Abstract
Motor vehicle collisions resulted in 5,307 pedestrian fatalities in the United States during 1997.1 Although this number has fallen over 20% from nearly 7,000 in 1988 as shown in Fig. 22.1, pedestrian fatalities are still a significant problem, accounting for 13% of the nation’s total traffic fatalities. This problem is even larger in many other countries such as Japan and the United Kingdom, where nearly 30% of traffic fatalities are pedestrians. Other nonoccupants such as motorcyclists and pedal cyclists account for an additional 30% of traffic fatalities in Japan and 15% in the United Kingdom.2
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts 1997, DOT HS 808 806, November 1998.
Takahashi N, Ugawa S, Strassburger R, Nissan Motor Company. Personal communication.
MacLaughlin TF, Hoyt TA, Chu SM. NHTSA’s advanced pedestrian protection program. Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1987.
Hoyt TA. T01 report-problem determinationvehicle/pedestrian collisions. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, March 1985 (unpublished).
Isenberg RA, Walz M, Chidester C, Kaufman R. Pedestrian crash data study-an interim evaluation. Paper no. 96-S9-O-06. Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicle, DOT HS 808 465, October 1996.
Isenberg RA, Chidester AB, Mavros S. Update on pedestrian crash data study. Paper no. 98-S6-O-05. Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, DOT HS 808 759, October 1998.
Jarret K. Pedestrian injury-analysis of the PCDS field collision data. Thesis, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 1999.
Genarelli TA, Petrucelli E, Baker SP, et al. The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1990 revision. The American Association of Automotive Medicine, Des Plaines, IL, 1990.
States JD, Viano DC. Injury impairment and disability scales to assess the permanent consequences of trauma. Accid Anal Prey 1990; 22 (2): 151–160.
Pritz HB. Comparison of the dynamic responses of anthropometric test devices and human anatomic specimens in experimental pedestrian impacts. SA #780894 Twenty-Second Stapp Car Crash Conference P-77, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1978.
King AI, Krieger KW, Padgaonker AJ. Full-scale experimental simulation of pedestrian-vehicle impacts. SA #760813 Twentieth Stapp Car Crash Conference P-66, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1976.
Brun-Cassan F, Vincent JC, Tarriere C, et al. Comparison of experimental collisions performed with various modified side impact dummies and cadavers. SAE #841664 Twenty-Eighth Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings P-152, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1984.
Akiyama A, Toshida A, Matsuhashi S, et al. Development of simulation model and pedestrian dummy. SAE paper no. 1999–01–0082, SP–1433, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1999.
van Wijk J, Wismans J, Wittebrood L. MADYMO pedestrian simulations. SAE #830060 Pedestrian Impact Injury and Assessment P-121, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1983.
Hoyt TA, Chu S-M. Analytical pedestrian accident reconstruction using computer simulation. Report no. DOT HS 806 970. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1986.
Ishikawa H, Kajzer J, Schroeder G. Computer simulation of impact response of the human body in car-pedestrian accidents. SAE paper no. 933129, Thirty-seventh Stapp Car Crash Conference, November 1993.
Pritz HB. Effects of hood and fender design on pedestrian head protection. Report no. DOT HS 806 537. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1984.
Cavallero C, Cesari D, Ramet M, et al. Improvement of pedestrian safety: influence of shape of passenger car-front structures upon pedestrian kinematics and injuries: evaluation based on 50 cadaver tests. SAE #830624 Pedestrian Impact Injury and Assessment P-121, Society of Auto motive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1983.
Pritz HB. Experimental investigation of pedestrian head impacts on hoods and fenders of production vehicles. SAE #830055, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1983.
Brooks DL, Collins JA, Guenther DA. Experimental reconstructions of real world pedestrian head impacts. DOT/NHTSA Basic Agreement #DTNH22–83-A-072779, VRTC Task Order # OSU-84–4059, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1985.
Gadd CW. Use of a weighted impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. SAE #660793. Proceedings of the Tenth Stapp Car Crash Conference P-12, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, 1966.
Stalnaker RL, McElahney JH, Roberts VL. MSC tolerance curve for head impacts. ASME paper ul-WA/BHF-10, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1971.
Saul RA. An overview of the mean strain criterion development. (Unpublished.)
Hoyt TA, MacLaughlin TF, Kessler JW. Experimental pedestrian accident reconstructions—head impacts. Report no. DOT HS 807 288. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1988.
European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee. Improved test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passenger cars. EEVC Working Group 17 Report, December 1998.
MacLaughlin TF, Kessler JW. Pedestrian head impact against the central hood of motor impact against the central hood of motor #902315, Thirty-Fourth Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings P-236, Society of Conference Proceedings P-236, Society of Automptive Engineers, Warremdale, PA, 1990.
Kessler JW, Hoyt TA, Monk MW. Pedestrian head injury reduction concepts. DOT HS 807 432. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1988.
NHTSA. Pedestrian injury reduction research. PA, DOT HS 39. Federal Register Part II Department of 808 026, June 1993.
Kessler JW. Development of countermeasures to reduce pedestrian head injury. Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experi mental Safety Vehicles, Proceedings, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1987.
Sturtz G. Experimental simulation of the pedestrian impact. Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (DOT HS 806 916 ), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1986.
Zuby DS, Elias JC, Tanner CB, MacLauglin TF. NHTSA pedestrian protection programs—status report. Unpublished.
Hamilton MN. Experimental study of thoracicinjury in child pedestrians. Eleventh International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles Proceedings, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1987.
Hamilton MN, Wiechel JF, Guenther DA. Development of a child lateral thoracic impactor. SAE #860368, Passenger Comfort, Convenience and Safety: Test Tools and Procedures P-174, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1986.
Brooks D, Wiechel J, Sens M, Guenther D. A comprehensive review of pedestrian impact reconstruction. SAE #870605, Accident Recon-struction: Automobiles, Tractor-Semitrailers, Motorcycles, and Pedestrians P-193, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1987.
ISO. Recommendations for body segment response in lateral impacts. ISO/TC22/SC12/ WG5, Document N139, February 1987.
Eppinger RH, Morgan RM, Marcus JH. Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA’s Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program. SAE #840885, SAE Transactions Volume 93, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1984.
Morgan RM, Marcus JH, Eppinger RH. Side impact—the biofidelity of NHTSA’s proposed ATD and efficacy of TTI. SAE #861877, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Stapp Car Crash Conference P-189, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1986.
Hamilton MN, Chew H-H, Guenther DA. Adult to child scaling and normalization of lateral thoracic impact data. Proceedings of the Thirtieth Stapp Car Crash Conference P-189, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1986.
Federal Register Part II Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 49 CFR Parts 571, et al. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Side Impact Protection; Rules, vol 55(210), Oct 30, 1990 Rules and Regulations, pp. 45722–45780.
Melvin JW, Webber K. Review of biomechanical response and injury in the automotive environ-Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Arlington Heights, IL, 1989.
Viano DC, Lau IV. Thoracic impact: a viscous tolerance criterion. Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (DOT HS 806 916 ), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1986.
Lau IV, Viano DC. The viscous criterion-basis and applications of an injury severity index for soft tissues. Proceedings of the Thirtieth Stapp Car Crash Conference P-189, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1986.
Elias JC, Monk MW, Hamilton MN. Experimental child pedestrian accident reconstruction-thoracic impact. Report #DOT HS 807 420. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1988.
Elias JC, Monk MW. NHTSA pedestrian thoracic injury mitigation program-status report. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles,1989
Yates DW, Heath DF, Mars E, et al. A system for measuring the severity of temporary and permanent disability after injury. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Arlington Heights, IL, 1989.
Zeidler F, Pletschen B, Scheunert D, et al. Development of a new injury cost scale. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Arlington Heights, IL, 1989.
Luchter S. An estimate of the long term consequences of motor vehicle injuries. Paper no. 94-S5-O-01. Fourteenth International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 1994.
Injury Impairment Scale, AAAM, 1994.
Gibson TJ, Hinrichs RW, McLean AJ. Pedestrian head impacts: development and validation of a mathematical model. Proceedings of the 1986 IRCOBI Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, IRCOBI Secretariat, BRON, France, 1986.
Cesari D, Cavallero H, Roche H. Mechanisms producing lower extremity injuries in pedestrian accident situations. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Arlington Heights, IL, 1989.
Kajzer J. Bumper system evaluation using an experimental pedestrian dummy. Proceedings, Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (U.S. G.P.O.1990–268–345:20365), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1989.
Snider JN, Fuller PM, Wasserman JF. The response of the human lower leg to impact loading. Proceedings, 1988 IRCOBI Conference, Bergisch Gledbach, W. Germany, IRCOBI Secretariat, BRON, France, 1988.
Fowler JE, Harris J. Practical vehicle design for pedestrian protection. Proceedings, Ninth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1982.
Nyquist GW, Cheng R, Ahmed AR, et al. Tibia bending and response. SAE #851728, Proceedings, 29th Stapp Car Crash Conference P-167, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1985.
Aldman B,Thorngren L, Bunketorp O, Romanus B. An experimental model system for the study of lower leg and knee injuries in car pedestrian accidents. Proceedings, 1980 IRCOBI Conference, Oxford, England, IRCOBI Secretariat, BRON, France, 1980.
Kajzer J, Schroeder G, Ishikawa H, Matsui Y, Bosch U. Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at high speed lateral loading. SAE paper no. 973326, Proceedings, Forty-first Stapp Car Crash Conference, November 1997.
Kajzer J, Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Schroeder G, Bosch U. Shearing and bending effects at the knee joint at low speed lateral loading. SAE paper no. 1999–01–0712, SAE International Congress, 1999.
Pritz HB. Comparison of the dynamic responses of anthropomorphic test devices and human anatomic specimens in experimental pedestrian impacts. SAE paper #781024, Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference P-77, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1978.
Bunketorp O, Aldman B, T horngren L, Romanus B. Clinical and experimental studies on leg injuries in car-pedestrian accidents. SAE #826049, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1982.
Pritz HB, Pereira JM. Pedestrian hip impact simulator development and hood edge location consideration on injury severity. SAE #831627, Proceedings, 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference P-134, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1983.
Aldman B, Anderlind T, Kajzer J, et al. Load transfer from the striking vehicle in side and pedestrian impacts. Proceedings, Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (DOT HS 806 916 ), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1986.
Cesari D, Cavallero C, Roche H. Evaluation of the round symmetrical pedestrian dummy leg behavior. Proceedings, Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (U.S. G.P.O. 1990–268–345:20365), National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 1989.
Cesari D. Presentation at the 6th meeting of ISO/TC22/SC10/WG2, Columbus, Ohio, November 9, 1990.
Lawrence G, Thornton S. The development and evaluation of the TRL legform impactor. Unpublished project report PR/VE/189/96, project record S220C/VF, Transport Research Laboratory, ISO/TC22/SC10/WG2, N536, 1996.
Lawrence GJL, Hardy BJ. Pedestrian safety testing using the EEVC pedestrian impactors Paper no. 98-S10-O-03. Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, DOT HS 808 759, October 1998.
Longhitano D. Development of a non-frangible pedestrian legform impactor. Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1997.
Marous JR, Reynolds DB, Longhitano DC, Saul RA. Development of a non-frangible pedestrian legform impactor. Paper no. 98-S10-O-06 Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, DOT HS 808 759, October 1998.
Schuster PJ, Staines B. Determination of bumper styling and engineering parameters to reduce pedestrian leg injuries. SAE paper no. 980361, International Congress and Exposition, 1998.
Mizuno Y. International harmonized research activities (IHRA) status report of the Pedestrian Safety Working Group. Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, DOT HS 808 759, p. 2120, October 1998.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Saul, R.A., Edlefson, J.F., Jarrett, K.L., Marous, J.R. (2002). Vehicle Interactions with Pedestrians. In: Nahum, A.M., Melvin, J.W. (eds) Accidental Injury. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21787-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21787-1_22
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3168-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-21787-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive