ4-androstenedione-induced preterm myometrial contractions and maternal plasma estradiol and oxytocin concentrations in the 0.8 gestation rhesus monkey. Am. J. Obstet. Gyncol. 174:1050–1055.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giussani, D.A., Jenkins, S.L., Mecenas, C.A., Winter, J.A., Pedro, J.G., Farber, D.M., Goland, R.S., and Nathanielsz, P.W. (1996b). Effect of androstenedione administration on the maternal hypothalamo-pituitary-adreno-placental axis in the pregnant rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 137:608–614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guissani, D.A., Jenkins, S.L., Winter, J.A., Tame, J.D., and Nathanielsz, P.W. (2000). Androstenedione treatment of pregnant baboons at 0.7–0.8 of gestation promotes a premature forward shift in the nocturnal maternal plasma estradiol surge relative to progesterone and increases myometrial contraction activity. Endocrinology 141:3296–3303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G. (1971) Ontogenesis of sensory function in birds and mammals. In: Tobach, E., Aronson, L.A., and Shaw, E. (eds.), Biopsychology of Development. Academic Press, New York, pp. 8–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gravett, M.G., Witkin, S.S., Haluska, G.J., Edwards, J.L., Cook, M.J., and Novy, M.J. (1994). An experimental model for intraamniotic infection and preterm labor in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171:1660–1667.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gravett, M.G., Haluska, G.J., Cook, M.J., and Novy, M.J. (1996). Fetal and maternal responses to experimental intrauterine infection in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174:1725–1731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ha, J.C., Nosbisch, C., Abkowitz, J.L., Conrad, S.H., Mottet, N.K., Ruppenthal, G.C., Robinette, R., Sackett, G.P., and Unadkat, J.D. (1998). Fetal, infant, and maternal toxicity of zidovudine (azidothymidine) administered throughout pregnancy in Macaca nemestrina. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 18:27–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haluska, G.J., Cook, M.J., and Novy, M.J. (1997). Inhibition and augmentation of progesterone production during pregnancy: Effects on parturition in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176:682–691.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, R.J.Y., Larsen, K., Kinman, I., Sherbert, C., Wang, X.Y., Finn, E., Nosbisch, C., Schmidt, A., Anderson, D., Hu, S.L., Agy, M., Ochs, H., Morton, W.R., and Unadkat, J.D. (2001). Characterization of a maternal-fetal HIV transmission model using pregnant macaques infected with HIV-2287. J. Med. Primatol. 30:131–140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, J., Snidman, N., Zentner, M., and Peterson, E. (1999). Infant temperament and anxious symptoms in school age children. Dev. Psychopathol. 11:209–224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, S. (2001). Bidirectional experimental effects. Psychol. Methods 6:270–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, S.L., and Rager, D.R. (1995). Prenatal stress alters immune function in the offspring of rats. Dev. Psychobiol. 28:321–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobel, M. (1994). Conceptualizations, measurement, and effects of prenatal maternal stress on birth outcomes. J. Behav. Med. 17:225–272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macias, A.E., Wong, S.W., Sadowsky, D.W., Luetjens, C.M., Axthelm, M.K., Gravett, M.G., Haluska, G.J., and Novy, M.J. (2001). Maternal or fetal origin of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) amniotic fluid leukocytes can be identified by polymerase chain reaction using the zinc finger Y gene. Am. J. Primatol. 55:159–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNamee, G.A., Jr., Wannemacher, R.W., Jr., Dinterman, R.E., Rozmiarek, H., and Montrey, R.D. (1984). A surgical procedure and tethering system for chronic blood sampling, infusion, and temperature monitoring in caged nonhuman primates. Lab. Anim. Sci. 34:303–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monk, C., Fifer, W.P., Myers, M.M., Sloan, R.P., Trien, L., and Hurtado, A. (2000). Maternal stress responses and anxiety during pregnancy: Effects on fetal heart rate. Dev. Psychobiol. 36:67–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M.A., Silavin, S.L., Randolph, M., Payne, G.G., Sheldon, R.E., Fishburne, J.I., Jr., Wentworth, R.A., and Nathanielsz, P.W. (1991). Effect of intravenous cocaine on uterine blood flow in the gravid baboon. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 164:1021–1030.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M.A., Wentworth, R.A., Silavin, S.L., Jenkins, S.L., Fishburne, J.I., Jr., and Nathanielsz, P.W. (1994). Intravenous administration of cocaine stimulates gravid baboon myometrium in the last third of gestation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 170:1416–1420.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morishima, H.O., Pederson, H., and Finster, M. (1978). The influence of maternal psychological stress on the fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 131:286–290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, W.R., Knitter, G.H., Smith, P.M., Susor, T.G., and Schmitt, K. (1987). Alternatives to chronic restraint of nonhuman primates. J. Am. Vet. Med. 191:1282–1286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murata, Y., Martin, C.B., Jr., Ikenoue, T., Socol, M.L., and Druzin, M.L. (1984). Intrauterine growth of chronically instrumented rhesus monkey fetuses. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 50:40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathanielsz, P.W., Frank, D., Gleed, R., Dillingham, L., Figueroa, J.P., and Poore, E.R. (1984). Methods for investigation of the chronically instrumented pregnant rhesus monkey preparation maintained on a tether and swivel system. In: Nathanielsz, P.W. (ed.), Animal Models in Fetal Medicine. Perinatology Press, New York, pp. 109–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, M.S. (2002). A model experimental system for studying prenatal stress in pigtailed macaque monkeys. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novy, M.J., and Walsh, S.W. (1981). Regulation of fetoplacental steroidogenesis in rhesus macaques. In: Novy, M.J., and Resko, J.A. (eds.), Fetal Endocrinology. Academic Press, New York, pp. 65–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novy, M.J., Piasecki, G.J., Hill, J.D., and Jackson, B.T. (1971). Cardiorespiratory measurements in fetal monkeys obtained by chronic catheters. J. Appl. Physiol. 31:788–791.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochs, H.D., Morton, W.R., Tsai, C-C., Thouless, M.E., Zhu, Q., Kuller, L.D., and Wu, Y.P. (1991). Maternal-fetal transmission of SIV in macaques: Disseminated adenovirus infection in an offspring with congenital SIV infection. J. Med. Primatol. 20:193–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D.C., and Smith, O.A. (1984). Neural control of the heart in intact conscious animal with implications concerning the etiology of cardiovascular disease. In: Randall, W.C. (ed.), Nervous Control of Cardiovascular Function. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 391–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowell, L.B. (ed.) (1993). Human Cardiovascular Control. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, G.P., Novak, M.F.S.X., and Kroeker, R. (1999). Early experience effects on adaptive behavior: Theory revisited. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 5:30–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowsky, D.W., Haluska, G.J., Gravett, M.G., Witkin, S.S., and Novy, M.J. (2000). Indomethacin blocks interleukin 1 β-induced myometrial contractions in pregnant rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183:173–180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (ed.). (1980). Selye’s Guide to Stress Research. Van Nostrand Reinhold, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, R.W., Stanczyk, F.Z., Bethea, C.L., and Novy, M.J. (1992). Fetal and maternal endocrine responses to reduced uteroplacental blood flow. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75:301–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, R.I., Daniel, S.S., James, L.S., MacCarter, G., Morishima, H.O., Niemann, W.H., Rey, H., Tropper, P.J., and Yeh, M.N. (1989). Chronic instrumentation and long term investigation in the fetal and maternal baboon: Tether system, conditioning procedures and surgical techniques. Lab. Anim. Sci. 39(1):25–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, H.-M., Huang, M.-C., Saad, N.M.R., Nathanielsz, P.W., and Brenna, J.T. (2001). Fetal baboons convert 18∶3n−3 to 22∶6n−3 in vivo: A stable isotope tracer study. J. Lipid Res. 42:581–586.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornburg, K.L. (1991). Fetal response to intrauterine stress. In: The Childhood Environment and Adult Disease. Ciba Foundation Symposium 156. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 17–37.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tronick, E.Z. (1989). Emotional and emotional communication in infants. Am. Psychol. 44:112–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vadillo-Ortega, F., Sadowsky, D.W., Haluska, G.J., Hernandez-Guerrero, C., Guevara-Silva, R., Gravett, M.G., and Novy, M.J. (2002). Identification of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in amniotic fluid and amniochorion in spontaneous labor and after experimental intrauterine infection or interleukin-1 β infusion in pregnant rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186:128–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, I.L. (1984). The prenatal stress syndrome: Current status. Psychoneu. roendocrinology 9:3–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstock, M. (1997). Does prenatal stress impair coping and regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21(1):1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witkin, S.S., Gravett, M.G., Haluska, G.J., and Novy, M.J. (1994). Induction of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in rhesus monkeys after intraamniotic infection with group B streptococci or interleukin-1 infusion. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171:1668–1672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarrow, M.X., Philpott, J.E., and Denenberg, V.H. (1970). Passage of 14C-corticosterone from the rat mother to the fetus and neonate. Nature 226:1058–1059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, National Institutes Animal Center, NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Poolesville, MD, 20837, USA

    Matthew Francis Stuart Xavier Novak

Authors
  1. Matthew Francis Stuart Xavier Novak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    Gene P. Sackett , Gerald C. Ruppentahal  & Kate Elias ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Xavier Novak, M.F.S. (2006). Tethering with Maternal and Fetal Catheterization as a Model for Studying Pre- to Postnatal Continuities. In: Sackett, G.P., Ruppentahal, G.C., Elias, K. (eds) Nursery Rearing of Nonhuman Primates in the 21st Century. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-25640-5_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation